{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T20:03:52Z","timestamp":1780603432274,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9-10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695168000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003986","name":"Jacobs Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019131700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019131700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003986","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J of Soc Robotics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children develop intuitions about fairness relatively early in development. While we know that children believe other humans care about distributional fairness, considerably less is known about whether they believe other agents, such as robots, do as well. In two experiments (N = 273) we investigated 4- to 9-year-old children\u2019s intuitions about whether robots would be upset about unfair treatment as human children. Children were told about a scenario in which resources were being split between a human child and a target recipient: either another child or a robot across two conditions. The target recipient (either child or robot) received less than another child. They were then asked to evaluate how fair the distribution was, and whether the target recipient would be upset. Both Experiment 1 and 2 used the same design, but Experiment 2 also included a video demonstrating the robot\u2019s mechanistic \u201crobotic\u201d movements. Our results show that children thought it was more fair to share unequally when the disadvantaged recipient was a robot rather than a child (Experiment 1 and 2). Furthermore, children thought that the child would be more upset than the robot (Experiment 2). Finally, we found that this tendency to treat these two conditions differently became stronger with age (Experiment 2). These results suggest that young children treat robots and children similarly in resource allocation tasks, but increasingly differentiate them with age. Specifically, children evaluate inequality as less unfair when the target recipient is a robot, and think that robots will be less angry about inequality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-023-01047-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T09:01:46Z","timestamp":1695200506000},"page":"1581-1601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["When it is ok to give the Robot Less: Children\u2019s Fairness Intuitions Towards Robots"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5905-9838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oshrat","family":"Ayalon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Hok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Goren","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"21","key":"1047_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaat5954","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aat5954","volume":"3","author":"T Belpaeme","year":"2018","unstructured":"Belpaeme T, Kennedy J, Ramachandran A, Scassellati B, Tanaka F (2018) Social robots for education: a review. Sci Robot 3(21):eaat5954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scirobotics.aat5954","journal-title":"Sci Robot"},{"key":"1047_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2019.06.009","volume":"187","author":"K Sommer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sommer K et al (2019) Children\u2019s perceptions of the moral worth of live agents, robots, and inanimate objects. J Exp Child Psychol 187:104656. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jecp.2019.06.009","journal-title":"J Exp Child Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1047_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2016.1172808","volume":"32","author":"F-W Tung","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tung F-W (2016) Child perception of humanoid robot appearance and behavior. Int J Hum Comput Interact 32(6):493\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10447318.2016.1172808","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Interact"},{"issue":"5","key":"1047_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2019.02.008","volume":"23","author":"YE Bigman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bigman YE, Waytz A, Alterovitz R, Gray K (2019) Holding robots responsible: the elements of machine morality. Trends Cognit Sci 23(5):365\u2013368","journal-title":"Trends Cognit Sci"},{"key":"1047_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Straten CL, Peter J, K\u00fchne R, De Jong C, Barco A (2018) Technological and interpersonal trust in child\u2013robot interaction: an exploratory study, pp 253\u2013259","DOI":"10.1145\/3284432.3284440"},{"issue":"8","key":"1047_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1080\/10409289.2016.1158611","volume":"27","author":"N Chernyak","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chernyak N, Gary HE (2016) Children\u2019s cognitive and behavioral reactions to an autonomous versus controlled social robot dog. Early Educ Dev 27(8):1175\u20131189","journal-title":"Early Educ Dev"},{"key":"1047_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.09.025","volume":"104","author":"DU Martin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Martin DU et al (2020) Investigating the nature of children\u2019s altruism using a social humanoid robot. Comput Hum Behav 104:106149","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"1047_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou J, Verma S, Mittal M, Chen F (2021) Understanding relations between perception of fairness and trust in algorithmic