{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T08:57:26Z","timestamp":1773392246377,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002954","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano - Bicocca","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002954","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J of Soc Robotics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>It has often been argued that people can attribute mental states to robots without making any ontological commitments to the reality of those states. But what does it mean to \u2018attribute\u2019 a mental state to a robot, and \u2018to make an ontological commitment\u2019 to it? It will be argued that, on a plausible interpretation of these two notions, it is not clear how mental state attribution can occur without making any ontological commitment. Taking inspiration from the philosophical debate on scientific realism, a provisional taxonomy of folk-ontological stances towards robots will also be identified, corresponding to different ways of understanding robots\u2019 minds. They include realism, non-realism, eliminativism, reductionism, fictionalism and agnosticism. Instrumentalism will also be discussed and presented as a folk-epistemological stance. In the last part of the article it will be argued that people\u2019s folk-ontological stances towards robots and humans can influence their perception of the human-likeness of robots. The analysis carried out here can be read as promoting a study of people\u2019s inner beliefs about the reality of robots\u2019 mental states during ordinary human-robot interaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-025-01225-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T09:16:37Z","timestamp":1740561397000},"page":"257-276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Folk-Ontological Stances Towards Robots and Psychological Human Likeness"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0323-2985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edoardo","family":"Datteri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"1225_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Heider F, Simmel M (1944) An Experimental Study of Apparent Behavior, The American Journal of Psychology, vol. 57, no. 2, p. 243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1416950","DOI":"10.2307\/1416950"},{"key":"1225_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dennett D (1971) Intentional systems. J Philos, 68, 4","DOI":"10.2307\/2025382"},{"key":"1225_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thellman S, De Graaf M, Ziemke T (2022) Mental State Attribution to Robots: A Systematic Review of Conceptions, Methods, and Findings, J. Hum.-Robot Interact., vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 1\u201351, Dec. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3526112","DOI":"10.1145\/3526112"},{"key":"1225_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"De Graaf MMA, Malle BF (2019) People\u2019s Explanations of Robot Behavior Subtly Reveal Mental State Inferences, in 14th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), Daegu, Korea (South): IEEE, Mar. 2019, pp. 239\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/HRI.2019.8673308","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI.2019.8673308"},{"key":"1225_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bechtel W (1985) Realism, Instrumentalism, and the Intentional Stance, Cognitive Science, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 473\u2013497, Oct. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15516709cog0904_5","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0904_5"},{"key":"1225_CR6","unstructured":"Thellman S, Ziemke T (2019) The Intentional Stance Toward Robots: Conceptual and Methodological Considerations, in CogSci\u201919. Proceedings of the 41st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, A. K. Goel, C. M. Seifert, and C. Freska, Eds., Cognitive Science Society, Inc., pp. 1097\u20131103"},{"key":"1225_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rayo A, Commitment O (May 2007) Philos Compass 2(3):428\u2013444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1747-9991.2007.00080.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-9991.2007.00080.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"1225_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s10670-019-00185-4","volume":"87","author":"B Nanay","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nanay B (2022) Entity realism about Mental representations. Erkenn 87(1):75\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10670-019-00185-4","journal-title":"Erkenn"},{"key":"1225_CR9","unstructured":"Psillos S (1999) Scientific realism. How Science Tracks Truth. Routledge"},{"key":"1225_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Toon A (2016) Fictionalism and the Folk, The Monist, vol. 99, no. 3, pp. 280\u2013295, Jul. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/monist\/onw005","DOI":"10.1093\/monist\/onw005"},{"key":"1225_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-4975.00040","volume":"25","author":"S Yablo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yablo S (2001) Go figure: a path through Fictionalism. Midwest Stud Philos 25:72\u2013102","journal-title":"Midwest Stud Philos"},{"key":"1225_CR12","unstructured":"Cohen JL (1992) An essay on Belief and Acceptance. Clarendon; Oxford University"},{"key":"1225_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Seibt J (2017) Towards an Ontology of Simulated Social Interaction: Varieties of the \u2018As If\u2019 for Robots and Humans, in Sociality and Normativity for Robots, R. Hakli and J. Seibt, Eds., in Studies in the Philosophy of Sociality., Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 11\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-53133-5_2","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-53133-5_2"},{"key":"1225_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10628-000","volume-title":"The psychology of interpersonal relations","author":"F Heider","year":"1958","unstructured":"Heider F (1958) The psychology of interpersonal relations. John Wiley & Sons Inc, Hoboken. