{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T01:12:51Z","timestamp":1773969171053,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703808000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"FH Campus Wien - University of Applied Sciences"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J of Soc Robotics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Due to demographic change and transformations in domestic structures as well as working environments, the need for formal care continues to increase. This process leads to a significantly greater number of care workers that will be needed in the future. Concurrently, the demands on caregivers concerning the amount of care and quality of care are increasing. Socially-assistive robots (SARs) are a promising resource in this regard. At the same time, research that directly addresses the target group of elderly persons with cognitive impairments is underrepresented. This study reports observations regarding the interaction between a SAR and elderly people with cognitive impairments. Seven observational and behavioural measures were conducted during the interaction between residents of a nursing home and the SAR named \u201cJames\u201d. Twelve participants from two residential homes took part in the study. Data were analysed by using content analysis and interpreted along a technology acceptance model. Verbal comments and observable emotions of the SAR were predominantly positive, only a few participants reacted negatively to the SAR \u201cJames\u201d. There was also hardly any shyness to touch the robot. The participants made eye contact and responded adequately to the robot\u2019s requests. Tasks which were set by the SAR in group settings led to a higher communication between the participants than tasks in single-user settings. The mainly upbeat emotions and interaction with the SAR indicates a positive attitude towards the system. Long-term studies are needed to investigate the sustainability of robot acceptance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-023-01088-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T11:01:21Z","timestamp":1703847681000},"page":"403-413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Observing the Interaction between a Socially-Assistive Robot and Residents in a Nursing Home"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0388-3438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lena","family":"Rettinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aida","family":"F\u00fcrst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6516-7501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Kupka-Klepsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"M\u00fchlhauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1941-7522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Haslinger-Baumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5833-3583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franz","family":"Werner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"1088_CR1","unstructured":"K\u00fcgler A, Sardadvar K (2015) Pflege und Betreuung: Arbeit, Werte, Erfahrungen. Ausschnitte des \u00f6sterreichischen Sorgesystems. [Nursing and Care: Work, values, experiences. Excerpts of the Austrian care system.]"},{"key":"1088_CR2","unstructured":"Statistik Austria (2020) Betreuungs- und Pflegedienste [Care and nursing services]"},{"key":"1088_CR3","unstructured":"Gesundheit \u00d6sterreich GmbH (2019) Pflegepersonal-Bedarfsprognose f\u00fcr \u00d6sterreich [Prognosis on demand of nursing staff in Austria.]"},{"key":"1088_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-211-99678-2","volume-title":"Pflege Von Alten Menschen. [Elderly care]","author":"E Matolycz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Matolycz E (2011) Pflege Von Alten Menschen. [Elderly care]. Springer, Wien New York, NY"},{"key":"1088_CR5","unstructured":"Arbeiterkammer (2019) Umfrage Gesundheitsberufe: Dringend gebraucht, enorm belastet. [Survey health professions: Urgently needed, extremely burdened.]. https:\/\/www.arbeiterkammer.at\/umfrage_gesundheitsberufe. Accessed 27 Jul 2020"},{"key":"1088_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.5898\/JHRI.2.2.Fasola","volume":"2","author":"J Fasola","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fasola J, Mataric M (2013) A socially assistive Robot Exercise Coach for the Elderly. J Human-Robot Interact 2:3\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5898\/JHRI.2.2.Fasola","journal-title":"J Human-Robot Interact"},{"key":"1088_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-22698-5_4","volume-title":"Pflegeroboter","author":"K Janowski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Janowski K, Ritschel H, Lugrin B, Andr\u00e9 E (2018) Sozial Interagierende Roboter in Der Pflege [Socially interacting robots in nursing]. In: Bendel O (ed) Pflegeroboter. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, pp 63\u201387"},{"key":"1088_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saaskilahti K, Kangaskorte R, Pieska S et al (2012) Needs and user acceptance of older adults for mobile service robot. In: 2012 IEEE RO-MAN: The 21st IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication. IEEE, Paris, France, pp\u00a0559\u2013564","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2012.6343810"},{"key":"1088_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-22698-5_13","volume-title":"Pflegeroboter","author":"H Becker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Becker H (2018) Robotik in Der Gesundheitsversorgung: Hoffnungen, Bef\u00fcrchtungen Und Akzeptanz aus Sicht Der Nutzerinnen Und Nutzer. [Robotics in health care: hopes, apprehentions and acceptance from the users point of view]. In: Bendel O (ed) Pflegeroboter. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, pp 229\u2013248"},{"key":"1088_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiss A, Bernhaupt R, Tscheligi M et al (2008) A methodological variation for acceptance evaluation of Human-Robot Interaction in public places. In: RO-MAN 2008 - The 17th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication. IEEE, Munich, Germany, pp\u00a0713\u2013718","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2008.4600751"},{"key":"1088_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozan K, Parker K, Davey B (2016) A Closer Look at the Social Influence Construct in the UTAUT Model: An Institutional Theory Based Approach to Investigate Health IT Adoption Patterns of the Elderly. In: 2016 49th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). IEEE, Koloa, HI, USA, pp\u00a03105\u20133114","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2016.391"},{"key":"1088_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feil-Seifer D, Mataric MJ (2005) Socially Assistive Robotics. In: 9th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics, 2005. ICORR 2005. IEEE, Chicago, IL, USA, pp\u00a0465\u2013468","DOI":"10.1109\/ICORR.2005.1501143"},{"key":"1088_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pielot M, Diefenbach S, Henze N (2015) Let me introduce myself: I am Care-O-bot 4, a Gentleman Robot. Mensch Und Computer 2015 \u2013 Tagungsband. De Gruyter, pp 223\u2013232","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110443929-024"},{"key":"1088_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schmitt C, Sch\u00e4fer J, Burmester M (2017) Wie Wirkt Der Care-O-bot 4 Im Verkaufsraum? [How does the Care-O-bot 4 appear in a showroom]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18420\/MUC2017-UP-0171","DOI":"10.18420\/MUC2017-UP-0171"},{"key":"1088_CR15","unstructured":"James (2020) James Manual. https:\/\/docs.zorabots.be\/robot-james\/latest\/manual\/getting-started.html"},{"key":"1088_CR16","unstructured":"James Robot. https:\/\/robots.nu\/en\/robot\/james-robot"},{"key":"1088_CR17","unstructured":"Editorial staff (2020) Robots keeping elderly belgians connected with loved ones during coronavirus. E&T Engineering and Technology"},{"key":"1088_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-010-0068-5","volume":"2","author":"M Heerink","year":"2010","unstructured":"Heerink M, Kr\u00f6se B, Evers V, Wielinga B (2010) Assessing Acceptance of Assistive Social Agent Technology by older adults: the Almere Model. Int J of Soc Robotics 2:361\u2013375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-010-0068-5","journal-title":"Int J of Soc Robotics"},{"key":"1088_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang W-L, Sabanovic S, Huber L (2014) Observational study of naturalistic interactions with the socially assistive robot PARO in a nursing home. In: The 23rd IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication. IEEE, Edinburgh, UK, pp\u00a0294\u2013299","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2014.6926268"},{"key":"1088_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang W-L, \u0160abanovi\u0107 S (2015) Interaction Expands Function: Social Shaping of the Therapeutic Robot PARO in a Nursing Home. In: Proceedings of the Tenth Annual ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. ACM, Portland Oregon USA, pp\u00a0343\u2013350","DOI":"10.1145\/2696454.2696472"},{"key":"1088_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marti P, Bacigalupo M, Giusti L et al (2006) Socially Assistive Robotics in the Treatment of Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia. In: The First IEEE\/RAS-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics, 2006. BioRob 2006. IEEE, Pisa, Italy, pp\u00a0483\u2013488","DOI":"10.1109\/BIOROB.2006.1639135"},{"key":"1088_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263235242110302","DOI":"10.1177\/26323524211030285","volume":"15","author":"K Inoue","year":"2021","unstructured":"Inoue K, Wada K, Shibata T (2021) Exploring the applicability of the robotic seal PARO to support caring for older persons with Dementia within the home context. Palliative Care 15:263235242110302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/26323524211030285","journal-title":"Palliative Care"},{"key":"1088_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang W-L, Sabanovic S, Huber L (2013) Use of seal-like robot PARO in sensory group therapy for older adults with dementia. In: 2013 8th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). IEEE, Tokyo, Japan, pp\u00a0101\u2013102","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI.2013.6483521"},{"key":"1088_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-181165","volume":"68","author":"G D\u2019Onofrio","year":"2019","unstructured":"D\u2019Onofrio G, Sancarlo D, Raciti M et al (2019) MARIO Project: validation and evidence of Service Robots for older people with Dementia. JAD 68:1587\u20131601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-181165","journal-title":"JAD"},{"key":"1088_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-42307-0_3","volume-title":"Human-Robot Interaction","author":"F Werner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Werner F (2020) A survey on current practices in user evaluation of Companion Robots. In: Jost C, Le P\u00e9v\u00e9dic B, Belpaeme T et al (eds) Human-Robot Interaction. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 65\u201388"},{"key":"1088_CR26","unstructured":"Bethel CL, Murphy RR (2009) Use of Large Sample Sizes and Multiple Evaluation Methods in Human-Robot Interaction Experimentation. In: Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence. pp\u00a01\u20138"},{"key":"1088_CR27","unstructured":"Kienzler R, Bejan A, Manske J et al Potenziale technikgest\u00fctzter Biografiearbeit und Erinnerungspflege bei Menschen mit Demenz. [Potenitals of technology supported biography and memory work with people with dementia.]