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However, the studies focusing on the robot goal-directed actions have mainly analyzed the effect of mechanical arms on infant\u2019s attention. To date, the prediction of goal-directed actions in infants has not yet been studied when the agent is a humanoid robot. Given this lack of evidence in infancy research, the present study aims at analyzing infants\u2019 action anticipation of both a human\u2019s and a humanoid robot\u2019s goal-directed action. Data were acquired on thirty 17-month-old infants, watching four video clips, where either a human or a humanoid robot performed a goal-directed action, i.e. reaching a target. Infants looking behavior was measured through the eye-tracking technique. The results showed that infants anticipated the goal-directed action of both the human and the robot and there were no differences in the anticipatory gaze behavior between the two agents. Furthermore, the findings indicated different attentional patterns for the human and the robot, showing a greater attention paid to the robot's face than the human\u2019s face. Overall, the results suggest that 17-month-old infants may infer also humanoid robot\u2019 underlying action goals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-022-00941-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]],"date-time":"2022-11-09T14:02:49Z","timestamp":1668002569000},"page":"1387-1397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Infants\u2019 Prediction of Humanoid Robot\u2019s Goal-Directed Action"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7353-6864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F.","family":"Manzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5141-6511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3962-4684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Di Dio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1713-2002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Itakura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9546-5825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T.","family":"Kanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0805-7648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H.","family":"Ishiguro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4511-6897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D.","family":"Massaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9985-0539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Marchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"941_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2019.2905644","volume":"26","author":"NT Fitter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fitter NT, Funke R, Pulido JC et al (2019) Socially assistive infant-robot interaction: using robots to encourage infant leg-motion training. 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