decision making. IEEE, pp 1\u20135","DOI":"10.1109\/BESC53957.2021.9635182"},{"issue":"2","key":"1047_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205395172211151","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517221115189","volume":"9","author":"C Starke","year":"2022","unstructured":"Starke C, Baleis J, Keller B, Marcinkowski F (2022) Fairness perceptions of algorithmic decision-making: a systematic review of the empirical literature. Big Data Soc 9(2):20539517221115188","journal-title":"Big Data Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"1047_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-019-00523-0","volume":"11","author":"S Saunderson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saunderson S, Nejat G (2019) How robots influence humans: a survey of nonverbal communication in social human\u2013robot interaction. Int J Soc Robot 11(4):575\u2013608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-019-00523-0","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robot"},{"key":"1047_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fict.2017.00006","author":"J Kennedy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kennedy J, Baxter P, Belpaeme T (2017) The impact of robot tutor nonverbal social behavior on child learning. Front ICT. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fict.2017.00006","journal-title":"Front ICT"},{"key":"1047_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breazeal C, Scassellati B (1999) How to build robots that make friends and influence people, vol\u00a02, pp 858\u2013863","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.1999.812787"},{"key":"1047_CR13","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Can children catch curiosity from a social robot?","author":"G Gordon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gordon G, Breazeal C, Engel S (2015) Can children catch curiosity from a social robot?, vol 15. ACM, New York, pp 91\u201398"},{"key":"1047_CR14","first-page":"924","volume-title":"How to train your DragonBot: socially assistive robots for teaching children about nutrition through play","author":"E Short","year":"2014","unstructured":"Short E et al (2014) How to train your DragonBot: socially assistive robots for teaching children about nutrition through play. IEEE, Edinburgh, pp 924\u2013929"},{"issue":"2","key":"1047_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.5898\/JHRI.2.2.Fasola","volume":"2","author":"J Fasola","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fasola J, Mataric M (2013) A socially assistive robot exercise coach for the elderly. J Hum Robot Interact 2(2):3\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5898\/JHRI.2.2.Fasola","journal-title":"J Hum Robot Interact"},{"key":"1047_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gordon G et al (2016) Affective personalization of a social robot tutor for children\u2019s second language skills. https:\/\/www.aaai.org\/ocs\/index.php\/AAAI\/AAAI16\/paper\/view\/11759","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v30i1.9914"},{"key":"1047_CR17","first-page":"2167","volume":"2167\u20132148","author":"P Vogt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vogt P et al (2019) Second Language Tutoring Using Social Robots: A Large-Scale Study, 497\u2013505. ISSN 2167\u20132148:2167\u20132121","journal-title":"ISSN"},{"key":"1047_CR18","unstructured":"Amazon. Astro (2023). https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Introducing-Amazon-Astro\/dp\/B078NSDFSB"},{"key":"1047_CR19","unstructured":"LuxAI. QTrobot (2023). https:\/\/luxai.com\/"},{"key":"1047_CR20","unstructured":"Embodied. Moxie (2023). https:\/\/embodied.com\/"},{"issue":"209\u20130015","key":"1047_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2316\/Journal.209.2013.1.209-0015","volume":"1","author":"O Mubin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mubin O, Stevens CJ, Shahid S, Mahmud AA, Dong J-J (2013) A review of the applicability of robots in education. J Technol Educ Learn 1(209\u20130015):13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2316\/Journal.209.2013.1.209-0015","journal-title":"J Technol Educ Learn"},{"key":"1047_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2019.00081","author":"JM Kory-Westlund","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kory-Westlund JM, Breazeal C (2019) A long-term study of young children\u2019s rapport, social emulation, and language learning with a peer-like robot playmate in preschool. Front Robot AI. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frobt.2019.00081","journal-title":"Front Robot AI"},{"key":"1047_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gordon G, Breazeal C (2015) Bayesian active learning-based robot tutor for children\u2019s word-reading skills","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v29i1.9376"},{"issue":"5","key":"1047_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-015-0303-1","volume":"7","author":"M Shiomi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shiomi M, Kanda T, Howley I, Hayashi K, Hagita N (2015) Can a social robot stimulate science curiosity in classrooms? Int J Soc Robot 7(5):641\u2013652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-015-0303-1","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robot"},{"key":"1047_CR25","first-page":"359","volume-title":"Can children learn creativity from a social robot?","author":"S Ali","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ali S, Moroso T, Breazeal C (2019) Can children learn creativity from a social robot?, vol 19. ACM, New York, pp 359\u2013368"},{"key":"1047_CR26","first-page":"137","volume-title":"Growing growth