{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T21:23:56Z","timestamp":1778534636067,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]],"date-time":"2020-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581638400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]],"date-time":"2020-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PON04a2_00381-Cagliari2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PON04a2_00381-Cagliari2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Transp"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12469-019-00225-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]],"date-time":"2020-02-14T10:02:52Z","timestamp":1581674572000},"page":"27-88","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Fare evasion in public transport systems: a review of the literature"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8356-2348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedetto","family":"Barabino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Olivo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"225_CR1","unstructured":"Abrate G, Fraquelli G, Meko E, Rodia G (2008) L\u2019Evasione Tariffaria nel Trasporto Pubblico Locale: un\u2019Analisi Empirica. Conferenza Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Economia Pubblica, XX Riunione Scientifica, Pavia, 25\u201326 Settembre 2008"},{"key":"225_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alshawish A, Abid MA, Rass S, de Meer H (2017) Playing a multi-objective spot-checking game in public transportation systems. In: Proceedings of the 4th workshop on security in highly connected IT systems. ACM, pp 31\u201336","DOI":"10.1145\/3099012.3099019"},{"key":"225_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Attoh-Okine NO, Shen LD (1995) Security issues of emerging smart cards fare collection application in mass transit. In: Vehicle navigation and information systems conference, 1995. Proceedings. In conjunction with the Pacific Rim Trans Tech Conference, 6th International VNIS.\u2019A Ride into the Future\u2019, IEEE, pp 523\u2013526","DOI":"10.1109\/VNIS.1995.518887"},{"issue":"3","key":"225_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3846\/13926292.2004.9637251","volume":"9","author":"R Avenhaus","year":"2004","unstructured":"Avenhaus R (2004) Applications of inspection games. Math Model Anal 9(3):179\u2013192","journal-title":"Math Model Anal"},{"key":"225_CR5","first-page":"40","volume-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","author":"Basti\u00e1n Bahamondes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bahamondes B, Correa J, Matuschke J, Oriolo G (2017) Adaptivity in network interdiction. In: International conference on decision and game theory for security. Springer, Cham, pp 40\u201352"},{"key":"225_CR6","first-page":"29","volume":"58","author":"B Barabino","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barabino B, Salis S, Useli B (2013) A modified model to curb fare evasion and enforce compliance: empirical evidence and implications. Transp Res Part A 58:29\u201339","journal-title":"Transp Res Part A"},{"key":"225_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2014.08.001","volume":"70","author":"B Barabino","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barabino B, Salis S, Useli B (2014a) Fare evasion in proof-of-payment transit systems: deriving the optimum inspection level. Transp Res Part B 70:1\u201317","journal-title":"Transp Res Part B"},{"issue":"6","key":"225_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2014.2315573","volume":"15","author":"B Barabino","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barabino B, Di Francesco M, Mozzoni S (2014b) An offline framework for handling automatic passenger counting raw data. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 15(6):2443\u20132456","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"key":"225_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2015.07.017","volume":"80","author":"B Barabino","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barabino B, Salis S, Useli B (2015) What are the determinants in making people free riders in proof-of-payment transit systems? Evidence from Italy. Transp Res Part A Policy Pract 80:184\u2013196","journal-title":"Transp Res Part A Policy Pract"},{"key":"225_CR10","volume-title":"Welfare economics and the theory of the state","author":"W Baumol","year":"1952","unstructured":"Baumol W (1952) Welfare economics and the theory of the state. Harvard University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"225_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-62853-7_2","volume-title":"The Economic Dimensions of Crime","author":"Gary S. Becker","year":"1968","unstructured":"Becker GS (1968) Crime and punishment: an economic approach. In: The economic dimensions of crime. Palgrave