{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T08:56:00Z","timestamp":1773392160094,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]],"date-time":"2022-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642982400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]],"date-time":"2022-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006764","name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006764","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J of Soc Robotics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The application of anthropomorphic design features is widely believed to facilitate human\u2013robot interaction. However, the preference for robots\u2019 anthropomorphism is highly context sensitive, as different application domains induce different expectations towards robots. In this study the influence of application domain on the preferred degree of anthropomorphism is examined. Moreover, as anthropomorphic design can reinforce existing gender stereotypes of different work domains, gender associations were investigated. Therefore, participants received different context descriptions and subsequently selected and named one robot out of differently anthropomorphic robots in an online survey. The results indicate that lower degrees of anthropomorphism are preferred in the industrial domain and higher degrees of anthropomorphism in the social domain, whereas no clear preference was found in the service domain. Unexpectedly, mainly functional names were ascribed to the robots and if human names were chosen, male names were given more frequently than female names even in the social domain. The results support the assumption that the preferred degree of anthropomorphism depends on the context. Hence, the sociability of a domain might determine to what extent anthropomorphic design features are suitable. Furthermore, the results indicate that robots are overall associated more functional, than gendered (and if gendered then masculine). Therefore, the design features of robots should enhance functionalities, rather than specific gendered anthropomorphic attributes to avoid stereotypes and not further reinforce the association of masculinity and technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-021-00860-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]],"date-time":"2022-01-24T05:02:31Z","timestamp":1643000551000},"page":"1155-1166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Why Context Matters: The Influence of Application Domain on Preferred Degree of Anthropomorphism and Gender Attribution in Human\u2013Robot Interaction"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7243-4882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eileen","family":"Roesler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Naendrup-Poell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dietrich","family":"Manzey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Onnasch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"860_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-020-00666-5","author":"L Onnasch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Onnasch L, Roesler E (2020) A taxonomy to structure and analyze human\u2013robot interaction. Int J Soc Psychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-020-00666-5","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychol"},{"key":"860_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Haring KS, Watanabe K, Mougenot C (2013) The influence of robot appearance on assessment. In: 2013 8th ACM\/IEEE International conference on human\u2013robot interaction (HRI). IEEE, pp\u00a0131\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/HRI.2013.6483536","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI.2013.6483536"},{"issue":"2","key":"860_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2011.05.005","volume":"120","author":"M Staudte","year":"2011","unstructured":"Staudte M, Crocker MW (2011) Investigating joint attention mechanisms through spoken human\u2013robot interaction. Cognition 120(2):268\u2013291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cognition.2011.05.005","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"860_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.2019.37.1.41","volume":"37","author":"SR Nijssen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nijssen SR, M\u00fcller BC, Baaren RBV, Paulus M (2019) Saving the robot or the human? Robots who feel deserve moral care. Soc Cogn 37(1):41\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/soco.2019.37.1.41","journal-title":"Soc Cogn"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"860_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(02)00374-3","volume":"42","author":"BR Duffy","year":"2003","unstructured":"Duffy BR (2003) Anthropomorphism and the social robot. Robot Auton Syst 42(3\u20134):177\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0921-8890(02)00374-3","journal-title":"Robot Auton Syst"},{"key":"860_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2588669","volume-title":"Robot Ethics 2.0: from autonomous cars to artificial intelligence","author":"K Darling","year":"2015","unstructured":"Darling K (2015) Who\u2019s Johnny? Anthropomorphic framing in human-robot interaction, integration, and policy. In: Lin P, Jenkins R, Abney K (eds) Robot Ethics 2.0: from autonomous cars to artificial intelligence. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 173\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.2588669"},{"key":"860_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Onnasch L, Roesler E (2019) Anthropomorphizing robots: the effect of framing in human-robot collaboration. In: Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics Society annual meeting, vol 63, issue no 1. SAGE Publications, Los Angeles, pp 1311\u20131315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10711813196312091","DOI":"10.1177\/10711813196312091"},{"key":"860_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roesler E, Maier JI, Onnasch L (2020) The effect of anthropomorphism and failure comprehensibility on human-robot trust. In: Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society annual meeting","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181320641028"},{"issue":"9","key":"860_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2012.00937.x","volume":"42","author":"F Eyssel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eyssel F, Hegel F (2012) (S)he\u2019s got the look: Gender stereotyping of robots. J Appl Soc Psychol 42(9):2213\u20132230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2012.00937.x","journal-title":"J Appl Soc Psychol"},{"key":"860_CR10","unstructured":"Kraus M, Kraus J, Baumann M, Minker W (2018) Effects of gender stereotypes on trust and likability in spoken human\u2013robot interaction. In: Proceedings of the eleventh international conference on language resources and evaluation"},{"key":"860_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fink J (2012) Anthropomorphism and human likeness in the design of robots and human-robot interaction. In: International conference on social