mindset with a social robot peer","author":"HW Park","year":"2017","unstructured":"Park HW, Rosenberg-Kima R, Rosenberg M, Gordon G, Breazeal C (2017) Growing growth mindset with a social robot peer, vol 17. ACM, New York, pp 137\u2013145"},{"issue":"3","key":"1047_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2018.1474234","volume":"27","author":"B Sisman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sisman B, Gunay D, Kucuk S (2019) Development and validation of an educational robot attitude scale (ERAS) for secondary school students. Interact Learn Environ 27(3):377\u2013388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2018.1474234","journal-title":"Interact Learn Environ"},{"key":"1047_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tahir Y, Rasheed U, Dauwels S, Dauwels J (2014) Perception of humanoid social mediator in two-person dialogs, HRI \u201914. ACM, New York, pp 300\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2559636.2559831","DOI":"10.1145\/2559636.2559831"},{"key":"1047_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2019.00148","author":"RB Rosenberg-Kima","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rosenberg-Kima RB, Koren Y, Gordon G (2020) Robot-supported collaborative learning (RSCL): social robots as teaching assistants for higher education small group facilitation. Front Robot AI. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frobt.2019.00148","journal-title":"Front Robot AI"},{"key":"1047_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-019-00528-9","author":"C Di Dio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Di Dio C et al (2019) It does not matter who you are: fairness in pre-schoolers interacting with human and robotic partners. Int J Soc Robot. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-019-00528-9","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robot"},{"issue":"2","key":"1047_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027033","volume":"48","author":"PH Kahn Jr","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kahn PH Jr et al (2012) \u201cRobovie, you\u2019ll have to go into the closet now\u2019\u2019: children\u2019s social and moral relationships with a humanoid robot. Dev Psychol 48(2):303\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0027033","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"key":"1047_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayes B, Ullman D, Alexander E, Bank C, Scassellati B (2014) People help robots who help others, not robots who help themselves, pp 255\u2013260","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2014.6926262"},{"key":"1047_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Short E, Hart J, Vu M, Scassellati B (2010) No fair. An interaction with a cheating robot, pp 219\u2013226","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI.2010.5453193"},{"issue":"1","key":"1047_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1080\/15248372.2014.989445","volume":"17","author":"RL Severson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Severson RL, Lemm KM (2016) Kids see human too: adapting an individual differences measure of anthropomorphism for a child sample. J Cognit Dev 17(1):122\u2013141","journal-title":"J Cognit Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"1047_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-019-00569-0","volume":"12","author":"CL van Straten","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Straten CL, Peter J, K\u00fchne R (2020) Child\u2013robot relationship formation: a narrative review of empirical research. Int J Soc Robot 12(2):325\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-019-00569-0","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robot"},{"key":"1047_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kahn PH et al (2011) The new ontological category hypothesis in human\u2013robot interaction, pp 159\u2013160","DOI":"10.1145\/1957656.1957710"},{"key":"1047_CR37","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"A Geraci","year":"2021","unstructured":"Geraci A, Simion F (2021) Evaluation of prosocial actions performed by dynamic shapes at 17 months of age. Eur J Dev Psychol 8:1\u201325","journal-title":"Eur J Dev Psychol"},{"issue":"7169","key":"1047_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06288","volume":"450","author":"JK Hamlin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hamlin JK, Wynn K, Bloom P (2007) Social evaluation by preverbal infants. Nature 450(7169):557\u2013559","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"1047_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-6709.2010.01112.x","volume":"34","author":"SC Johnson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Johnson SC et al (2010) At the intersection of social and cognitive development: internal working models of attachment in infancy. Cognit Sci 34(5):807\u2013825","journal-title":"Cognit Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"1047_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065292","volume":"8","author":"Y Kanakogi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kanakogi Y, Okumura Y, Inoue Y, Kitazaki M, Itakura S (2013) Rudimentary sympathy in preverbal infants: preference for others in distress. PLoS ONE 8(6):e65292","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5812","key":"1047_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1134475","volume":"315","author":"HM Gray","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gray HM, Gray K, Wegner DM (2007) Dimensions of mind perception. Science 315(5812):619\u2013619","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"1047_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/1047840X.2012.651387","volume":"23","author":"K