Macmillan, London, pp 13\u201368"},{"issue":"2","key":"225_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s11292-007-9033-1","volume":"3","author":"C Bijleveld","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bijleveld C (2007) Fare dodging and the strong arm of the law. J Exp Criminol 3(2):183\u2013199","journal-title":"J Exp Criminol"},{"issue":"1","key":"225_CR13","first-page":"28","volume":"59","author":"G Bonfanti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bonfanti G, Wagenknecht T (2010) Human factors reduce aggression and fare evasion. Public Transp Int 59(1):28\u201332","journal-title":"Public Transp Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"225_CR14","first-page":"33","volume":"5","author":"GBP Bootheway","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bootheway GBP (2009) On the optimality of fines when enforcement is risky. ASBBS E-J 5(1):33\u201339","journal-title":"ASBBS E-J"},{"key":"225_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-35582-0_17","volume-title":"Game theory for networks","author":"R Bornd\u00f6rfer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bornd\u00f6rfer R, Omont B, Sagnol G, Swarat E (2012) A Stackelberg game to optimize the distribution of controls in transportation networks. Game theory for networks. Springer, Berlin, pp 224\u2013235"},{"key":"225_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endm.2013.05.100","volume":"41","author":"R Bornd\u00f6rfer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bornd\u00f6rfer R, Buwaya J, Sagnol G, Swarat E (2013) Optimizing toll enforcement in transportation networks: a game-theoretic approach. Electron Notes Discrete Math 41:253\u2013260","journal-title":"Electron Notes Discrete Math"},{"issue":"2","key":"225_CR17","first-page":"189","volume":"23","author":"C Boyd","year":"1989","unstructured":"Boyd C, Martini C, Rickard J, Russell A (1989) Fare evasion and non-compliance: a simple model. J Transp Econ Policy 23(2):189\u2013197","journal-title":"J Transp Econ Policy"},{"key":"225_CR18","unstructured":"Bratton WJ (1999) Great expectations: how higher expectations for police departments can lead to a decrease in crime. In: Measuring what matters: proceedings from the policing research institute meetings. National Institute of Justice, Washington, DC, pp 11\u201326"},{"key":"225_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1057\/978-1-137-54620-3","volume-title":"Geometries of Crime","author":"Avi Brisman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brisman A (2016) The corners of crime: an introduction. In: Geometries of crime. Palgrave Macmillan, London, pp 1\u201333"},{"key":"225_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2013.03.018","volume":"93","author":"A Bucciol","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bucciol A, Landini F, Piovesan M (2013) Unethical behaviour in the field: demographic characteristics and beliefs of the cheater. J Econ Behav Organ 93:248\u2013257","journal-title":"J Econ Behav Organ"},{"key":"225_CR001","unstructured":"Bucknel, C, Mu\u00f1oz JC, Schmidt A, Navarro (2015) The impact on fare evasion of a credit-based fare system in Transantiago. In: Conference on advanced systems in public transport, July 2015"},{"key":"225_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3141\/2544-03","volume":"2544","author":"C Bucknell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bucknell C, Mu\u00f1oz JC, Schmidt A, Navarro M, Simonetti C (2016a) Impact of a loan-based public transport fare system on fare evasion: experience of Transantiago, Santiago, Chile. Transp Res Rec 2544:20\u201327","journal-title":"Transp Res Rec"},{"key":"225_CR22","unstructured":"Bucknell C, Mu\u00f1oz JC, Schmidt A, Navarro M, Simonetti C (2016b) The impact on fare evasion of a loan-based fare system in Transantiago. In: Transportation Research Board 95th annual meeting (No. 16-4009)"},{"key":"225_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buehler S, Halbheer D, Lechner M (2014) Payment evasion. Working Paper, University of St. Gallen","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2526722"},{"issue":"4","key":"225_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1111\/joie.12144","volume":"65","author":"S Buehler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Buehler S, Halbheer D, Lechner M (2017) Payment evasion. J Ind Econ 65(4):804\u2013832","journal-title":"J Ind Econ"},{"key":"225_CR25","volume-title":"Temporal and spatial analysis of fare evasion in Transantiago","author":"C Buneder","year":"2017","unstructured":"Buneder C, Galilea P (2017) Temporal and spatial analysis of fare evasion in Transantiago. Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington, DC"},{"key":"225_CR26","first-page":"289","volume":"95","author":"YS Chung","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chung YS, Chiou YC (2017) Willingness-to-pay for a bus fare reform: a contingent valuation approach with multiple bound dichotomous choices. Transp Res Part A 95:289\u2013304","journal-title":"Transp Res Part A"},{"key":"225_CR27","first-page":"135","volume":"1","author":"RV Clarke","year":"1993","unstructured":"Clarke RV (1993) Fare evasion and automatic ticket collection on the London underground. Crime Prev Stud 1:135\u2013146","journal-title":"Crime Prev Stud"},{"key":"225_CR88","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"S Clarke","year":"2008","unstructured":"Clarke S, Forell S, McCarron E (2008) Fine but not fair: fines and disadvantage. Justice Issues 3:1","journal-title":"Justice Issues"},{"issue":"1","key":"225_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1057\/sj.2009.15","volume":"23","author":"RV Clarke","year":"2010","unstructured":"Clarke RV, Contre S, Petrossian G (2010) Deterrence and fare evasion: results of a natural experiment. Secur J 23(1):5\u201317","journal-title":"Secur J"},{"issue":"3","key":"225_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2017.10.007","volume":"6","author":"M Cools","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cools M, Fabbro Y, Bellemans T (2018) Identification of the determinants of fare evasion. Case Stud Transp Policy 6(3):348\u2013352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cstp.2017.10.007","journal-title":"Case Stud Transp Policy"},{"key":"225_CR30","unstructured":"Cooper HM (1989) Integrating research: a guide for literature reviews. In: Applied Social Research Methods Series, vol 2. SAGE Publications, Newbury Park"},{"key":"225_CR31","unstructured":"Correa JR, Harks T, Kreuzen VJ, Matuschke J (2014) Fare evasion in transit networks. arXiv preprint, arXiv:1405.2826"},{"issue":"2","key":"225_CR32","first-page":"59","volume":"26","author":"S Cosby","year":"1985","unstructured":"Cosby S (1985) A method for measuring the revenue loss due to fraud within a public transport undertaking. Traffic Eng Control 26(2):59\u201361","journal-title":"Traffic Eng Control"},{"key":"225_CR33","unstructured":"Cummins K, Porter B, Durham J, Heinrichs J (2012) Seattle sound transit\u2019s experiences with proof-of-payment fare collection. Sustaining the Metropolis, 96"},{"key":"225_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2016.11.002","volume":"54","author":"G Currie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Currie G, Delbosc A (2017) An empirical model for the psychology of deliberate and unintentional fare evasion. Transp Policy 54:21\u201329","journal-title":"Transp Policy"},{"key":"225_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3141\/2540-05","volume":"2540","author":"G Currie","year":"2016","unstructured":"Currie G, Reynolds J (2016) Evaluating pay-on-entry versus proof-of-payment ticketing in light rail transit. Transp Res Rec 2540:39\u201345","journal-title":"Transp Res Rec"},{"key":"225_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai Z, Galeotti F, Villeval MC (2016) Cheating in the lab predicts fraud in the field. An experiment in public transportations. Working paper","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2725911"},{"issue":"2","key":"225_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s11238-016-9561-0","volume":"82","author":"Z Dai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dai Z, Galeotti F, Villeval MC (2017) The efficiency of crackdowns: a lab-in-the-field experiment in public transportations. Theor Decis 82(2):249\u2013271","journal-title":"Theor Decis"},{"issue":"3","key":"225_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2016.2616","volume":"64","author":"Zhixin Dai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dai Z, Galeotti F, Villeval MC (2018) Cheating in the lab predicts fraud in the field. An experiment in public transportations. Manag Sci 64:1081\u20131100","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"225_CR39","unstructured":"Dauby L, Kovacs Z (2007a) Fare evasion in light rail systems. Transp Res E-Circ E-C112"},{"issue":"2","key":"225_CR40","first-page":"6","volume":"56","author":"L Dauby","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dauby L, Kovacs Z (2007b) Fare evasion in light rail systems. Public Transp Int 56(2):6\u20138","journal-title":"Public Transp Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"225_CR41","first-page":"217","volume":"5","author":"V Del Castillo","year":"1994","unstructured":"Del Castillo V, Lindner C (1994) Fare evasion in New York City transit system: a brief survey of countermeasures. Secur J 5(4):217\u2013221","journal-title":"Secur J"},{"key":"225_CR42","unstructured":"Delbosc A, Currie G (2015) Qualitative segmentation of fare evasion attitudes and behaviours. In: Transportation Research Board 94th annual meeting (No. 15-0808)"},{"key":"225_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2016.09.022","volume":"43","author":"A