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/10628-000"},{"key":"1225_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jones EE, Davis KE (1965) From acts to dispositions. The attribution process in person perception. In: Berkowitz L (ed) in Advances in experimental social psychology, vol 2. Academic, pp 219\u2013266. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60107-0.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60107-0"},{"key":"1225_CR16","first-page":"192","volume":"15","author":"HH Kelley","year":"1967","unstructured":"Kelley HH (1967) Attribution theory in social psychology. Nebr Symp Motiv 15:192\u2013238","journal-title":"Nebr Symp Motiv"},{"key":"1225_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Malle BF (2004) How the mind explains behavior: folk explanations, meaning, and Social Interaction. The MIT Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7551\/mitpress\/3586.001.0001","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3586.001.0001"},{"key":"1225_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Malle BF (2022) Attribution theories: how people make sense of Behavior. In: Chadee D (ed) in Theories in social psychology. Wiley, pp 93\u2013120. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781394266616.ch4.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781394266616.ch4"},{"key":"1225_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carruthers P, Smith PK (eds) (1996) Theories of theories of mind, 1st edn. Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511597985","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511597985"},{"key":"1225_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Csibra G, Gergely G (Jan. 2007) Obsessed with goals\u2019: functions and mechanisms of teleological interpretation of actions in humans. Acta Psychol 124(1):60\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actpsy.2006.09.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2006.09.007"},{"issue":"4","key":"1225_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.114.4.864","volume":"114","author":"N Epley","year":"2007","unstructured":"Epley N, Waytz A, Cacioppo JT (2007) On seeing human: a three-factor theory of anthropomorphism. Psychol Rev 114(4):864\u2013886. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.114.4.864","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1225_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Leslie AM, Friedman O, German TP (Dec. 2004) Core mechanisms in \u2018theory of mind\u2019. Trends Cogn Sci 8(12):528\u2013533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2004.10.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2004.10.001"},{"key":"1225_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kelley HH, Michela JL (Jan. 1980) Attribution Theory and Research. Annu Rev Psychol 31(1):457\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.ps.31.020180.002325","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.31.020180.002325"},{"key":"1225_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Levin DT, Saylor MM, Lynn SD (2012) Distinguishing first-line defaults and second-line conceptualization in reasoning about humans, robots, and computers, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, vol. 70, no. 8, pp. 527\u2013534, Aug. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2012.02.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2012.02.001"},{"key":"1225_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00450","volume":"10","author":"S Marchesi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marchesi S, Ghiglino D, Ciardo F, Perez-Osorio J, Baykara E, Wykowska A (2019) Do we adopt the intentional stance toward Humanoid Robots? Front Psychol 10:450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00450","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1225_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang X, Krumhuber EG (Jul. 2018) Mind perception of Robots varies with their economic Versus Social function. Front Psychol 9:1230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01230","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01230"},{"key":"1225_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ziemke T (2020) Understanding robots, Sci. Robot., vol. 5, no. 46, p. eabe2987, Sep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scirobotics.abe2987","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.abe2987"},{"key":"1225_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Br\u00fcne M, Abdel-Hamid M, Lehmk\u00e4mper C, Sonntag C (May 2007) Mental state attribution, neurocognitive functioning, and psychopathology: what predicts poor social competence in schizophrenia best? Schizophr Res 92:1\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2007.01.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.01.006"},{"key":"1225_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bartneck C, Kuli\u0107 D, Croft E, Zoghbi S (Jan. 2009) Measurement instruments for the Anthropomorphism, Animacy, Likeability, Perceived Intelligence, and Perceived Safety of Robots. Int J Soc Rob 1(1):71\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-008-0001-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-008-0001-3"},{"key":"1225_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Manzi F et al (2011) A Robot Is Not Worth Another: Exploring Children\u2019s Mental State Attribution to Different Humanoid Robots, Front. Psychol., vol. 11, p. Sep. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.02011","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.02011"},{"key":"1225_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Takahashi H, Ban M, Asada M (Nov. 2016) Semantic Differential Scale Method can reveal multi-dimensional aspects of Mind Perception. Front Psychol 7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01717","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01717"},{"key":"1225_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fussell SR, Kiesler S, Setlock LD, Yew V (2008) How people anthropomorphize robots, in Proceedings of the 3rd ACM\/IEEE international conference on Human robot interaction, Amsterdam The Netherlands: ACM, Mar. pp. 145\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1349822.1349842","DOI":"10.1145\/1349822.1349842"},{"key":"1225_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cross T (Apr. 2005) What is a disposition? Synthese 144(3):321\u2013341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11229-005-5857-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-005-5857-2"},{"key":"1225_CR34","unstructured":"Fodor JA (1986) Representations: philosophical essays on the foundations of cognitive science, 4. print. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press"},{"key":"1225_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee Sau-lai, Yee-man Lau I, Kiesler S, Chiu C-Y (2005) Human Mental Models of Humanoid Robots, in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Barcelona, Spain: IEEE, 2005, pp. 2767\u20132772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ROBOT.2005.1570532","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2005.1570532"},{"key":"1225_CR36","unstructured":"Wortham RH, Theodorou A, Bryson JJ (2016) What Does the Robot Think? Transparency as a Fundamental Design Requirement for Intelligent Systems, in Proceedings of the IJCAI Workshop on Ethics for Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"5","key":"1225_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400838684-016","volume":"2","author":"WVO Quine","year":"1948","unstructured":"Quine WVO (1948) On what there is. Rev Metaphysics 2(5):21\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/9781400838684-016","journal-title":"Rev Metaphysics"},{"key":"1225_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Armstrong DM (2004) Truth and Truthmakers, 1st edn. Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511487552","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511487552"},{"key":"1225_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peacock H (Jan. 2011) Two kinds of Ontological Commitment. Philosophical Q 61(242):79\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9213.2010.665.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9213.2010.665.x"},{"key":"1225_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scheffler I, Chomsky N (1958) What is said to be, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, vol. 59, pp. 71\u201382, 1958","DOI":"10.1093\/aristotelian\/59.1.71"},{"key":"1225_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wiese E, Shaw T, Lofaro D, Baldwin C (2017) Designing Artificial Agents as Social Companions, Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 1604\u20131608, Sep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1541931213601764","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931213601764"},{"key":"1225_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abubshait A, Wiese E (Aug. 2017) You look Human, but Act like a machine: Agent Appearance and Behavior modulate different aspects of human\u2013Robot Interaction. Front Psychol 8:1393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01393","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01393"},{"key":"1225_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mollo DC (2022) Deflationary realism: Representation and idealisation in cognitive science, Mind & Language, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 1048\u20131066, Nov. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mila.12364","DOI":"10.1111\/mila.12364"},{"key":"1225_CR44","volume-title":"InqInra. in A Bradford book","author":"R Stalnaker","year":"1987","unstructured":"Stalnaker R (1987) InqInra. in A Bradford book. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass."},{"key":"1225_CR45","volume-title":"Matter and consciousness: a contemporary introduction to the philosophy of mind","author":"PM Churchland","year":"1988","unstructured":"Churchland PM (1988) Matter and consciousness: a contemporary introduction to the philosophy of mind. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass"},{"key":"1225_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2747491","author":"H Surden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Surden H, Williams M-A (2016) Technological Opacity, predictability, and self-driving cars. SSRN J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.2747491","journal-title":"SSRN J"},{"key":"1225_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3384\/diss.diva-178806","volume-title":"Social Robots as Intentional agents","author":"S Thellman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thellman S (2021) Social Robots as Intentional agents. Link\u00f6ping University Electronic, Link\u00f6ping"},{"key":"1225_CR48","volume-title":"Fiction and fictionaInsm. in New problems of philosophy","author":"RM Sainsbury","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sainsbury RM (2010) Fiction and fictionaInsm. in New problems of philosophy. Routledge, London"},{"key":"1225_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X22000668","volume":"46","author":"HH Clark","year":"2023","unstructured":"Clark HH, Fischer K (2023) Social robots as depictions of social agents. Behav Brain Sci 46:e21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0140525X22000668","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"key":"1225_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Seager W (1990) Instrumentalism in psychology, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 191\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02698599008573358","DOI":"10.1080\/02698599008573358"},{"key":"1225_CR51","unstructured":"Paglieri