Gray","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gray K, Young L, Waytz A (2012) Mind perception is the essence of morality. Psychol Inq 23(2):101\u2013124","journal-title":"Psychol Inq"},{"issue":"1","key":"1047_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-010-0074-7","volume":"3","author":"TN Beran","year":"2011","unstructured":"Beran TN, Ramirez-Serrano A, Kuzyk R, Nugent S, Fior M (2011) Would children help a robot in need? Int J Soc Robot 3(1):83\u201393","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robot"},{"issue":"3","key":"1047_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.3.429","volume":"86","author":"JG Hook","year":"1979","unstructured":"Hook JG, Cook TD (1979) Equity theory and the cognitive ability of children. Psychol Bull 86(3):429","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"6","key":"1047_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2019.03.001","volume":"23","author":"JM Engelmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Engelmann JM, Tomasello M (2019) Children\u2019s sense of fairness as equal respect. Trends Cogn Sci 23(6):454\u2013463","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"1047_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2011.01048.x","volume":"14","author":"A Geraci","year":"2011","unstructured":"Geraci A, Surian L (2011) The developmental roots of fairness: infants\u2019 reactions to equal and unequal distributions of resources. Dev Sci 14(5):1012\u20131020","journal-title":"Dev Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"1047_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023223","volume":"6","author":"MF Schmidt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schmidt MF, Sommerville JA (2011) Fairness expectations and altruistic sharing in 15-month-old human infants. PLoS ONE 6(10):e23223","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"1047_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611422072","volume":"23","author":"S Sloane","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sloane S, Baillargeon R, Premack D (2012) Do infants have a sense of fairness? Psychol Sci 23(2):196\u2013204","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"379","key":"1047_CR49","first-page":"2","volume":"6","author":"A Geraci","year":"2018","unstructured":"Geraci A, Nuovo SD (2018) Toddlers\u2019 spontaneous reactions to inequality in distributive actions. J Child Adolesc Behav 6(379):2","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"1047_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2007.12.003","volume":"108","author":"KR Olson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Olson KR, Spelke ES (2008) Foundations of cooperation in young children. Cognition 108(1):222\u2013231","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"1047_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.104826","volume":"194","author":"M Paulus","year":"2020","unstructured":"Paulus M, Christner N, W\u00f6rle M (2020) The normative status of friendship: do young children enforce sharing with friends and appreciate reasonable partiality? J Exp Child Psychol 194:104826","journal-title":"J Exp Child Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1047_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059510","volume":"8","author":"CE Smith","year":"2013","unstructured":"Smith CE, Blake PR, Harris PL (2013) I should but I won\u2019t: why young children endorse norms of fair sharing but do not follow them. PLoS ONE 8(3):e59510","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"1047_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9507.2009.00560.x","volume":"20","author":"V LoBue","year":"2011","unstructured":"LoBue V, Nishida T, Chiong C, DeLoache JS, Haidt J (2011) When getting something good is bad: even three year olds react to inequality. Soc Dev 20(1):154\u2013170","journal-title":"Soc Dev"},{"issue":"3","key":"1047_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2009.06.012","volume":"31","author":"PR Blake","year":"2010","unstructured":"Blake PR, Rand DG (2010) Currency value moderates equity preference among young children. Evol Hum Behav 31(3):210\u2013218","journal-title":"Evol Hum Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"1047_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joep.2011.10.003","volume":"33","author":"T Kogut","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kogut T (2012) Knowing what I should, doing what I want: from selfishness to inequity aversion in young children\u2019s sharing behavior. J Econ Psychol 33(1):226\u2013236","journal-title":"J Econ Psychol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1047_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797616660548","volume":"27","author":"A Shaw","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shaw A, Choshen-Hillel S, Caruso EM (2016) The development of inequity aversion: understanding when (and why) people give others the bigger piece of the pie. Psychol Sci 27(10):1352\u20131359","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1047_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2012.06.011","volume":"113","author":"CK Sigelman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sigelman CK (2012) Rich man, poor man: developmental differences in attributions and perceptions. J Exp Child Psychol 113(3):415\u2013429","journal-title":"J Exp Child Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1047_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2011.04.006","volume":"120","author":"PR Blake","year":"2011","unstructured":"Blake PR, McAuliffe K (2011) \u201cI had so much it didn\u2019t seem fair\u2019\u2019: eight-year-olds reject two forms of inequity. Cognition 120(2):215\u2013224","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"8","key":"1047_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2009.02378.x","volume":"20","author":"C Moore","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moore C (2009) Fairness in children\u2019s resource allocation depends on the recipient. Psychol Sci 20(8):944\u2013948","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1047_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031247","volume":"143","author":"A Shaw","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shaw A et al (2014) Children develop a veil of fairness. J Exp Psychol Gen 143(1):363","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"issue":"3","key":"1047_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7078.2010.00041.x","volume":"16","author":"K Dunfield","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dunfield K, Kuhlmeier VA, O\u2019Connell L, Kelley E (2011) Examining the diversity of prosocial behavior: helping, sharing, and comforting in infancy. Infancy 16(3):227\u2013247","journal-title":"Infancy"},{"issue":"2","key":"1047_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12066","volume":"8","author":"M Paulus","year":"2014","unstructured":"Paulus M (2014) The emergence of prosocial behavior: why do infants and toddlers help, comfort, and share? Child Dev Perspect 8(2):77\u201381","journal-title":"Child Dev Perspect"},{"key":"1047_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2017.07.006","volume":"168","author":"J Corbit","year":"2017","unstructured":"Corbit J, McAuliffe K, Callaghan TC, Blake PR, Warneken F (2017) Children\u2019s collaboration induces fairness rather than generosity. Cognition 168:344\u2013356","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"1047_CR64","unstructured":"Warneken F, Tomasello M (2015) The developmental and evolutionary origins of human helping. The Oxford handbook of prosocial behavior. Oxford Library of Psychology"},{"key":"1047_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199738182.013.0023","volume":"13","author":"M Sheskin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sheskin M, Santos L (2012) The evolution of morality: which aspects of human moral concerns are shared with nonhuman primates. Oxford Handb Comp Evoluti Psychol 13:434\u2013449","journal-title":"Oxford Handb Comp Evoluti Psychol"},{"key":"1047_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2015.02.014","volume":"103","author":"K McAuliffe","year":"2015","unstructured":"McAuliffe K et al (2015) Capuchin monkeys, Cebus apella, show no evidence for inequity aversion in a costly choice task. Anim Behav 103:65\u201374","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"issue":"7581","key":"1047_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15703","volume":"528","author":"PR Blake","year":"2015","unstructured":"Blake PR et al (2015) The ontogeny of fairness in seven societies. Nature 528(7581):258\u2013261","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1047_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.825987","volume":"13","author":"J Corbit","year":"2022","unstructured":"Corbit J, MacDougall H, Hartlin S, Moore C (2022) The development of intergroup cooperation: children show impartial fairness and biased care. Front Psychol 13:825987","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1047_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2022.104286","volume":"100","author":"T Gordon-Hecker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gordon-Hecker T, Shaw A, Choshen-Hillel S (2022) One for me, two for you: agency increases children\u2019s satisfaction with disadvantageous inequity. J Exp Soc Psychol 100:104286","journal-title":"J Exp Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1047_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023869","volume":"47","author":"B Kenward","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kenward B, Dahl M (2011) Preschoolers distribute scarce resources according to the moral valence of recipients\u2019 previous actions. Dev Psychol 47(4):1054","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1047_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025907","volume":"141","author":"A Shaw","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shaw A, Olson KR (2012) Children discard a resource to avoid inequity. J Exp Psychol Gen 141(2):382","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"key":"1047_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2019.04.006","volume":"179","author":"S Choshen-Hillel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Choshen-Hillel S, Lin Z, Shaw A (2020) Children weigh equity and efficiency in making allocation decisions: evidence from the US, Israel, and China. J Econ Behav Org 179:702\u2013714","journal-title":"J Econ Behav Org"},{"key":"1047_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2014.12.007","volume":"132","author":"M Paulus","year":"2015","unstructured":"Paulus M (2015) Children\u2019s inequity aversion depends on culture: a cross-cultural comparison. J Exp Child Psychol 132:240\u2013246","journal-title":"J Exp Child Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1047_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2019.1591938","volume":"33","author":"ME Sachs","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sachs ME, Kaplan J, Habibi A (2019) Echoing the emotions of others: empathy is related to how adults and children map emotion onto the body. Cogn Emot 33(8):1639\u20131654","journal-title":"Cogn