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This study introduces a novel long-term intervention designed to help informal caregivers cope with emotional distress by self-disclosing towards a social robot. Research indicates that informal caregivers frequently face challenges in handling the emotional and practical demands of caregiving, often experiencing a lack of social support and limited social interaction. Accordingly, we explored the extent of informal caregivers\u2019 self-disclosure behaviour towards a social robot (Pepper, SoftBank Robotics) over time, and how their perceptions of the robot evolved. Additionally, we examined how this intervention affected caregivers\u2019 moods, perceptions of the robot as comforting, feelings of loneliness, stress levels, as well as its impact on their emotion regulation. We replicated a previous long-term experiment [1] with a dedicated sample of informal caregivers who interacted with Pepper 10 times over five weeks, discussing everyday topics. Our results show that caregivers increasingly self-disclosed to the robot over time, perceiving it as more social and competent. Participants\u2019 moods improved following interactions, and they viewed the robot as increasingly comforting. They also reported feeling progressively less lonely and stressed. Thus, our findings with informal caregivers replicated those of [1]. Moreover, after the intervention, caregivers reported greater acceptance of their caregiving roles, reappraising it more positively, and reduced feelings of blame towards others. These results highlight the potential of social robots to provide emotional support for individuals coping with emotional distress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-024-01207-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T08:34:10Z","timestamp":1748248450000},"page":"1837-1870","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Coping with Emotional Distress via Self-Disclosure to Robots: An Intervention with Caregivers"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3796-1804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guy","family":"Laban","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4308-8976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Val","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7715-8709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arvid","family":"Kappas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1671-5698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"S. 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International Journal of Social Robotics"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Social Robotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12369-024-01207-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12369-024-01207-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12369-024-01207-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T13:43:53Z","timestamp":1758721433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12369-024-01207-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"references-count":215,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["1207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-024-01207-0","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.31234\/osf.io\/gbk2j","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1875-4791","1875-4805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1875-4791","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-4805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 December 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 May 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study followed rigorous ethical standards and all study procedures were approved by the research ethics of the University of Glasgow (ethics approval numbers 300200094 & 300200132). All participants provided written informed consent before participating in the study, and were debriefed after participating in the study (for more information see Sect.\n                      \n                      ).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"This study was funded by the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie to ENTWINE, the European Training Network on Informal Care (Grant agreement no. 814072), the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (Grant agreement no. 677270 to EC), and the Leverhulme Trust (PLP-2018-152 to EC).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no Conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Consistent with recent proposals [\n                      \n                      ,\n                      \n                      ], we pre-registered the study and report for how we determined our sample size, all data exclusions, all manipulations and all measures in the study [see [\n                      \n                      ]]. In addition, following open science initiatives [e.g., [\n                      \n                      ]], the de-identified data set, stimuli and analysis code associated with this study are freely available online [\n                      \n                      ].","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of data and materials"}}]}}