F, Castelfranchi C (2007) Belief and acceptance in argumentation: Towards an epistemological taxonomy of the uses of argument, in Proceedings of the Sixth Conference of the International Society for the Study of Argumentation, J. A. Blair, F. H. van Eemeren, and C. A. Willard, Eds., Sic Sat, Amsterdam"},{"key":"1225_CR52","unstructured":"Sellars W (1963) Empiricism and the philosophy of mind. in Science, perception, and reality. Routledge, pp 127\u2013194"},{"key":"1225_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ciardo F, De Tommaso D, Wykowska A (Jul. 2022) Joint action with artificial agents: human-likeness in behaviour and morphology affects sensorimotor signaling and social inclusion. Comput Hum Behav 132:107237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107237"},{"key":"1225_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fortunati L, Manganelli AM, H\u00f6flich J, Ferrin G (2023) Exploring the Perceptions of Cognitive and Affective Capabilities of Four, Real, Physical Robots with a Decreasing Degree of Morphological Human Likeness, Int J of Soc Robotics, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 547\u2013561, Mar. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-021-00827-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-021-00827-0"},{"key":"1225_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li M, Guo F, Wang X, Chen J, Ham J (2023) Effects of robot gaze and voice human-likeness on users\u2019 subjective perception, visual attention, and cerebral activity in voice conversations, Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 141, p. 107645, Apr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107645"},{"key":"1225_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Roselli C, Ciardo F, De Tommaso D, Wykowska A (Aug. 2022) Human-likeness and attribution of intentionality predict vicarious sense of agency over humanoid robot actions. Sci Rep 12(1):13845. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-18151-6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18151-6"},{"key":"1225_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Malle BF, Scheutz M, Forlizzi J, Voiklis J (2016) Which robot am I thinking about? The impact of action and appearance on people\u2019s evaluations of a moral robot, in 11th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), Christchurch, New Zealand: IEEE, Mar. 2016, pp. 125\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/HRI.2016.7451743","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI.2016.7451743"},{"key":"1225_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Remmers P (2019) The Ethical Significance of Human Likeness in Robotics and AI, eip, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 52\u201367, Oct. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14746\/eip.2019.2.6","DOI":"10.14746\/eip.2019.2.6"},{"key":"1225_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ishiguro H (2006) Android science: conscious and subconscious recognition, Connection Science, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 319\u2013332, Dec. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540090600873953","DOI":"10.1080\/09540090600873953"},{"key":"1225_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ishiguro H, Nishio S (2007) Building artificial humans to understand humans, J Artif Organs, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 133\u2013142, Sep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10047-007-0381-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s10047-007-0381-4"},{"key":"1225_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"MacDorman KF, Ishiguro H (2006) The uncanny advantage of using androids in cognitive and social science research, IS, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 297\u2013337, Nov. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1075\/is.7.3.03mac","DOI":"10.1075\/is.7.3.03mac"},{"key":"1225_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-34103-8_20","volume-title":"Social Robotics","author":"J Fink","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fink J (2012) Anthropomorphism and human likeness in the design of Robots and Human-Robot Interaction. In: Ge SS, Khatib O, Cabibihan J-J, Simmons R, Williams M-A (eds) in Social Robotics. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 7621. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, vol. 7621., Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 199\u2013208. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-34103-8_20."},{"key":"1225_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang S, Lilienfeld SO, Rochat P (2015) The Uncanny Valley: Existence and Explanations, Review of General Psychology, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 393\u2013407, Dec. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/gpr0000056","DOI":"10.1037\/gpr0000056"},{"key":"1225_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"DiSalvo CF, Gemperle F, Forlizzi J, Kiesler S (2002) All robots are not created equal: the design and perception of humanoid robot heads, in Proceedings of the 4th conference on Designing interactive systems: processes, practices, methods, and techniques, London England: ACM, pp. 321\u2013326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/778712.778756","DOI":"10.1145\/778712.778756"},{"key":"1225_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-25554-5_43","volume-title":"Social Robotics","author":"MC Martini","year":"2015","unstructured":"Martini MC, Buzzell GA, Wiese E (2015) Agent Appearance modulates mind attribution and social attention in Human-Robot Interaction. In: Tapus A, Andr\u00e9 E, Martin J-C, Ferland F, Ammi M (eds) in Social Robotics. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 9388. Springer International Publishing, vol. 9388., Cham, pp 431\u2013439. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-25554-5_43."