Delbosc","year":"2016","unstructured":"Delbosc A, Currie G (2016a) Four types of fare evasion: a qualitative study from Melbourne, Australia. Transp Res Part F 43:254\u2013264","journal-title":"Transp Res Part F"},{"key":"225_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2016.05.015","volume":"50","author":"A Delbosc","year":"2016","unstructured":"Delbosc A, Currie G (2016b) Cluster analysis of fare evasion behaviours in Melbourne, Australia. Transp Policy 50:29\u201336","journal-title":"Transp Policy"},{"key":"225_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.4317","volume":"50","author":"FM Delle Fave","year":"2014","unstructured":"Delle Fave FM, Jiang AX, Yin Z, Zhang C, Tambe M, Kraus S, Sullivan JP (2014a) Game-theoretic patrolling with dynamic execution uncertainty and a case study on a real transit system. J Artif Intell Res 50:321\u2013367","journal-title":"J Artif Intell Res"},{"key":"225_CR46","unstructured":"Delle Fave FM, Brown M, Zhang C, Shieh E, Jiang AX, Rosoff H, Sullivan J (2014b) Security games in the field: an initial study on a transit system. In: Proceedings of the 2014 international conference on autonomous agents and multi-agent systems. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, pp 1363\u20131364"},{"key":"225_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delle Fave FM, Brown M, Zhang C, Shieh E, Jiang AX, Rosoff H, Sullivan JP (2014c) Security games in the field: deployments on a transit system. In: International workshop on engineering multi-agent systems. Springer International Publishing, pp 103\u2013126","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-14484-9_6"},{"key":"225_CR48","first-page":"211","volume":"2","author":"S Des Champs","year":"1991","unstructured":"Des Champs S, Brantingham PL, Brantingham PJ (1991) The British Columbia transit fare evasion audit: a description of a situational prevention process. Secur J 2:211\u2013218","journal-title":"Secur J"},{"issue":"1","key":"225_CR49","first-page":"55","volume":"15","author":"LE Diebel","year":"1981","unstructured":"Diebel LE (1981) The introduction of European fare collection techniques in the United States. J Adv Transp 15(1):55\u201360","journal-title":"J Adv Transp"},{"issue":"3","key":"225_CR50","first-page":"43","volume":"14","author":"Hoon B Dong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dong Hoon B, Taik W (2014) Social capital as a design parameter for product-service system design. J Digit Des 14(3):43\u201351","journal-title":"J Digit Des"},{"issue":"12","key":"225_CR51","first-page":"1","volume":"65","author":"D Eddy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Eddy D (2010) Fare evasion\u2014is it a youth issue? Transit Aust 65(12):1\u20137","journal-title":"Transit Aust"},{"key":"225_CR52","unstructured":"F\u00fcrst E (2012) Free riders and ticket fraud in public transport: a Delphi analysis. In: European transport conference 2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"225_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1257\/0002828053828662","volume":"95","author":"U Gneezy","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gneezy U (2005) Deception: the role of consequences. Am Econ Rev 95(1):384\u2013394","journal-title":"Am Econ Rev"},{"key":"225_CR54","unstructured":"Groves E (2017) Cleveland municipal court. https:\/\/p.clevescene.com\/media\/pdf\/groves_rta_fareenforcement.pdf"},{"key":"225_CR55","unstructured":"Guarda P, Ort\u00fazar J de D, Handy S, Galilea P, Munoz JC (2015) Optimal mixed strategies for dealing with fare evasion in public transport. In: Proceeding of conference on advanced systems in public transport, Rotterdam"},{"key":"225_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2015.12.005","volume":"84","author":"P Guarda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Guarda P, Galilea P, Paget-Seekins L, de Ort\u00fazar JD (2016a) What is behind fare evasion in urban bus systems? An econometric approach. Transp Res Part A 84:55\u201371","journal-title":"Transp Res Part A"},{"key":"225_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.retrec.2016.06.001","volume":"59","author":"P Guarda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Guarda P, Galilea P, Handy S, Mu\u00f1oz JC, de Ort\u00fazar JD (2016b) Decreasing fare evasion without fines? A microeconomic analysis. Res Transp Econ 59:151\u2013158","journal-title":"Res Transp Econ"},{"key":"225_CR58","unstructured":"Hansen S, Whitelaw B, Leong JD (2012) Tackling fare evasion on Calgary transit\u2019s CTrain system. Sustaining the Metropolis, 84"},{"issue":"2","key":"225_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0160-2527(80)90040-0","volume":"3","author":"AR Hauber","year":"1980","unstructured":"Hauber AR (1980) Daily life and the law: discrepancies in behavior. Int J Law Psychiatry 