{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T14:50:45Z","timestamp":1782744645541,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J of Soc Robotics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this paper we present a theoretical framework to understand the underlying psychological mechanism involved in human-Companion Robot interactions. At first, we take the case of Sexual Robotics, where the psychological dynamics are more evident, to thereafter extend the discussion to Companion Robotics in general. First, we discuss the differences between a sex-toy and a Sexual Robots, concluding that the latter may establish a collusive and confirmative dynamics with the user. We claim that the collusiveness leads to two main consequences, such as the fixation on a specific and atypical type of\u00a0sexual interaction, called paraphilic, and to the infantilization of the user, which we explain through the theoretical framework of \u201cobject-relation theory\u201d. We argue that these dynamics may degrade to an infantile stage the relational abilities of users, extending this argument to Companion Robots in general. Then, we enquire if and how the relational dynamics enacted in HRI may shift to human relations: we discuss the analogy with virtual reality concluding that, under certain condition, a symbolic shift might happen. In the last part of this work, we propose an experimental setup to verify if a collusive and confirmative interaction with a Companion Robot can, over time, impact on the user\u2019s ability to manage relational frustration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-021-00846-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T09:02:41Z","timestamp":1643360561000},"page":"2101-2114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Psychological Implications of Companion Robots: A Theoretical Framework and an Experimental Setup"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1858-7431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicoletta","family":"Massa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8052-0142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piercosma","family":"Bisconti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6606-200X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Nardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"846_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-010-9234-6","volume":"14","author":"A Sharkey","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sharkey A, Sharkey N (2012) Granny and the robots: ethical issues in robot care for the elderly. Ethics Inf Technol 14:27\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-010-9234-6","journal-title":"Ethics Inf Technol"},{"key":"846_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1109\/MTS.2016.2554701","volume":"35","author":"A Peca","year":"2016","unstructured":"Peca A, Coeckelbergh M, Simut R et al (2016) Robot enhanced therapy for children with autism disorders: measuring ethical acceptability. IEEE Technol Soc Mag 35:54\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MTS.2016.2554701","journal-title":"IEEE Technol Soc Mag"},{"key":"846_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-015-9649-x","volume":"22","author":"M Coeckelbergh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Coeckelbergh M, Pop C, Simut R et al (2016) A survey of expectations about the role of robots in robot-assisted therapy for children with ASD: ethical acceptability, trust, sociability, appearance, and attachment. Sci Eng Ethics 22:47\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-015-9649-x","journal-title":"Sci Eng Ethics"},{"key":"846_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2020.102795","volume":"93","author":"SS Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim SS, Kim J, Badu-Baiden F et al (2021) Preference for robot service or human service in hotels? Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Hosp Manag 93:102795. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhm.2020.102795","journal-title":"Int J Hosp Manag"},{"key":"846_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1145\/2874239.2874281","volume":"45","author":"K Richardson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Richardson K (2016) The asymmetrical \u201crelationship.\u201d ACM SIGCAS Comput Soc 45:290\u2013293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2874239.2874281","journal-title":"ACM SIGCAS Comput Soc"},{"key":"846_CR6","volume-title":"Love and sex with robots","author":"D Levy","year":"2007","unstructured":"Levy D (2007) Love and sex with robots. HarperCollins, Cambridge"},{"key":"846_CR7","unstructured":"Levy D, Loebner H (2007) Robot prostitutes as alternatives to human sex workers. In: IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. Rome"},{"key":"846_CR8","first-page":"186","volume-title":"Robot Law","author":"SM Gutiu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gutiu SM (2016) The roboticization of consent. Robot Law. Edward Elgar Publishing, Massachusetts, pp 186\u2013212"},{"key":"846_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1109\/T-AFFC.2012.31","volume":"3","author":"JP Sullins","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sullins