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More specifically, a social robot is used to provide feedback to children and initiate self-assessment. To assess the impact of this approach on children\u2019s motivation and performance, we conducted an experiment in a music school where 50 children practiced with both a self-assessment and a non-evaluative robot. Results showed that when the children interacted with the self-assessment robot they had higher motivation and better performance than when they interacted with the non-evaluative robot. Furthermore, interaction effects were found between the robot conditions, the children\u2019s learning stages, and their gender regarding their motivation and rhythm performance. Overall, the study demonstrates a positive influence of robot-initiated self-assessment on children\u2019s musical instrument practice and provided insights for personalized child-robot interaction design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-023-01080-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T09:02:25Z","timestamp":1703062945000},"page":"327-340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["\u2018How Would you Score Yourself?\u2019: The Effect of Self-assessment Strategy Through Robots on Children\u2019s Motivation and Performance in Piano Practice"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Heqiu","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Tsiakas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jaap","family":"Ham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Panos","family":"Markopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5688-4878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia I.","family":"Barakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1080_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2307\/3344880","volume":"26","author":"HF Abeles","year":"1978","unstructured":"Abeles HF, Porter SY (1978) The sex-stereotyping of musical instruments. 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