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Previous reports on human collision avoidance, in which humans avoid other humans or autonomous mobile robots (AMRs), have focused on trajectories and behaviors; however, human emotions and physiological responses during such tasks remain unknown. Thus, we investigated human emotional responses during a collision avoidance task with an AMR. Fifty subjects participated in two experiments (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200928 in Experiment 1 and\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200922 in Experiment 2). The participants were asked to walk toward a goal in a virtual reality room and avoid collisions with an AMR. The subjective arousal and valence were rated after each trial, and skin conductance responses (SCRs) were measured during the experiments. In Experiment 1, when the AMR moved straight, the participants\u2019 emotions did not change depending on the approaching direction; however, their arousal and SCR amplitude decreased as the trial progressed, suggesting habituation to the AMR. In Experiment 2, when the AMR irregularly moved and stopped, the participants\u2019 arousal and SCR amplitude increased, and their valence decreased owing to the lower predictability of the AMR\u2019s movement; however, habituation was not observed. These findings suggest that uncertainty in an AMR\u2019s movement affects humans\u2019 emotions in collision avoidance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-025-01341-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T13:01:51Z","timestamp":1768827711000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Subjective Emotions and Physiological Responses During Collision Avoidance with a Virtual Autonomous Mobile Robot"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yuta","family":"Matsubara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0167-2533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideki","family":"Tamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3034-6195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tetsuto","family":"Minami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4954-6915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shigeki","family":"Nakauchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"1341_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.5937\/JAES15-12178","volume":"15","author":"O Mitrea","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mitrea O, Kyamakya K (2017) (How) will autonomous driving influence the future shape of city logistics? 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