robotics. Springer, Berlin, pp\u00a0199\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-34103-8_20","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-34103-8_20"},{"key":"860_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hegel F (2012) Effects of a robot\u2019s aesthetic design on the attribution of social capabilities. In: The 21st IEEE international symposium on robot and human interactive communication (RO-MAN). IEEE, pp\u00a0469\u2013475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ROMAN.2012.6343796","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2012.6343796"},{"key":"860_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Goetz J, Kiesler S, Powers A (2003) Matching robot appearance and behavior to tasks to improve human-robot cooperation. In: The 12th IEEE international workshop on robot and human interactive communication (RO-MAN). IEEE, pp\u00a055\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ROMAN.2003.1251796","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2003.1251796"},{"key":"860_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Z\u0142otowski J, Khalil A, Abdallah S (2019) One robot doesn\u2019t fit all: aligning social robot appearance and job suitability from a Middle Eastern perspective. AI & SOC 1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-019-00895-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-019-00895-x"},{"issue":"6","key":"860_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.6.1464","volume":"74","author":"AG Greenwald","year":"1998","unstructured":"Greenwald AG, McGhee DE, Schwartz JLK (1998) Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test. J Pers Soc Psychol 74(6):1464\u20131480","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"860_CR16","unstructured":"Wittenbrink B, Schwarz N (2007) Implicit measures of attitudes. The Guilford Press"},{"key":"860_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.05.014","volume":"38","author":"B Tay","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tay B, Jung Y, Park T (2014) When stereotypes meet robots: the double-edge sword of robot gender and personality in human\u2013robot interaction. Comput Hum Behav 38:75\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2014.05.014","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"860_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1108\/GM-07-2018-0084","volume":"34","author":"C Basfirinci","year":"2019","unstructured":"Basfirinci C, Uk ZC, Karaoglu S, Onbas K (2019) Implicit occupational gender stereotypes: a research among Turkish university students. Gend Manag Int J 34(2):157\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/GM-07-2018-0084","journal-title":"Gend Manag Int J"},{"key":"860_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ladwig RC, Ferstl EC (2018) What\u2019s in a name? An online survey on gender stereotyping of humanoid social robots. In: Proceedings of the 4th conference on gender & IT, pp\u00a067\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3196839.3196851","DOI":"10.1145\/3196839.3196851"},{"key":"860_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rea DJ, Wang Y, Young JE (2015) Check your stereotypes at the door: an analysis of gender typecasts in social human\u2013robot interaction. In: International conference on social robotics. Springer, Cham, pp\u00a0554\u2013563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-25554-5_55","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-25554-5_55"},{"issue":"3","key":"860_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-014-0244-0","volume":"6","author":"D Kuchenbrandt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kuchenbrandt D, H\u00e4ring M, Eichberg J, Eyssel F, Andr\u00e9 E (2014) Keep an eye on the task! How gender typicality of tasks influence human\u2013robot interactions. Int J Soc Robotics 6(3):417\u2013427","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robotics"},{"issue":"3","key":"860_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci5030027","volume":"5","author":"F Dufour","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dufour F, Ehrwein Nihan C (2016) Do robots need to be stereotyped? Technical characteristics as a moderator of gender stereotyping. Soc Sci 5(3):27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/socsci5030027","journal-title":"Soc Sci"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"860_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-006-9078-z","volume":"55","author":"MJ White","year":"2006","unstructured":"White MJ, White GB (2006) Implicit and explicit occupational gender stereotypes. Sex Roles 55(3\u20134):259\u2013266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11199-006-9078-z","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"issue":"5","key":"860_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.81.5.757","volume":"81","author":"PG Devine","year":"2001","unstructured":"Devine PG (2001) Implicit prejudice and stereotyping: How automatic are they? Introduction to the special section. J Pers Soc Psychol 81(5):757\u2013759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.81.5.757","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"860_CR25","unstructured":"De Houwer J, Moors A (2007) How to define and examine implicit processes. In:\u00a0 Wittenbrink B, Schwarz N (eds) Implicit measures of attitudes. The Guilford Press, pp 179\u2013194"},{"key":"860_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Graaf MM, Allouch SB, Lutfi S (2016) What are people\u2019s associations of domestic robots?: comparing implicit and explicit measures. In: 2016 25th IEEE international symposium on robot and human interactive communication (RO-MAN). IEEE, pp\u00a01077\u20131083. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ROMAN.2016.7745242","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2016.7745242"},{"issue":"4","key":"860_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-008-0181-2","volume":"23","author":"KF MacDorman","year":"2009","unstructured":"MacDorman KF, Vasudevan SK, Ho CC (2009) Does Japan really have a robot mania? Comparing attitudes by implicit and explicit measures. AI & Soc 23(4):485\u2013510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-008-0181-2","journal-title":"AI & Soc"},{"key":"860_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sanders TL, Schafer KE, Volante W, Reardon A, Hancock PA (2016) Implicit attitudes toward robots. In: Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society annual meeting, vol 60, issue no 1, pp 1746\u20131749. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1541931213601400","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931213601400"},{"issue":"2","key":"860_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-445.133.2.139","volume":"133","author":"K Rothermund","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rothermund K, Wentura D (2004) Underlying processes in the Implicit Association Test: dissociating salience from associations. J Exp Psychol: Gen 133(2):139\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0096-445.133.2.139","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol: Gen"},{"key":"860_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691619863798","author":"U Schimmack","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schimmack U (2019) The implicit association test: a method in search of a construct. Perspect on Psychol Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1745691619863798","journal-title":"Perspect on Psychol Sci"},{"key":"860_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kurdi B, Ratliff KA, Cunningham WA (2020) Can the Implicit Association Test serve as a valid measure of automatic cognition? A response to Schimmack (2020). Perspect Psychol Sci.