},{"key":"1225_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Phillips E, Zhao X, Ullman D, Malle BF (2018) What is Human-like? Decomposing Robots\u2019 Human-like Appearance Using the Anthropomorphic roBOT (ABOT) Database, in Proceedings of the ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, Chicago IL USA: ACM, Feb. 2018, pp. 105\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3171221.3171268","DOI":"10.1145\/3171221.3171268"},{"key":"1225_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Von Zitzewitz J, Boesch PM, Wolf P, Riener R (2013) Quantifying the Human Likeness of a Humanoid Robot, Int J of Soc Robotics, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 263\u2013276, Apr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-012-0177-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-012-0177-4"},{"key":"1225_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gray HM, Gray K, Wegner DM (2007) Dimensions of Mind Perception, Science, vol. 315, no. 5812, pp. 619\u2013619, Feb. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1134475","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1134475"},{"key":"1225_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chaminade T et al (2012) How do we think machines think? An fMRI study of alleged competition with an artificial intelligence. Front Hum Neurosci 6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00103","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00103"},{"issue":"3","key":"1225_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/09515089.2019.1688778","volume":"33","author":"J Perez-Osorio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Perez-Osorio J, Wykowska A (2020) Adopting the intentional stance toward natural and artificial agents. Philosophical Psychol 33(3):369\u2013395","journal-title":"Philosophical Psychol"},{"key":"1225_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thellman S, Silvervarg A, Ziemke T (1962) Folk-Psychological Interpretation of Human vs. Humanoid Robot Behavior: Exploring the Intentional Stance toward Robots, Front. Psychol., vol. 8, p. Nov. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01962","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01962"},{"key":"1225_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Perez-Osorio J, M\u00fcller HJ, Wiese E, Wykowska A (Nov. 2015) Gaze following is modulated by expectations regarding others\u2019 action goals. PLoS ONE 10(11):e0143614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0143614","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143614"},{"key":"1225_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wiese E, Wykowska A, Zwickel J, M\u00fcller HJ (2012) I See What You Mean: How Attentional Selection Is Shaped by Ascribing Intentions to Others, PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 9, p. e45391, Sep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0045391","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045391"},{"issue":"1","key":"1225_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721409359302","volume":"19","author":"A Waytz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Waytz A, Epley N, Cacioppo JT (2010) Social cognition unbound: insights into anthropomorphism and dehumanization. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 19(1):58\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0963721409359302","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1225_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010213-115045","volume":"65","author":"N Haslam","year":"2014","unstructured":"Haslam N, Loughnan S (2014) Dehumanization and infrahumanization. Annu Rev Psychol 65(1):399\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-psych-010213-115045","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1225_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2021.12.003","volume":"26","author":"NS Kteily","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kteily NS, Landry AP (2022) Dehumanization: trends, insights, and challenges. Trends Cogn Sci 26(3):222\u2013240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2021.12.003","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"1225_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"De Graaf MMA, Malle BF (2018) People\u2019s Judgments of Human and Robot Behaviors: A Robust Set of Behaviors and Some Discrepancies, in Companion of the ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, Chicago IL USA: ACM, Mar. 2018, pp. 97\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3173386.3177051","DOI":"10.1145\/3173386.3177051"},{"key":"1225_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sciutti A, Bisio A, Nori F, Metta G, Fadiga L, Sandini G (2013) Robots can be perceived as goal-oriented agents, IS, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 329\u2013350, Dec. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1075\/is.14.3.02sci","DOI":"10.1075\/is.14.3.02sci"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Social Robotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12369-025-01225-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12369-025-01225-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12369-025-01225-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T14:12:55Z","timestamp":1741011175000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12369-025-01225-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["1225"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-025-01225-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1875-4791","1875-4805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1875-4791","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-4805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 February 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 February 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no financial or competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}