JP (2012) Robots, love, and sex: the ethics of building a love machine. IEEE Trans Affect Comput 3:398\u2013409","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Affect Comput"},{"key":"846_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsrh-2017-200012","volume":"44","author":"C Cox-George","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cox-George C, Bewley S (2018) I, Sex Robot: the health implications of the sex robot industry. BMJ Sex Reprod Heal 44:161\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjsrh-2017-200012","journal-title":"BMJ Sex Reprod Heal"},{"key":"846_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262036689.001.0001","volume-title":"Robot sex: social and ethical implications","author":"J Danaher","year":"2017","unstructured":"Danaher J (2017) The symbolic-consequences argument in the sex robot debate. In: Danaher J, McArthur N (eds) Robot sex: social and ethical implications. Mit Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"846_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1080\/01691864.2021.1886167","volume":"35","author":"P Bisconti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bisconti P (2021) Will sexual robots modify human relationships? A psychological approach to reframe the symbolic argument. Adv Robot 35:561\u2013571. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01691864.2021.1886167","journal-title":"Adv Robot"},{"key":"846_CR13","volume-title":"Nerve-vibration and excitation as agents in the treatment of functional disorder and organic disease","author":"JM Granville","year":"1883","unstructured":"Granville JM (1883) Nerve-vibration and excitation as agents in the treatment of functional disorder and organic disease. Churchill, London"},{"key":"846_CR14","unstructured":"Fenelli A, Lorenzini R (1998) Clinica delle disfunzioni sessuali. Carocci"},{"key":"846_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1080\/08839514.2011.587153","volume":"25","author":"NC Kr\u00e4mer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kr\u00e4mer NC, Eimler S, Von Der P\u00fctten A, Payr S (2011) Theory of companions: What can theoretical models contribute to applications and understanding of human-robot interaction? Appl Artif Intell 25:474\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08839514.2011.587153","journal-title":"Appl Artif Intell"},{"key":"846_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mutlu B, Yamaoka F, Kanda T et al (2009) Nonverbal leakage in robots: communication of intentions through seemingly unintentional behavior. In: Proceedings of the 4th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human Robot Interaction - HRI \u201909. ACM Press, New York, New York, USA, p. 69","DOI":"10.1145\/1514095.1514110"},{"key":"846_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mumm J, Mutlu B (2011) Human-robot proxemics: Physical and psychological distancing in human-robot interaction. In: HRI 2011 - Proceedings of the 6th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. ACM Press, New York, New York, USA, pp. 331\u2013338","DOI":"10.1145\/1957656.1957786"},{"key":"846_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Syrdal DS, Dautenhahn K, Woods S et al (2006) Doing the right thing wrong - Personality and tolerance to uncomfortable robot approaches. In: ROMAN 2006 - The 15th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication. IEEE, pp. 183\u2013188","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2006.314415"},{"key":"846_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2007.914004","volume":"24","author":"T Nomura","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nomura T, Kanda T, Suzuki T, Kato K (2008) Prediction of human behavior in human - Robot interaction using psychological scales for anxiety and negative attitudes toward robots. IEEE Trans Robot 24:442\u2013451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TRO.2007.914004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Robot"},{"key":"846_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walters ML, Dautenhahn K, Woods SN, Koay KL (2007) Robotic etiquette: results from user studies involving a fetch and carry task. In: HRI 2007 - Proceedings of the 2007 ACM\/IEEE Conference on Human-Robot Interaction - Robot as Team Member. ACM Press, New York, New York, USA, pp. 317\u2013324","DOI":"10.1145\/1228716.1228759"},{"key":"846_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108676649.006","volume":"9781108735","author":"C Bartneck","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bartneck C, Belpaeme T, Eyssel F et al (2020) Nonverbal Interaction. Hum Robot Interact 9781108735:81\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781108676649.006","journal-title":"Hum Robot Interact"},{"key":"846_CR22","first-page":"42","volume-title":"ICSR 2011, LNAI 7072, LNCS","author":"H Knight","year":"2011","unstructured":"Knight H (2011) Eight lessons learned about non-verbal interactions through robot theater. In: Mutlu B (ed) ICSR 2011, LNAI 7072, LNCS. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 42\u201351"},{"key":"846_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2011.6005246","author":"F Hegel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hegel F, Gieselmann S, Peters A et al (2011) Towards a typology of meaningful signals and cues in social robotics. Proc IEEE Int Work Robot Hum Interact Commun. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ROMAN.2011.6005246","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Work Robot Hum Interact Commun"},{"key":"846_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-010-0289-z","volume":"26","author":"M Coeckelbergh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Coeckelbergh M (2011) You, robot: on the linguistic construction of artificial others. AI Soc 26:61\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-010-0289-z","journal-title":"AI Soc"},{"key":"846_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1080\/09540090600868912","volume":"18","author":"S Turkle","year":"2006","unstructured":"Turkle S, Taggart W, Kidd CD, Dast\u00e9 O (2006) Relational artifacts with children and elders: the complexities of cybercompanionship. Connect Sci 18:347\u2013361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540090600868912","journal-title":"Connect Sci"},{"key":"846_CR26","volume-title":"Technology and the life world: from garden to earth","author":"D Ihde","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ihde D (1990) Technology and the life world: from garden to earth. Indiana University Press, Bloomington"},{"key":"846_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intcom.2008.02.002","volume":"20","author":"B Whitby","year":"2008","unstructured":"Whitby B (2008) Sometimes it\u2019s hard to be a robot: a call for action on the ethics of abusing artificial agents. Interact Comput 20:326\u2013333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intcom.2008.02.002","journal-title":"Interact Comput"},{"key":"846_CR28","volume-title":"The life cycle completed","author":"E Erikson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Erikson E, Erikson J (1998) The life cycle completed. WW Norton & Company, New York"},{"key":"846_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.4.2.132","volume":"4","author":"RC Fraley","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fraley RC, Shaver PR (2000) Adult romantic attachment: Theoretical developments, emerging controversies, and unanswered questions. Rev Gen Psychol 4:132\u2013154","journal-title":"Rev Gen Psychol"},{"key":"846_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.33898\/rdp.v12i48.551","volume":"12","author":"P Crittenden","year":"2002","unstructured":"Crittenden P (2002) Transformaciones en las relaciones de apego en la adolescencia: adaptaci\u00f3n frente a necrsidad de psicoterapia. Rev Psicoter 12:33\u201362","journal-title":"Rev Psicoter"},{"key":"846_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167204264794","volume":"30","author":"D Davis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Davis D, Shaver PR, Vernon ML (2004) Attachment style and subjective motivations for sex. Personal Soc Psychol Bull 30:1076\u20131090","journal-title":"Personal Soc Psychol Bull"},{"key":"846_CR32","unstructured":"Eagle MN (2005) Attaccamento e sessualit\u00e0. Psicoter e Sci Um"},{"key":"846_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1080\/10481885.2015.1055174","volume":"25","author":"D Knafo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Knafo D (2015) Guys and dolls: relational life in the technological era. Psychoanal Dialogues 25:481\u2013502","journal-title":"Psychoanal Dialogues"},{"key":"846_CR34","unstructured":"Crittenden PM, Fava Vizziello G, Landini A (1999) A dynamic-maturational approach to mental functioning in adulthood: an expanded method for analyzing the Adult Attachment Interview. Unpubl manuscript Miami, FL Fam Relations Inst"},{"issue":"4","key":"846_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.2307\/1127008","volume":"40","author":"MDS Ainsworth","year":"1969","unstructured":"Ainsworth MDS (1969) Object relations, dependency, and attachment: a theoretical review of the infant-mother relationship. Child Dev 40(4):969\u20131025","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"846_CR36","unstructured":"Bowlby J (1969) Attachment and loss. Vol. 1. Basic Books, New York"},{"key":"846_CR37","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Attachment and loss: Volume II: Separation, Anxiety and Anger","author":"J Bowlby","year":"1973","unstructured":"Bowlby J (1973) Attachment and loss: Volume II: separation, anxiety and anger. Attachment and loss: Volume II: Separation, Anxiety and Anger. The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, London, pp 1\u2013429"},{"key":"846_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-8315.2007.00014.x","volume":"89","author":"V Lingiardi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lingiardi V (2008) Playing with unreality: transference and computer. Int J Psychoanal 89:111\u2013126","journal-title":"Int J Psychoanal"},{"key":"846_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203359839","volume-title":"Psychic retreats: pathological organizations in psychotic, neurotic and borderline patients","author":"J Steiner","year":"2003","unstructured":"Steiner J (2003) Psychic retreats: pathological organizations in psychotic, neurotic and