3(2):187\u2013192","journal-title":"Int J Law Psychiatry"},{"key":"225_CR60","first-page":"122","volume":"2","author":"AR Hauber","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hauber AR (1993) Fare evasion in a European perspective. Stud Crime Crime Prev 2:122\u2013141","journal-title":"Stud Crime Crime Prev"},{"issue":"2","key":"225_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bjc.a014082","volume":"36","author":"AR Hauber","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hauber AR, Hofstra B, Toornvliet L, Zandbergen A (1996) Some new forms of functional social control in the Netherlands and their effects. Br J Criminol 36(2):199\u2013219","journal-title":"Br J Criminol"},{"key":"225_CR62","volume-title":"Metropolitan transit authority: fare evasion study","author":"Horizon Research Corporation","year":"2002","unstructured":"Horizon Research Corporation (2002) Metropolitan transit authority: fare evasion study. Horizon Research Corporation, Los Angeles"},{"key":"225_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.polisci.2.1.25","volume":"2","author":"PK Huth","year":"1999","unstructured":"Huth PK (1999) Deterrence and international conflict: empirical findings and theoretical debate. Ann Rev Polit Sci 2:25\u201348","journal-title":"Ann Rev Polit Sci"},{"key":"225_CR64","first-page":"311","volume-title":"Current trends in Bayesian methodology with applications","author":"DR Insua","year":"2014","unstructured":"Insua DR, Cano J, Pellot M, Ortega R (2014) From risk analysis to adversarial risk analysis. In: Upadhyay SK, Singh U, Dey DK, Loganathan A (eds) Current trends in Bayesian methodology with applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 311\u2013334"},{"issue":"3","key":"225_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2016.01.041","volume":"252","author":"DR Insua","year":"2016","unstructured":"Insua DR, Cano J, Pellot M, Ortega R (2016) Multithreat multisite protection: a security case study. Eur J Oper Res 252(3):888\u2013899","journal-title":"Eur J Oper Res"},{"key":"225_CR66","volume-title":"Analysis of transit fare evasion in the rose quarter. Technical report","author":"SI Israel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Israel SI, Strathman JG (2002) Analysis of transit fare evasion in the rose quarter. Technical report. Center for Urban Studies, College of Urban and Public Affairs, Portland State University, Portland"},{"key":"225_CR67","first-page":"275","volume":"38","author":"WB Jankowski","year":"1991","unstructured":"Jankowski WB (1991) Fare evasion and noncompliance: a game theoretical approach. Int J Transp Econ 38:275\u2013287","journal-title":"Int J Transp Econ"},{"key":"225_CR68","unstructured":"Jiang AX, Yin Z, Johnson MP, Tambe M, Kiekintveld C, Leyton-Brown K, Sandholm T (2012) Towards optimal patrol strategies for fare inspection in transit systems. In: AAAI Spring symposium: game theory for security, sustainability, and health"},{"key":"225_CR69","unstructured":"Jiang AX, Yin Z, Zhang C, Tambe M, Kraus S (2013) Game-theoretic randomization for security patrolling with dynamic execution uncertainty. In: Proceedings of the 2013 international conference on autonomous agents and multi-agent systems. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, pp 207\u2013214"},{"key":"225_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juntunen A, Luukkainen S, Tuunainen VK (2010) Deploying NFC technology for mobile ticketing services\u2014identification of critical business model issues. In: 2010 Ninth international conference on mobile business and 2010 ninth global mobility roundtable (ICMB-GMR). IEEE, pp 82\u201390","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMB-GMR.2010.69"},{"key":"225_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khoeblal R, Laohapensaeng T, Chaisricharoen R (2015) Passenger monitoring model for easily accessible public city trams\/trains. In: 2015 12th International conference on electrical engineering\/electronics, computer, telecommunications and information technology (ECTI-CON). IEEE, pp 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/ECTICon.2015.7207129"},{"issue":"5","key":"225_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1177\/1477370809337881","volume":"6","author":"M Killias","year":"2009","unstructured":"Killias M, Scheidegger D, Nordenson P (2009) The effects of increasing the certainty of punishment: a field experiment on public transportation. Eur J Criminol 6(5):387\u2013400","journal-title":"Eur J Criminol"},{"key":"225_CR73","unstructured":"Kinisky TD, Hewitt MD, Kwei D, Qin C (2005) Analysis and design of a smart card transit security system. UBC Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"225_CR74","first-page":"69","volume":"27","author":"P Kooreman","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kooreman P (1993) Fare evasion as a result of expected utility maximisation. Some empirical support. J Transp Econ Policy 27(1):69\u201374","journal-title":"J Transp Econ Policy"},{"key":"225_CR75","unstructured":"Krogvig LB (2014) Fare inspection optimization in train networks. Dissertation Norwegian University of Science and Technology"},{"key":"225_CR76","unstructured":"Larwin TF, Koprowski Y (2012a) Off-board fare payment using proof-of-payment verification, vol 96. Transportation Research Board"},{"key":"225_CR77","unstructured":"Larwin TF, Koprowski Y (2012b) Off-board fare payment using proof-of-payment verification. Transit Cooperative Research Program, Synthesis 96. Washington, D.C."