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1745691620904080","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691620904080"},{"key":"860_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","volume":"39","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A (2007) G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods 39:175\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03193146","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"860_CR33","unstructured":"Frick A, B\u00e4chtiger MT, Reips UD (2001) Financial incentives, personal information and drop-out rate in online studies.\u00a0Dimens Internet Sci 209\u2013219"},{"key":"860_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Phillips E, Zhao X, Ullman D, Malle BF (2018) What is human-like? Decomposing robots\u2019 human-like appearance using the anthropomorphic roBOT (ABOT) Database. In: Proceedings of the 2018 ACM\/IEEE international conference on human\u2013robot interaction. IEEE, pp\u00a0105\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3171221.3171268","DOI":"10.1145\/3171221.3171268"},{"key":"860_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hegel F, Krach S, Kircher T, Wrede B, Sagerer G (2008) Understanding social robots: a user study on anthropomorphism. In: 2008 17th IEEE international symposium on robot and human interactive communication (RO-MAN). IEEE, pp\u00a0574\u2013579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ROMAN.2008.4600728","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2008.4600728"},{"key":"860_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Prakash A, Rogers WA (2013) Younger and older adults\u2019 attitudes toward robot faces: effects of task and humanoid appearance. In: Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society annual meeting, vol 57, issue no 1, pp 114\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1541931213571027","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931213571027"},{"key":"860_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hegel F, Eyssel F, Wrede B (2010) The social robot \u2018flobi\u2019: key concepts of industrial design. In: 19th International symposium in robot and human interactive communication. IEEE,\u00a0pp 107\u2013112)","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2010.5598691"},{"key":"860_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernotat J, Eyssel F, Sachse J (2019) The (fe) male robot: how robot body shape impacts first impressions and trust towards robots.\u00a0Int J Soc Robotics 1\u201313","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-019-00562-7"},{"issue":"2","key":"860_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2012.2192811","volume":"19","author":"M Mori","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mori M, MacDorman KF, Kageki N (2012) The uncanny valley [from the field]. IEEE Robotics Autom Mag 19(2):98\u2013100","journal-title":"IEEE Robotics Autom Mag"},{"issue":"4","key":"860_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.114.4.864","volume":"114","author":"N Epley","year":"2007","unstructured":"Epley N, Waytz A, Cacioppo JT (2007) On seeing human: a three-factor theory of anthropomorphism. Psychol Rev 114(4):864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.114.4.864","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"860_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691610369336","volume":"5","author":"A Waytz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Waytz A, Cacioppo JT, Epley N (2012) Who sees human? The stability and importance of individual differences in anthropomorphism. Perspect Psychol Sci 5(3):219\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1745691610369336","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"key":"860_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Keay A (2011) Emergent phenomena of robot competitions: robot identity construction and naming. In: Proceedings of the workshop on advanced robotics and its social impacts (ARSO). IEEE, pp\u00a012\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ARSO.2011.6301972","DOI":"10.1109\/ARSO.2011.6301972"},{"key":"860_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Greenwald AG, Nosek BA, Banaji MR (2003) Understanding and using the implicit association test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. J Pers Soc Psychol 85(2):197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.85.2.197","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.85.2.197"},{"issue":"2","key":"860_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1357034X10364767","volume":"16","author":"J Robertson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Robertson J (2010) Gendering humanoid robots: Robo-sexism in Japan. Body Soc 16(2):1\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1357034X10364767","journal-title":"Body Soc"},{"key":"860_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bryant DA, Borenstein J, Howard A (2020) Why should we gender?: the effect of robot gendering and occupational stereotypes on human trust and perceived competency. In: Belpaeme T, Young J, Gunes, H, Riek L (eds., Proceedings of the 2020\u00a0ACM\/IEEE international conference on human robot interaction (HRI). IEEE, pp\u00a013\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3319502.3374778","DOI":"10.1145\/3319502.3374778"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Social Robotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12369-021-00860-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12369-021-00860-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12369-021-00860-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T19:38:42Z","timestamp":1726515522000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12369-021-00860-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["860"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-021-00860-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1875-4791","1875-4805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1875-4791","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-4805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 December 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 January 2022","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no financial or proprietary interests in any material discussed in this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in the study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The complete study design was approved by the local ethic committee (Tracking number: ER_01_20200604).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants for whom data is included in this article.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}