borderline patients. Routledge, England"},{"key":"846_CR40","unstructured":"Turkle S (2017) Alone together: why we expect more from technology and less from each other. Hachette, UK"},{"key":"846_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00569","volume":"10","author":"M Appel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Appel M, Marker C, Mara M (2019) Otakuism and the appeal of sex robots. Front Psychol 10:569","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"846_CR42","unstructured":"Guidano V (1992) Il s\u00e9 nel suo divenire. Verso una terapia cognitiva post-razionalista. Bollati Boringhieri, Turin"},{"key":"846_CR43","unstructured":"Shane M, Shane E, Gales M (1999) Sesso, sessualizzazione eil feargasm. Un approccio alla sessualit\u00e0 secondo la psicologia del s\u00e8 e la teoria dei sistemi dinamici evolutivi. Riv Ital Telemat di Psicol Psicoanal del S\u00e9, Intersoggettivit\u00e0, Psicoanal Relaz 1"},{"key":"846_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1515\/pjbr-2020-0005","volume":"11","author":"T Viik","year":"2020","unstructured":"Viik T (2020) Falling in love with robots: a phenomenological study of experiencing technological alterities. Paladyn J Behav Robot 11:52\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/pjbr-2020-0005","journal-title":"Paladyn J Behav Robot"},{"key":"846_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-006-9030-6","volume":"16","author":"R Sparrow","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sparrow R, Sparrow L (2006) In the hands of machines? The future of aged care. Minds Mach 16:141\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11023-006-9030-6","journal-title":"Minds Mach"},{"key":"846_CR46","first-page":"711","volume":"50","author":"DW Winnicott","year":"1969","unstructured":"Winnicott DW (1969) The use of an object. Int J Psychoanal 50:711\u2013716","journal-title":"Int J Psychoanal"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"846_CR47","first-page":"227","volume":"64","author":"TH Ogden","year":"1983","unstructured":"Ogden TH (1983) The concept of internal object relations. Int J Psychoanal 64(Pt 2):227\u2013241","journal-title":"Int J Psychoanal"},{"key":"846_CR48","volume-title":"Object relations theories and psychopathology: a comprehensive text","author":"F Summers","year":"1994","unstructured":"Summers F (1994) Object relations theories and psychopathology: a comprehensive text. Analytic Press, Berkeley"},{"key":"846_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-76369-9_2","volume-title":"Love and sex with robots. LSR 2017","author":"N Liberati","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liberati N (2018) Being Riajuu [\u00b7]. In: Cheok A, Levy D (eds) Love and sex with robots. LSR 2017. Springer, Cham, pp 12\u201325"},{"key":"846_CR50","volume-title":"Beyond doer and done to","author":"J Benjamin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Benjamin J (2014) Beyond doer and done to. Routledge, New York"},{"key":"846_CR51","volume-title":"Bonds of love","author":"J Benjamin","year":"1988","unstructured":"Benjamin J (1988) Bonds of love. Pantheon, New York"},{"key":"846_CR52","unstructured":"Henry B (2018) Voluntary submission as a dark side of adaptive preference. The contribution of relational psychoanalysis to Political Philosophy. Soft Power 6:99\u2013119"},{"key":"846_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429478932","volume-title":"Psycho-analytic explorations","author":"DW Winnicott","year":"2018","unstructured":"Winnicott DW (2018) Psycho-analytic explorations. Psycho-analytic explorations. Routledge, England"},{"key":"846_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1515\/pjbr-2020-0016","volume":"11","author":"JP Bergen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bergen JP (2020) Love(rs) in the making: moral subjectivity in the face of sexbots. Paladyn J Behav Robot 11:284\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/pjbr-2020-0016","journal-title":"Paladyn J Behav Robot"},{"key":"846_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12273","volume":"10","author":"MD Berry","year":"2013","unstructured":"Berry MD, Berry PD (2013) Contemporary treatment of sexual dysfunction: Reexamining the biopsychosocial model. J Sex Med 10:2627\u20132643","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"846_CR56","unstructured":"Quattrini F (2015) Parafilie e devianza. Psicol e Psicopatol del Comport Sessual atipico, Firenze"},{"key":"846_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. American Psychiatric Association, Arlington. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"846_CR58","volume-title":"The interpretation of dreams","author":"S Freud","year":"2013","unstructured":"Freud S (2013) The interpretation of dreams. Read Books Ltd, London"},{"key":"846_CR59","volume-title":"Psicologia e psicopatologia del comportamento sessuale","author":"D Dettore","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dettore D (2001) Psicologia e psicopatologia del comportamento sessuale. Mcgraw-Hill, Milan"},{"key":"846_CR60","unstructured":"Semerari A (1999) Deficit di regolazione emotiva. Psicoter Cogn del Paziente Grave Metacognizione e Relaz Ter Regul Deficit A Semer Cogn Psychother Sev Patient Metacognition Ther Relationship] Milano Raffaello Cortina"},{"key":"846_CR61","unstructured":"Falcone M, Marraffa M, Carcione A (2003) Metarappresentazione e psicopatologia. G DIMAGGIO, A Semer (a cura di), I disturbi di Personal Model e Tratt Laterza, Roma-Bari 43\u201376"},{"key":"846_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.34.10.906","volume":"34","author":"JH Flavell","year":"1979","unstructured":"Flavell JH (1979) Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: a new area of cognitive-developmental inquiry. Am Psychol 34:906\u2013911. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.34.10.906","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"846_CR63","unstructured":"Wincze JP (2000) Assessment and treatment of atypical sexual behaviour. In: Leiblum S, Rosen RC (eds) Principles and practice of sex therapy, Guilford Press, NY"},{"key":"846_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sexol.2018.05.009","volume":"27","author":"N D\u00f6ring","year":"2018","unstructured":"D\u00f6ring N, P\u00f6schl S (2018) Sex toys, sex dolls, sex robots: our under-researched bed-fellows. Sexologies 27:e51\u2013e55","journal-title":"Sexologies"},{"key":"846_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-019-00592-1","author":"A Peeters","year":"2019","unstructured":"Peeters A, Haselager P (2019) Designing virtuous sex robots. Int J Soc Robot. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-019-00592-1","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robot"},{"key":"846_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1109\/MTS.2016.2554421","volume":"35","author":"K Richardson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Richardson K (2016) Sex robot matters: slavery, the prostituted, and the rights of machines. IEEE Technol Soc Mag 35:46\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MTS.2016.2554421","journal-title":"IEEE Technol Soc Mag"},{"key":"846_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3167\/sa.2016.600108","volume":"60","author":"K Richardson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Richardson K (2016) Technological animism: the uncanny personhood of humanoid machines. Soc Anal 60:110\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3167\/sa.2016.600108","journal-title":"Soc Anal"},{"key":"846_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1037\/0090-5550.46.3.296","volume":"46","author":"MT Schultheis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schultheis MT, Rizzo AA (2001) The application of virtual reality technology in rehabilitation. Rehabil Psychol 46:296","journal-title":"Rehabil Psychol"},{"key":"846_CR69","unstructured":"Riva G, Waterworth JA (2003) Presence and the Self: a cognitive neuroscience approach. Presence Connect 3(3)"},{"key":"846_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315180380","volume-title":"Embodied cognition","author":"L Shapiro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shapiro L (2019) Embodied cognition. Routledge, England"},{"key":"846_CR71","unstructured":"North MM, North SM, Coble JR (2002) Virtual reality therapy: an effective treatment for psychological disorders. In: Hale K, Stanney K (eds) Handbook of Virtual Environments. CRC Press, Boca Raton"},{"key":"846_CR72","first-page":"551","volume":"81","author":"F Vincelli","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vincelli F, Molinari E, Riva G (2001) Virtual reality as clinical tool: immersion and three-dimensionality in the relationship between patient and therapist. Stud Health Technol Inform 81:551\u2013553","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform"},{"key":"846_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118426456.ch24","volume-title":"The Handbook of Psychology Communication Technology Chichester","author":"G Riva","year":"2015","unstructured":"Riva G, Dakanalis A, Mantovani F (2015) Leveraging psychology of virtual body for health and wellness. The Handbook of Psychology Communication Technology Chichester. John Wiley \\& Sons Ltd, UK, pp 528\u2013547"},{"key":"846_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1997.6.1.87","volume":"6","author":"K Glantz","year":"1997","unstructured":"Glantz K, Durlach NI, Barnett RC, Aviles WA (1997) Virtual reality (VR) and psychotherapy: opportunities and challenges. Presence Teleoper Virtual Environ 6:87\u2013105","journal-title":"Presence Teleoper Virtual Environ"},{"key":"846_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262529365.001.0001","volume-title":"The embodied mind, revised edition: cognitive science and human experience","author":"FJ Varela","year":"2017","unstructured":"Varela FJ, Thompson E, Rosch E (2017) The embodied mind, revised edition: cognitive science and human experience. MIT press, Cambridge"},{"key":"846_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2016.00164","volume":"7","author":"G Riva","year":"2016","unstructured":"Riva G, Ba\u00f1os RM, Botella C et al (2016) Transforming experience: the potential of augmented reality and virtual reality for enhancing personal and clinical change. Front Psychiatry 7:164","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"846_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199826162.013.014","volume-title":"Medical clinical uses of virtual worlds","author":"G Riva","year":"2014","unstructured":"Riva G (2014) Medical clinical uses of virtual worlds. Oxford Handbook Virtuality, Oxford, pp 649\u2013665"},{"key":"846_CR78","volume-title":"Experiential learning: experience as the source of learning and development","author":"DA Kolb","year":"1984","unstructured":"Kolb DA (1984) Experiential learning: experience as the source of learning and development. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ"},{"key":"846_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00112","volume":"8","author":"O Baus","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baus O, Bouchard S (2014) Moving from virtual reality exposure-based therapy to augmented reality exposure-based therapy: a review. Front Hum Neurosci 8:112","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"846_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2012.10.024","volume":"62","author":"H-K Wu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu H-K, Lee SW-Y, Chang H-Y, Liang J-C (2013) Current status, opportunities and challenges of augmented reality in education. Comput Educ 62:41\u201349","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"key":"846_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2007.12.010","volume":"33","author":"PS Bordnick","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bordnick PS, Traylor A, Copp HL et al (2008) Assessing reactivity to virtual reality alcohol based cues. Addict Behav 33:743\u2013756","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"846_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntv216","volume":"18","author":"I Pericot-Valverde","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pericot-Valverde I, Germeroth LJ, Tiffany ST (2016) The use of virtual reality in the production of cue-specific craving for cigarettes: a meta-analysis. Nicotine Tob Res 18:538\u2013546","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"846_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-82712020250205","volume":"25","author":"BG de Medeiros","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Medeiros BG, Pimentel CE, Sarmet MM, Mariano TE (2020) \u201cBrutal Kill!\u201d Violent video games as a predictor of aggression. Psico-USF 25:261\u2013271","journal-title":"Psico-USF"},{"key":"846_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-009-9695-4","volume":"62","author":"MZ Yao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yao MZ, Mahood C, Linz D (2010) Sexual priming, gender stereotyping, and likelihood to sexually harass: examining the cognitive effects of playing a sexually-explicit video game. Sex Roles 62:77\u201388","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"846_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwak SS, Kim Y, Kim E et al (2013) What makes people empathize with an emotional robot?: The impact of agency and physical embodiment on human empathy for a robot. In: 2013 IEEE RO-MAN. IEEE, pp 180\u2013185","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2013.6628441"},{"key":"846_CR86","unstructured":"Jung Y, Lee KM (2004) Effects of physical embodiment on social presence of social robots. In: Proc PRESENCE 80\u201387"},{"key":"846_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rae I, Takayama L, Mutlu B (2013) In-body experiences: embodiment, control, and trust in robot-mediated communication. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems pp 1921\u20131930","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2466253"},{"key":"846_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/13853","author":"C Eichenberg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eichenberg C, Khamis M, H\u00fcbner L (2019) The attitudes of therapists and physicians on the use of sex robots in sexual therapy: online survey and interview study. J Med Internet Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/13853","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"846_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scheutz M, Arnold T (2016) Are we ready for sex robots?. In: 2016 11th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. IEEE, pp 351\u2013358","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI.2016.7451772"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Social Robotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12369-021-00846-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12369-021-00846-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12369-021-00846-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T19:07:36Z","timestamp":1703272056000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12369-021-00846-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["846"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-021-00846-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1875-4791","1875-4805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1875-4791","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-4805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 October 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 January 2022","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}