},{"key":"225_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3141\/2216-09","volume":"2216","author":"J Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee J (2011) Uncovering San Francisco, California, Muni\u2019s proof-of-payment patterns to help reduce fare evasion. Transp Res Rec 2216:75\u201384","journal-title":"Transp Res Rec"},{"key":"225_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-017-3703-3","volume":"158","author":"A Leischnig","year":"2017","unstructured":"Leischnig A, Woodside AG (2017) Who approves fraudulence? Configurational causes of consumers\u2019 unethical judgments. J Bus Ethics 158:713\u2013726","journal-title":"J Bus Ethics"},{"key":"225_CR80","unstructured":"Leung LC (2003) A study of fare evasion in railway systems in Hong Kong. Degree thesis"},{"issue":"3","key":"225_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2753\/CSA0009-4625170349","volume":"17","author":"S Li","year":"1985","unstructured":"Li S, Min J (1985) Riding public buses without tickets results in numerous problems. Chin Sociol Anthropol 17(3):49\u201361","journal-title":"Chin Sociol Anthropol"},{"key":"225_CR82","unstructured":"Lorenc JM, Lutin JM (2000) Conversion of Newark City subway from conventional fare payment to proof of payment fare system. In: Light rail: investment for the future. 8th Joint conference on light rail transit"},{"issue":"4","key":"225_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.3406\/sotra.1997.2329","volume":"39","author":"E Mace","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mace E (1997) Public service and lower-class suburbs, a coproduction on crime: the Parisian Transit Authority\u2019s bus network. Sociol Travail 39(4):473\u2013498","journal-title":"Sociol Travail"},{"key":"225_CR84","unstructured":"Maty\u00e1\u0161ek M (2013) Optimization of ticket inspection in public transport networks. Degree thesis. Czech Technical University, Prague"},{"key":"225_CR85","unstructured":"Mauri R, Cooney NA, Prowe GJ (1984) Transit security: a description of problems and countermeasures (No. UMTA-MA-06-0152-84-2). United States Urban Mass Transportation Administration"},{"issue":"2","key":"225_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.istr.2009.06.003","volume":"14","author":"KE Mayes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mayes KE, Markantonakis K, Hancke G (2009) Transport ticketing security and fraud controls. Inf Secur Tech Rep 14(2):87\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.istr.2009.06.003","journal-title":"Inf Secur Tech Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"225_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1509\/jmkr.45.6.633","volume":"45","author":"N Mazar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mazar N, Amir O, Ariely D (2008) The dishonesty of honest people: a theory of self-concept maintenance. J Mark Res 45(6):633\u2013644","journal-title":"J Mark Res"},{"key":"225_CR89","unstructured":"Mehlkop G, Becker R, Imhof R (2007) Extending the rational action theory of crime: success, norms and risk-taking. An empirical re-assessment of the theory of subjective expected utility. In: Proceedings of the international conference on rational choice and social institutions, Zurich, 6\u20138 Sep"},{"key":"225_CR90","unstructured":"Mirbaha B, Foroshani HA, Amirpashaei N (2016) Technical and economical evaluation of e-ticketing in Tehran bus network. WCTRS 2016"},{"issue":"6","key":"225_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","volume":"6","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PRISMA Group (2009) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 6(6):e1000097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"225_CR92","unstructured":"Multisystems, Inc., Mundle and Associates, Inc., and Parsons Transportation Group, Inc. (2002) A toolkit for self-service, barrier-free fare collection. Transit Cooperative Research Program, Report 80. TRB, Washington, D.C."