Emot"},{"issue":"6207","key":"1047_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251776","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1251776","volume":"346","author":"SF Brosnan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brosnan SF, de Waal FB (2014) Evolution of responses to (un) fairness. Science 346(6207):1251776","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1047_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.07.043","volume":"40","author":"S Shahid","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shahid S, Krahmer E, Swerts M (2014) Child\u2013robot interaction across cultures: How does playing a game with a social robot compare to playing a game alone or with a friend? Comput Hum Behav 40:86\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2014.07.043","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"issue":"7208","key":"1047_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07155","volume":"454","author":"E Fehr","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fehr E, Bernhard H, Rockenbach B (2008) Egalitarianism in young children. Nature 454(7208):1079\u20131083. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature07155","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1047_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2015.11.001","volume":"37","author":"MF Schmidt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schmidt MF, Svetlova M, Johe J, Tomasello M (2016) Children\u2019s developing understanding of legitimate reasons for allocating resources unequally. Cogn Dev 37:42\u201352","journal-title":"Cogn Dev"},{"key":"1047_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2013.10.007","volume":"119","author":"A Shaw","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shaw A, Olson K (2014) Fairness as partiality aversion: the development of procedural justice. J Exp Child Psychol 119:40\u201353","journal-title":"J Exp Child Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1047_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0042","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-016-0042","volume":"1","author":"K McAuliffe","year":"2017","unstructured":"McAuliffe K, Blake PR, Steinbeis N, Warneken F (2017) The developmental foundations of human fairness. Nat Hum Behav 1(2):0042","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"1047_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00239","volume":"11","author":"DU Martin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Martin DU et al (2020) Young children\u2019s indiscriminate helping behavior toward a humanoid robot. Front Psychol 11:239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00239","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1047_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/10508400801986116","volume":"17","author":"D Bernstein","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bernstein D, Crowley K (2008) Searching for signs of intelligent life: an investigation of young children\u2019s beliefs about robot intelligence. J Learn Sci 17(2):225\u2013247","journal-title":"J Learn Sci"},{"key":"1047_CR83","first-page":"399","volume-title":"Patricc: a platform for triadic interaction with changeable characters","author":"O Gvirsman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gvirsman O, Koren Y, Norman T, Gordon G (2020) Patricc: a platform for triadic interaction with changeable characters, vol 20. Association for Computing Machinery, Cambridge, pp 399\u2013407"},{"key":"1047_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118548387","volume-title":"Applied logistic regression","author":"DW Hosmer Jr","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hosmer DW Jr, Lemeshow S, Sturdivant RX (2013) Applied logistic regression, vol 398. Wiley"},{"key":"1047_CR85","series-title":"Lecture notes in networks and systems","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-79997-7_13","volume-title":"Advances in human factors in robots, unmanned systems and cybersecurity","author":"N Casiddu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Casiddu N, Porfirione C, Burlando F, Vacanti A, Zallio M, Raymundo Iba\u00f1ez C, Hernandez JH (2021) A century of humanoid robotics in cinema: a design-driven review. In: Zallio M, Raymundo Iba\u00f1ez C, Hernandez JH (eds) Advances in human factors in robots, unmanned systems and cybersecurity. Lecture notes in networks and systems. Springer, Cham, pp 103\u2013109"},{"key":"1047_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2016.02.004","volume":"90","author":"AH Castro-Gonzlez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Castro-Gonzlez AH, Scassellati B (2016) Effects of form and motion on judgments of social robots animacy, likability, trustworthiness and unpleasantness. Int J Hum Comput Stud 90:27\u201338","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Stud"},{"key":"1047_CR87","first-page":"53","volume-title":"Perception of affect elicited by robot motion","author":"M Saerbeck","year":"2010","unstructured":"Saerbeck M, Bartneck C (2010) Perception of affect elicited by robot motion. IEEE, pp 53\u201360"},{"key":"1047_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2020.104092","volume":"112","author":"L Meteyard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meteyard L, Davies RA (2020) Best practice guidance for linear mixed-effects models in psychological science. J Memory Lang 112:104092","journal-title":"J Memory Lang"},{"issue":"1","key":"1047_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.19030\/cier.v9i1.9544","volume":"9","author":"SMP Schmidt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schmidt SMP, Ralph DL (2016) The