. In: Zukunft der Pflege - Innovative Technologien f\u00fcr die Pflege. pp\u00a066\u201371"},{"key":"1088_CR28","volume-title":"Educational research: quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches","author":"B Johnson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Johnson B, Christensen LB (2012) Educational research: quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches, 4th edn. SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, Calif","edition":"4"},{"key":"1088_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-531-94218-6","volume-title":"Ethnografie: Eine Einf\u00fchrung [Ethnography: an introduction]","author":"S Thomas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thomas S (2019) Ethnografie: Eine Einf\u00fchrung [Ethnography: an introduction]. Springer VS, Wiesbaden [Heidelberg]"},{"key":"1088_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1353\/lib.2006.0045","volume":"55","author":"L Baker","year":"2006","unstructured":"Baker L (2006) Observation: a Complex Research Method. Libr Trends 55:171\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/lib.2006.0045","journal-title":"Libr Trends"},{"key":"1088_CR31","unstructured":"Mayring P (2015) Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse: Grundlagen und Techniken [Qualitative content analysis. Basics and techniques.], 12., \u00fcberarbeitete Auflage. Beltz, Weinheim Basel"},{"key":"1088_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-67964-8_3","volume-title":"Smart Health","author":"Y Feng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Feng Y, van Reijmersdal R, Yu S et al (2017) Using Observational Engagement Assessment Method VC-IOE for evaluating an interactive table designed for seniors with Dementia. In: Chen H, Zeng DD, Karahanna E, Bardhan I (eds) Smart Health. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 26\u201337"},{"key":"1088_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-22954-2_6","volume-title":"Die Maschine: Freund Oder Feind?","author":"C Thimm","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thimm C, Regier P, Cheng IC et al (2019) Die Maschine als Partner? Verbale Und non-verbale kommunikation mit einem Humanoiden Roboter. In: Thimm C, B\u00e4chle TC (eds) Die Maschine: Freund Oder Feind? Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, pp 109\u2013134"},{"key":"1088_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2006.05.002","volume":"64","author":"KM Lee","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lee KM, Jung Y, Kim J, Kim SR (2006) Are physically embodied social agents better than disembodied social agents? The effects of physical embodiment, tactile interaction, and people\u2019s loneliness in human\u2013robot interaction. Int J Hum Comput Stud 64:962\u2013973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2006.05.002","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Stud"},{"key":"1088_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.21.2.333","volume":"21","author":"SJ Czaja","year":"2006","unstructured":"Czaja SJ, Charness N, Fisk AD et al (2006) Factors predicting the use of technology: findings from the center for research and education on aging and technology enhancement (create). Psychol Aging 21:333\u2013352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0882-7974.21.2.333","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"1088_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e018815","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018815","volume":"8","author":"J Abdi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abdi J, Al-Hindawi A, Ng T, Vizcaychipi MP (2018) Scoping review on the use of socially assistive robot technology in elderly care. BMJ Open 8:e018815. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018815","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"1088_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-013-0019-0","volume":"76","author":"E Torta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Torta E, Werner F, Johnson DO et al (2014) Evaluation of a small socially-assistive Humanoid Robot in Intelligent homes for the care of the Elderly. J Intell Robot Syst 76:57\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10846-013-0019-0","journal-title":"J Intell Robot Syst"},{"key":"1088_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2014.09.029","volume":"75","author":"D Fischinger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fischinger D, Einramhof P, Papoutsakis K et al (2016) Hobbit, a care robot supporting Independent living at home: first prototype and lessons learned. Robot Auton Syst 75:60\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.robot.2014.09.029","journal-title":"Robot Auton Syst"},{"key":"1088_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kleist P (2006) Vier Effekte, Ph\u00e4nomene Und Paradoxe in Der Medizin. [Four effects, phenomena and paradoxes in medicine]. Swiss Med Forum 6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4414\/smf.2006.06016","DOI":"10.4414\/smf.2006.06016"},{"key":"1088_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2307\/30036540","volume":"27","author":"M Venkatesh","year":"2003","unstructured":"Venkatesh M, Davis D (2003) User Acceptance of Information Technology: toward a unified view. MIS Q 27:425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/30036540","journal-title":"MIS Q"},{"key":"1088_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s11370-020-00345-4","volume":"14","author":"T Nomura","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nomura T, Kanda T, Yamada S, Suzuki T (2021) The effects of assistive walking robots for health care support on older persons: a preliminary field experiment in an elder care facility. Intel Serv Robotics 14:25\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11370-020-00345-4","journal-title":"Intel Serv Robotics"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Social Robotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12369-023-01088-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12369-023-01088-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12369-023-01088-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T13:19:59Z","timestamp":1707398399000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12369-023-01088-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["1088"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-023-01088-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1875-4791","1875-4805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1875-4791","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-4805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 December 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 December 2023","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}