{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T14:29:43Z","timestamp":1776695383821,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016379","name":"Universit\u00e4t Osnabr\u00fcck","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016379","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J of Soc Robotics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The interdisciplinary AdaMeKoR project (<jats:italic>An Adaptive Multi-Component Robot System for Nursing Care<\/jats:italic>) focused on the development, evaluation, and reflection of a robotic system for nursing care. Conducted from 2020 to 2023, its goal was to create solutions that support both care recipients and professional caregivers. The project investigated the potential for physical relief of caregivers and patients\u2019 increased autonomy, guided by the central question of how good care can be supported, while also considering implementation research and ethical implications. This article provides an overview of the project\u2019s theoretical framework, a description of the developed system, and four exemplary empirical studies. The results include quantitative data on the physical relief potential and user experiences with different control formats, as well as qualitative findings from implementation research and ethical analysis. Further, these results are contextualized with respect to the support of <jats:italic>good care<\/jats:italic>. Finally, the article discusses broad implications for the research and implementation of robotic systems in nursing care and outlines key overarching insights. The project demonstrates the clear benefits of interdisciplinary collaboration that incorporates the perspectives of all stakeholders involved in care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-025-01308-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T07:59:08Z","timestamp":1757059148000},"page":"1789-1807","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Interdisciplinary Development and Reflection of a Robotic System for Nursing: An Overview of the AdaMeKoR Project"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1824-3524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan Levin","family":"Behrens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4651-5878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4552-6842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Goldau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5061-4313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Kowalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Dorniok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1686-6752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Hellmers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Raudies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6624-343X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebekka","family":"Stellfeldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yashaswini","family":"Shivashankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2064-7947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niels","family":"Will","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0769-0732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serge","family":"Autexier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2924-7934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cletus","family":"Brauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Breisig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8846-2282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Hein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3912-9093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manfred","family":"H\u00fclsken-Giesler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"1308_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2016.2603472","volume":"25","author":"RK Al-Halimi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Al-Halimi RK, Moussa M (2017) Performing complex tasks by users with upper-extremity disabilities using a 6-DOF robotic arm: a study. IEEE Trans on Neural Syst and Rehabil Eng 25(6):686\u2013693. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TNSRE.2016.2603472","journal-title":"IEEE Trans On Neural Syst And Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"1308_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Andersen LL, Vinstrup J, Villadsen E et al (2019) Physical and psychosocial work environmental risk factors for back injury among healthcare workers: prospective cohort study. Int J Environ Res Pub Health and Public Health 16(22). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16224528","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16224528"},{"key":"1308_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-33597-7_40","volume-title":"K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz im Gesundheitswesen: Entwicklungen, Beispiele und Perspektiven","author":"S Autexier","year":"2022","unstructured":"Autexier S, L\u00fcth C, Drechsler R (2022) Das Bremen Ambient assisted living lab und dar\u00fcber hinaus \u2013 intelligente Umgebungen, smarte services und K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz in der Medizin f\u00fcr den Menschen. In: Pfannstiel M (ed) K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz im Gesundheitswesen: Entwicklungen, Beispiele und Perspektiven. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, pp 835\u2013850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-658-33597-7_40"},{"key":"1308_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/s12553-023-00795-7","volume":"13","author":"JL Behrens","year":"2023","unstructured":"Behrens JL, Kowalski C, Brinkmann A et al (2023) Physical relief potential through robot-assisted mobilization in nursing care: an exploratory study. Health Technol 13:1011\u20131023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12553-023-00795-7","journal-title":"Health Technol"},{"key":"1308_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-22698-5","volume-title":"Pflegeroboter","author":"O Bendel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bendel O (2018) Pflegeroboter. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-658-22698-5"},{"key":"1308_CR6","first-page":"S46","volume-title":"Genese und Folgen der Pflegerobotik. Die Konstitution eines interdisziplin\u00e4ren Forschungsfeldes","author":"A Bischof","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bischof A (2020) Wir wollten halt etwas mit Robotern in Care machen. Epistemische Bedingungen der Entwicklungen von Robotern f\u00fcr die Pflege. In: Hergesell J, Maibaum A, Meister M (eds) Genese und Folgen der Pflegerobotik. Die Konstitution eines interdisziplin\u00e4ren Forschungsfeldes. Beltz Juventa, Weihnheim, Basel, pp S46\u201362"},{"key":"1308_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s41449-020-00190-2","volume":"74","author":"F B\u00f6hle","year":"2020","unstructured":"B\u00f6hle F, Weihrich M (2020) Das Konzept der Interaktionsarbeit. Z f\u00fcr Arbeitswissenschaft 74:9\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41449-020-00190-2","journal-title":"Z f\u00fcr Arbeitswissenschaft"},{"issue":"1","key":"1308_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.21241\/ssoar.64813","volume":"8","author":"F B\u00f6hle","year":"2015","unstructured":"B\u00f6hle F, St\u00f6ger U, Weihrich M (2015) Wie l\u00e4sst sich Interaktionsarbeit menschengerecht gestalten? Zur Notwendigkeit einer Neubestimmung. AIS-Studien 8(1):37\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21241\/ssoar.64813","journal-title":"AIS-Studien"},{"key":"1308_CR9","unstructured":"f\u00fcr Justiz B (2020) Manual handling of loads ordinance of 4 December 1996 (Federal Law Gazette I p. 1841,1842), as last amended by 623 (Federal Law Gazette I p. 1328). https:\/\/www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/englisch_lasthandhabv\/englisch_lasthandhabv.html, German ordinance. Accessed 14 January 2024"},{"key":"1308_CR10","unstructured":"Compagna D, Marquardt M (2015) Zur Evaluation von Mensch-Roboter Interaktionen (MRI) - ein methodischer Beitrag aus soziologischer Perspektive, Working Papers kultur- und techniksoziologische Studien, vol 03\/2015. Universit\u00e4t Duisburg-Essen Campus Duisburg, Fak. f\u00fcr Gesellschaftswissenschaften, Institut f\u00fcr Soziologie, Duisburg"},{"key":"1308_CR11","unstructured":"Delsys (2018) Trigno\u00ae avanti sensor \u2014 delsyseurope.com. https:\/\/delsyseurope.com\/trigno-avanti\/, Accessed 22 Sept 2023"},{"key":"1308_CR12","unstructured":"Deutscher Ethikrat (2020) Robotik f\u00fcr gute Pflege. Stellungnahme Berlin. https:\/\/www.ethikrat.org\/fileadmin\/Publikationen\/Stellungnahmen\/deutsch\/stellungnahme-robotik-fuer-gute-pflege.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"1308_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldz014","volume":"130","author":"VM Drennan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Drennan VM, Ross F (2019) Global nurse shortages\u2014the facts, the impact and action for change. Br Med Bull 130(1):25\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bmb\/ldz014","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"1308_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Drupp M, Meyer M, Winter W (2021) Betriebliches Gesundheitsmanagement (BGM) f\u00fcr Pflegeeinrichtungen und Krankenh\u00e4user unter Pandemiebedingungen. In: Jacobs K, Kuhlmey A, Gre\u00df S etal (eds) Pflege-Report 2021: Sicherstellung der Pflege: Bedarfslagen und Angebotsstrukturen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 71\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-662-63107-2_5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-63107-2_5"},{"issue":"5","key":"1308_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.10294","volume":"44","author":"B Evanoff","year":"2003","unstructured":"Evanoff B, Wolf L, Aton E et al (2003) Reduction in injury rates in nursing personnel through introduction of mechanical lifts in the workplace. Am J Ind Med 44(5):451\u2013457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajim.10294","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"1308_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-28307-0_10","volume-title":"Mensch-Roboter-Kollaboration","author":"D Gerst","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gerst D (2020) Mensch-Roboter-Kollaboration \u2013 Anforderungen an eine humane Arbeitsgestaltung. In: Buxbaum H (ed) Mensch-Roboter-Kollaboration. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, pp 145\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-658-28307-0_10"},{"key":"1308_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Goldau F, Shivashankar Y, Baumeister A et al (2023) DORMADL - Dataset of human-operated robot arm motion in activities of daily living. In 2023 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), Detroid, pp 11396\u201311403). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IROS55552.2023.10341459","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS55552.2023.10341459"},{"key":"1308_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Goldau FF (2024) Adaptive degrees of freedom for shared control of assistive robots. PhD thesis, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26092\/elib\/3359 University of Bremen","DOI":"10.26092\/elib\/3359"},{"issue":"9","key":"1308_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s00058-017-2950-0","volume":"69","author":"I Graupner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Graupner I, Freitag S (2017) Arbeitsplatz Pflegebett. Heilberufe 69(9):10\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00058-017-2950-0","journal-title":"Heilberufe"},{"key":"1308_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5771\/9783748928775","volume-title":"Technikfolgenabsch\u00e4tzung: Eine Einf\u00fchrung","author":"A Grunwald","year":"2010","unstructured":"Grunwald A (2010) Technikfolgenabsch\u00e4tzung: Eine Einf\u00fchrung, vol 1. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, Berlin. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5771\/9783748928775"},{"key":"1308_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-01928-0","volume-title":"Delphi-Befragungen: Ein Arbeitsbuch","author":"M H\u00e4der","year":"2014","unstructured":"H\u00e4der M (2014) Methodenforschung zu Delphi-Befragungen. In: Delphi-Befragungen: Ein Arbeitsbuch. Springer Fachmedien, Wiesbaden. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-658-01928-0"},{"key":"1308_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62386-9","volume-title":"Human mental workload, advances in psychology","author":"SG Hart","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hart SG, Staveland LE (1988) Development of NASA-TLX (task load index): results of empirical and theoretical research. In: Hancock P, Meshkati N (eds) Human mental workload, advances in psychology, vol 52. North-Holland, Moffett Field, pp 139\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62386-9"},{"key":"1308_CR23","volume-title":"Genese und Folgen der Pflegerobotik. Die Konstitution eines interdisziplin\u00e4ren Forschungsfeldes","author":"J Hergesell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hergesell J, Maibaum A, Meister M (2020) Genese und Folgen der Pflegerobotik. Die Konstitution eines interdisziplin\u00e4ren Forschungsfeldes. Beltz Juventa, Weihnheim, Basel"},{"key":"1308_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Herlant LV, Holladay RM, Srinivasa SS (2016) Assistive teleoperation of robot arms via automatic time-optimal mode switching. In Proceedings of the 2016 11th ACM SIGCHI ACM Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, 2016. pp 35\u201442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/hri.2016.7451731","DOI":"10.1109\/hri.2016.7451731"},{"issue":"7099","key":"1308_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04970","volume":"442","author":"LR Hochberg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hochberg LR, Serruya MD, Friehs GM et al (2006) Neuronal ensemble control of prosthetic devices by a human with tetraplegia. Nature 442(7099):164\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature04970","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7398","key":"1308_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11076","volume":"485","author":"LR Hochberg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hochberg LR, Bacher D, Jarosiewicz B et al (2012) Reach and grasp by people with tetraplegia using a neurally controlled robotic arm. Nature 485(7398):372\u2013375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature11076","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1308_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-22698-5_7","volume-title":"Pflegeroboter","author":"M H\u00fclsken-Giesler","year":"2018","unstructured":"H\u00fclsken-Giesler M, Daxberger S (2018) Robotik in der Pflege aus pflegewissenschaftlicher Perspektive. In: Bendel O (ed) Pflegeroboter. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, pp 125\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-658-22698-5_7"},{"key":"1308_CR28","volume-title":"Pflegewissenschaft und Pflegebildung","author":"M H\u00fclsken-Giesler","year":"2020","unstructured":"H\u00fclsken-Giesler M, Remmers H (2020) Robotische Systeme f\u00fcr die Pflege: Potenziale und Grenzen Autonomer Assistenzsysteme aus pflegewissenschaftlicher Sicht. In: Pflegewissenschaft und Pflegebildung. V&R Unipress, Osnabr\u00fcck"},{"key":"1308_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S286193","volume":"13","author":"K Huter","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huter K, Krick T, Domhoff D et al (2020) Effectiveness of digital technologies to support nursing care: results of a scoping review. J Multidiscip Healthc 13:1905\u20131926. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JMDH.S286193","journal-title":"J Multidiscip Healthc"},{"key":"1308_CR30","unstructured":"Kinova Inc (2021) Jaco assistive robot - user guide. https:\/\/assistive.kinovarobotics.com\/uploads\/EN-UG-007-Jaco-user-guide-R05.pdf. Accessed 29 July 2024"},{"issue":"Suppl 1.4","key":"1308_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A2","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjoq-2023-ISS.4","volume":"12","author":"F Kirstein","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kirstein F, Gaub H, Linquist LJ et al (2023) Creating new ways of working with patient transfer: the patient transfer and rehabilitation (PTR) robot supporting caregivers and patients. BMJ Open Qual 12(Suppl 1.4):A2\u2013A3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjoq-2023-ISS.4","journal-title":"BMJ Open Qual"},{"key":"1308_CR32","unstructured":"Kuckartz U (2018) Qualitative inhaltsanalyse. Methoden, Praxis, Computerunterst\u00fctzung, 4. Aufl. Beltz Juventa"},{"key":"1308_CR33","unstructured":"Kuhlmey A, Bl\u00fcher S, Nordheim J et al (2019) Tech in der Pflege\u2013Einstellungen von professionell Pflegenden zu Chancen und Risiken neuer Technologien und technischer Assistenzsysteme. Zentrum f\u00fcr Qualit\u00e4t in der Pflege"},{"key":"1308_CR34","unstructured":"KUKA (2015) Kuka lbr iiwa7 r800 informationen. https:\/\/www.kuka.com\/de-de\/produkte-leistungen\/robotersysteme\/industrieroboter\/lbr-iiwa, Accessed 20 Sept 2023"},{"key":"1308_CR35","first-page":"251","volume-title":"Robot ethics: the ethical and social implications of robotics","author":"P Lin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lin P, Abney K, Bekey GA (2012) Robot caregivers: ethical issues across the human lifespan. In: Robot ethics: the ethical and social implications of robotics. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 251\u2013265. https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/6733851"},{"key":"1308_CR36","first-page":"18","volume-title":"Genese und Folgen der Pflegerobotik. Die Konstitution eines interdisziplin\u00e4ren Forschungsfeldes","author":"B Lipp","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lipp B (2020) Genealogie der roboterpflege. zur politischen rationalit\u00e4t des europ\u00e4ischen innovationsdispositivs. In: Hergesell J, Maibaum A, Meister M (eds) Genese und Folgen der Pflegerobotik. Die Konstitution eines interdisziplin\u00e4ren Forschungsfeldes. Beltz Juventa, Weihnheim, Basel, pp 18\u201345"},{"key":"1308_CR37","unstructured":"Manzeschke A, Weber K, Rother E et al (2013) Ethische Fragen im Bereich Altersgerechter Assistenzsysteme. https:\/\/www.interaktive-technologien.de\/dateien\/service\/broschuere-ethische-fragen-altersgerechte-assistenzsysteme.pdf. Accessed 29 July 2024"},{"key":"1308_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.5772\/5159","volume-title":"Rehabilitation robotics","author":"C Martens","year":"2007","unstructured":"Martens C, Prenzel O, Graeser A (2007) The rehabilitation robots FRIEND-I & II: daily life independency through semi-autonomous task-execution. In: Kommu S (ed) Rehabilitation robotics. IntechOpen, Rijeka, pp 137\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/5159"},{"issue":"4","key":"1308_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.5430\/jha.v4n4p48","volume":"4","author":"O Mazurenko","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mazurenko O, Gupte G, Shan G (2015) Analyzing US nurse turnover: are nurses leaving their jobs or the profession itself. J Educ Chang Hospital Administration 4(4):48\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5430\/jha.v4n4p48","journal-title":"J Educ Chang Hospital Administration"},{"issue":"3","key":"1308_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1024\/1012-5302\/a000891","volume":"36","author":"AC Mehler-Klamt","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mehler-Klamt AC, Huber J, Schmidbauer L et al (2023) Der Einsatz von robotischen und technischen Systemen zur Fr\u00fchmobilisation von Intensivpatient_innen. Pflege 36(3):156\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1024\/1012-5302\/a000891","journal-title":"Pflege"},{"key":"#cr-split#-1308_CR41.1","unstructured":"Melzer M (2020) Arbeitssituation und Gesundheit beruflich Pflegender: Psychische Anforderungen, Ressourcen und Befinden. In: BAuA"},{"key":"#cr-split#-1308_CR41.2","unstructured":"(ed) Stressreport Deutschland 2019. Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin. Dortmund, pp 136-145. https:\/\/www.baua.de\/DE\/Angebote\/Publikationen\/Berichte\/Stressreport-2019.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&26v=1. Accessed 27 July 2024"},{"key":"1308_CR42","unstructured":"Microsoft (2022) Azure kinect dk hardware specifications. https:\/\/learn.microsoft.com\/en-us\/azure\/kinect-dk\/hardware-specification, Accessed 20 Sept 2023"},{"key":"1308_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2017.11.020","volume":"49","author":"K Miura","year":"2018","unstructured":"Miura K, Kadone H, Koda M et al (2018) The hybrid assisted limb (HAL) for care support, a motion assisting robot providing exoskeletal lumbar support, can potentially reduce lumbar load in repetitive snow-shoveling movements. J Clin Neurosci 49:83\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2017.11.020","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1308_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Niederberger M (2018) Delphi-Verfahren in den Gesundheitswissenschaften: Ein kleiner Einblick. Klin Pflegeforschung 39\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6094\/KlinPfleg.4.39","DOI":"10.6094\/KlinPfleg.4.39"},{"key":"1308_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2022.832248","author":"C Nieto Agraz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nieto Agraz C, Pfingsthorn M, Gliesche P et al (2022) A survey of robotic systems for nursing care. Front Robot AI 9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frobt.2022.832248","journal-title":"Front Robot AI 9"},{"issue":"1","key":"1308_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-023-01230-y","volume":"22","author":"C Ohneberg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ohneberg C, St\u00f6bich N, Warmbein A et al (2023) Assistive robotic systems in nursing care: a scoping review. Bmc Nurs 22(1):72","journal-title":"Bmc Nurs"},{"key":"1308_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110677485-013","volume-title":"Aging between participation and simulation: ethical dimensions of socially assistive technologies in elderly care","author":"H Remmers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Remmers H (2020) Technical utopias \u2013 political illusions?: what can we expect from autonomous assistance systems for older people? In: Haltaufderheide J, Hovemann J, Vollmann J (eds) Aging between participation and simulation: ethical dimensions of socially assistive technologies in elderly care. De Gruyter, Berlin, Boston, pp 201\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/9783110677485-013"},{"key":"1308_CR48","first-page":"271","volume-title":"Handbuch Pflegeethik Ethisch denken und handeln in den Praxisfeldern der Pflege","author":"D Seefeldt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seefeldt D, H\u00fclsken-Giesler M (2020) Pflegeethik und Robotik in der Pflege. In: Monteverde S (ed) Handbuch Pflegeethik Ethisch denken und handeln in den Praxisfeldern der Pflege. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart, pp 271\u2013284"},{"key":"1308_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-010-9234-6","volume":"14","author":"A Sharkey","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sharkey A, Sharkey N (2012) Granny and the robots: ethical issues in robot care for the elderly. Ethics Inf Technol 14:27\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-010-9234-6","journal-title":"Ethics Inf Technol"},{"key":"1308_CR50","volume-title":"Grounded theory: grundlagen qualitativer Sozialforschung","author":"AL Strauss","year":"1996","unstructured":"Strauss AL, Corbin JM, Niewiarra S et al (1996) Grounded theory: grundlagen qualitativer Sozialforschung. Beltz, Psychologie-Verlags-Union, Weinheim"},{"key":"1308_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-65868-0_14","volume-title":"Medizin \u2013 Technik \u2013 Ethik: Spannungsfelder zwischen Theorie und Praxis","author":"F Tirschmann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tirschmann F, Brukamp K (2023) Mensch-Roboter-Interaktion im Gesundheitswesen. Robotische Assistenzsysteme f\u00fcr die Pflegesituation. In: Loh J, Grote T (eds) Medizin \u2013 Technik \u2013 Ethik: Spannungsfelder zwischen Theorie und Praxis. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 255\u2013285"},{"issue":"3","key":"1308_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-011-0015-x","volume":"24","author":"S Vallor","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vallor S (2011) Carebots and caregivers: sustaining the ethical ideal of care in the twenty-first century. Philos Technol 24(3):251\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-011-0015-x","journal-title":"Philos Technol"},{"key":"1308_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003074991","volume-title":"Machine ethics and robot ethics","author":"A Van Wynsberghe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Van Wynsberghe A (2020) Designing robots for care: care centered value-sensitive design. In: Machine ethics and robot ethics. Routledge, London, pp 185\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781003074991"},{"key":"1308_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2017.29083.bkw","volume-title":"Robotic technology remains a necessary part of healthcare\u2019s future editorial","author":"BK Wiederhold","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wiederhold BK (2017) Robotic technology remains a necessary part of healthcare\u2019s future editorial. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cyber.2017.29083.bkw"},{"issue":"8","key":"1308_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1007\/s00391-023-02251-7","volume":"56","author":"T W\u00f6rle","year":"2023","unstructured":"W\u00f6rle T, Schaller M, Fischer F (2023) Soziotechnische innovationen f\u00fcr sorgegemeinschaften: Gelingensbedingungen f\u00fcr partizipative und integrative technikentwicklung. Z f\u00fcr Gerontologie und Geriatrie 56(8):636\u2013641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00391-023-02251-7","journal-title":"Z f\u00fcr Gerontologie und Geriatrie"},{"issue":"3","key":"1308_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1179\/2049396713Y.0000000027","volume":"19","author":"A Yassi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yassi A, Lockhart K (2013) Work-relatedness of low back pain in nursing personnel: a systematic review. Int J Occup Environ Health 19(3):223\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/2049396713Y.0000000027","journal-title":"Int J Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"1308_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S188125","volume":"12","author":"T Yoshimoto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yoshimoto T, Oka H, Fujii T et al (2019) Survey on chronic disabling low back pain among care workers at nursing care facilities: a multicenter collaborative cross-sectional study. J Pain Res 12:1025\u20131032. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JPR.S188125","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"1308_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhong M, Zhang Y, Yang X et al (2019) Assistive grasping based on laser-point detection with application to wheelchair-mounted robotic arms. Sensors 19(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19020303","DOI":"10.3390\/s19020303"},{"key":"1308_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Z\u00f6llick JC, Kuhlmey A, Suhr R et al (2020) Akzeptanz von Technikeinsatz in der Pflege. In: Jacobs K, Kuhlmey A, Gre\u00df S etal (eds) Pflege-Report 2019: Mehr Personal in der Langzeitpflege - aber woher? Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 211\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-662-58935-9_17","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-58935-9_17"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Social Robotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12369-025-01308-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12369-025-01308-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12369-025-01308-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T13:43:52Z","timestamp":1758721432000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12369-025-01308-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["1308"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-025-01308-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1875-4791","1875-4805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1875-4791","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-4805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 June 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 August 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 September 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All studies performed were in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study designs were approved by the Commission for Research Impact Assessment and Ethics of the Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg (Drs.EK\/2021\/113).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"The authors affirm that human research participants provided informed consent for publication of the images in Figs.\u00a0 and\u00a0.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Publish"}},{"value":"Manfred H\u00fclsken-Giesler and Andreas Hein are part of the Guest Editor board for this Special Issue. All authors declare that there are no further financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}