flipped classroom: a twist on teaching. Contemp Issues Educ Res 9(1):1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19030\/cier.v9i1.9544","journal-title":"Contemp Issues Educ Res"},{"key":"1047_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2014.12.002","volume":"34","author":"NL Gjersoe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gjersoe NL, Hall EL, Hood B (2015) Children attribute mental lives to toys when they are emotionally attached to them. Cogn Dev 34:28\u201338","journal-title":"Cogn Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"1047_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.114.4.864","volume":"114","author":"N Epley","year":"2007","unstructured":"Epley N, Waytz A, Cacioppo JT (2007) On seeing human: a three-factor theory of anthropomorphism. Psychol Rev 114(4):864","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"1047_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1111\/sode.12126","volume":"24","author":"M Paulus","year":"2015","unstructured":"Paulus M, Moore C (2015) Preschool children\u2019s anticipation of recipients\u2019 emotions affects their resource allocation. Soc Dev 24(4):852\u2013867","journal-title":"Soc Dev"},{"key":"1047_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blancas M et al (2017) Analyzing children\u2019s expectations from robotic companions in educational settings, pp 749\u2013755","DOI":"10.1109\/HUMANOIDS.2017.8246956"},{"key":"1047_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woods S, Dautenhahn K, Schulz J (2004) The design space of robots: investigating children\u2019s views, pp 47\u201352","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2004.1374728"},{"key":"1047_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandoval EB, Mubin O, Obaid M (2014) Human robot interaction and fiction: a contradiction. Springer, pp 54\u201363","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11973-1_6"},{"issue":"2","key":"1047_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-020-00624-1","volume":"13","author":"T Law","year":"2021","unstructured":"Law T, Chita-Tegmark M, Scheutz M (2021) The interplay between emotional intelligence, trust, and gender in human\u2013robot interaction: a vignette-based study. Int J Soc Robot 13(2):297\u2013309","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robot"},{"key":"1047_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1145\/3568162.3576970","volume-title":"A picture might be worth a thousand words, but it\u2019s not always enough to evaluate robots","author":"N Randall","year":"2023","unstructured":"Randall N, Sabanovic S (2023) A picture might be worth a thousand words, but it\u2019s not always enough to evaluate robots, vol 23. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, pp 437\u2013445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3568162.3576970"},{"key":"1047_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160940691987459","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406919874596","volume":"18","author":"MM Archibald","year":"2019","unstructured":"Archibald MM, Ambagtsheer RC, Casey MG, Lawless M (2019) Using zoom videoconferencing for qualitative data collection: perceptions and experiences of researchers and participants. Int J Qual Methods 18:1609406919874596","journal-title":"Int J Qual Methods"},{"key":"1047_CR99","unstructured":"Falter M M et\u00a0al (2022) Making room for Zoom in focus group methods: opportunities and challenges for novice researchers (during and beyond COVID-19), vol\u00a023, pp 1\u201327"},{"issue":"4","key":"1047_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1552","volume":"12","author":"K Good","year":"2021","unstructured":"Good K, Shaw A (2021) Achieving a good impression: reputation management and performance goals. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cognit Sci 12(4):e1552","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cognit Sci"},{"issue":"7302","key":"1047_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/466029a","volume":"466","author":"J Henrich","year":"2010","unstructured":"Henrich J, Heine SJ, Norenzayan A (2010) Most people are not WEIRD. Nature 466(7302):29\u201329","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"1047_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2011.04.003","volume":"69","author":"TN Beran","year":"2011","unstructured":"Beran TN, Ramirez-Serrano A, Kuzyk R, Fior M, Nugent S (2011) Understanding how children understand robots: perceived animism in child\u2013robot interaction. Int J Hum Comput Stud 69(7\u20138):539\u2013550","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Stud"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Social Robotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12369-023-01047-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12369-023-01047-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12369-023-01047-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T12:47:18Z","timestamp":1730119638000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12369-023-01047-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9-10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["1047"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-023-01047-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1875-4791","1875-4805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1875-4791","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-4805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 August 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 September 2023","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declared that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}