},{"issue":"2","key":"225_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2005.01.007","volume":"27","author":"R Nahuis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nahuis R (2005) The politics of innovation: self-service on the Amsterdam trams. Technol Soc 27(2):229\u2013241","journal-title":"Technol Soc"},{"key":"225_CR94","unstructured":"Nahuis R (2007) The politics of innovation in public transport. Issues, settings and displacements, vol 357. KNAG"},{"issue":"2","key":"225_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/09537320802625322","volume":"21","author":"R Nahuis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nahuis R (2009) The rise and fall of self-service in Amsterdam trams: user\u2013technology relations in a case of service innovation. Technol Anal Strateg Manag 21(2):233\u2013247","journal-title":"Technol Anal Strateg Manag"},{"key":"225_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakanishi YJ, Fleming WC (2011) Practices to protect bus operators from passenger assault, vol 93. Transportation Research Board","DOI":"10.17226\/14609"},{"key":"225_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"New Law Journal (1974) Volume 123, part 1, p 358","DOI":"10.2307\/1371755"},{"key":"225_CR98","unstructured":"Peat M (1982) Portland self-service fare collection evaluation implementation technical memorandum: pre-implementation data collection and analysis"},{"issue":"3","key":"225_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1177\/1087724X16650201","volume":"22","author":"AF Perrotta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Perrotta AF (2017) Transit fare affordability findings from a qualitative study. Publ Works Manag Policy 22(3):226\u2013252","journal-title":"Publ Works Manag Policy"},{"key":"225_CR100","unstructured":"Pollan EB (2013) Smart cards and proof-of-payment: a marriage of necessity. Sustaining the metropolis. Transp Res Circ  E-C177: 110\u2013122"},{"key":"225_CR101","unstructured":"Pourmonet H, Bassetto S, Tr\u00e9panier M (2015). Vers la ma\u00eetrise de l\u2019\u00e9vasion tarifaire dans un r\u00e9seau de transport collectif. 11e Congr\u00e8s International De G\u00e9nie Industriel, Qu\u00e9bec"},{"key":"225_CR102","unstructured":"Prokosch A, Gartsman A (2017) All-door boarding without proof-of-payment: revenue impacts and operational implications (No. 17-06500). Transportation Research Board 96th annual meeting compendium of papers"},{"key":"225_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2014.11.038","volume":"4","author":"M Puhe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Puhe M (2014) Integrated urban e-ticketing schemes\u2014conflicting objectives of corresponding stakeholders. Transp Res Procedia 4:494\u2013504","journal-title":"Transp Res Procedia"},{"key":"225_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3141\/2216-10","volume":"2216","author":"AV Reddy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Reddy AV, Kuhls J, Lu A (2011) Measuring and controlling subway fare evasion. Transp Res Rec 2216:85\u201399","journal-title":"Transp Res Rec"},{"key":"225_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.2495\/UT170431","volume":"176","author":"S Salis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Salis S, Barabino B, Useli B (2017) Segmenting fare evader groups by factor and cluster analysis. WIT Trans Built Environ 176:503\u2013515","journal-title":"WIT Trans Built Environ"},{"key":"225_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3141\/2652-11","volume":"2652","author":"GE S\u00e1nchez-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2017","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Mart\u00ednez GE (2017) Estimating fare noninteraction and evasion with disaggregate fare transaction data. Transp Res Rec 2652:98\u2013105","journal-title":"Transp Res Rec"},{"key":"225_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2013.12.005","volume":"60","author":"Y Sasaki","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sasaki Y (2014) Optimal choices of fare collection systems for public transportations: barrier versus barrier-free. Transp Res Part B 60:107\u2013114","journal-title":"Transp Res Part B"},{"key":"225_CR108","unstructured":"Schwerdtfeger S (2016) Fare evasion: the last resort of social exclusion or simply a way to save money? In: RGS-IBG annual international conference 2016. 10.13140\/RG.2.2.18674.50889"},{"key":"225_CR109","first-page":"169","volume-title":"Crime and justice. A review of research","author":"MJ Smith","year":"2000","unstructured":"Smith MJ, Clarke RV (2000) Crime and public transport. In: Tonry M (ed) Crime and justice. A review of research, vol 27. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 169\u2013233"},{"key":"225_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s12469-016-0142-y","volume":"9","author":"H Snijders","year":"2016","unstructured":"Snijders H, Saldanha RL (2016) Decision support for scheduling security crews at Netherlands Railways. Publ Transp 9:193\u2013215","journal-title":"Publ Transp"},{"issue":"4","key":"225_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1590\/S2238-10312013000400004","volume":"7","author":"A Sterner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sterner A, Sheng S (2013) The effect of social stigma on fare evasion in Stockholm\u2019s public transport. J Transp Lit 7(4):50\u201374","journal-title":"J Transp Lit"},{"key":"225_CR112","unstructured":"Suquet JB (2005) Moral standards: underpinning or (re) constructing social order? The case of fraud in a french collective transportation service. In: 17th Annual meeting of the Society for the Advancement of the Socio-Economics (SASE)"},{"key":"225_CR113","unstructured":"Suquet JB (2008) The professional dynamics of the service encounter. An inquiry into RATP\u2019s approach to fare evasion. PhD thesis"},{"issue":"6","key":"225_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1108\/08876041011072582","volume":"24","author":"JB Suquet","year":"2010","unstructured":"Suquet JB (2010) Drawing the line: how inspectors enact deviant behaviors. J Serv Mark 24(6):468\u2013475","journal-title":"J Serv Mark"},{"key":"225_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3141\/2649-10","volume":"2649","author":"S Tamblay","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tamblay S, Gschwender A, Dragicevic M, Mu\u00f1oz JC (2017) Risks involved in transit provision of bus contracts: case study of Transantiago, Chile. Transp Res Rec 2649:89\u201396","journal-title":"Transp Res Rec"},{"key":"225_CR116","unstructured":"Thorlacius P, Clausen J (2010) Scheduling of inspectors for ticket spot checking in urban rail transportation. DSB S-tog (Copenhagen). 2008 Trafikdage p\u00e5 Aalborg Universitet"},{"key":"225_CR117","unstructured":"Torres-Montoya M (2014) Tackling fare evasion in Transantiago: an integrated approach. In: Transportation Research Board 93rd annual meeting (No. 14-4641)"},{"key":"225_CR118","first-page":"311","volume":"100","author":"R Troncoso","year":"2017","unstructured":"Troncoso R, de Grange L (2017) Fare evasion in public transport: a time series approach. Transp Res Part A 100:311\u2013318","journal-title":"Transp Res Part A"},{"issue":"1","key":"225_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bjc.a047789","volume":"29","author":"H Van Andel","year":"1989","unstructured":"Van Andel H (1989) Crime prevention that works: the care of public transport in the Netherlands. Br J Criminol 29(1):47\u201356","journal-title":"Br J Criminol"},{"issue":"7513","key":"225_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1038\/512126a","volume":"512","author":"R Van Noorden","year":"2014","unstructured":"Van Noorden R (2014) Online collaboration: scientists and the social network. Nature 512(7513):126\u2013129","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"225_CR121","unstructured":"Wagner D, Harper W, Schueftan O (1986) Self-service fare collection on buses in Portland, OR"},{"key":"225_CR122","unstructured":"Watry DJ, Straus P (2000) Muni metro goes POP: implementing proof of payment fare collection on Muni Metro. In: Light rail: investment for the future. 8th joint conference on light rail transit"},{"key":"225_CR123","first-page":"117","volume":"6","author":"RR Weidner","year":"1996","unstructured":"Weidner RR (1996) Target-hardening at a New York City subway station: decreased fare evasion\u2013at what price? Crime Prev Stud 6:117\u2013132","journal-title":"Crime Prev Stud"},{"key":"225_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin Z, Jiang AX, Johnson M, Tambe M, Kiekintveld C, Leyton-Brown K, Sandholm T, Sullivan J (2012a) TRUSTS: scheduling randomized patrols for fare inspection in transit systems. In: Proceedings of the twenty-fourth AAAI conference on innovative applications of artificial intelligence (IAAI). AAAI Press, Menlo Park","DOI":"10.1609\/aimag.v33i4.2432"},{"issue":"4","key":"225_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1609\/aimag.v33i4.2432","volume":"33","author":"Z Yin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yin Z, Jiang AX, Johnson M, Tambe M, Kiekintveld C, Leyton-Brown K, Sandholm T, Sullivan J (2012b) TRUSTS: scheduling randomized patrols for fare inspection in transit systems using game theory. AI Mag 33(4):59\u201372","journal-title":"AI Mag"}],"container-title":["Public Transport"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12469-019-00225-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12469-019-00225-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12469-019-00225-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]],"date-time":"2021-02-13T22:33:33Z","timestamp":1613255613000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12469-019-00225-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]]},"references-count":126,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["225"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12469-019-00225-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1866-749X","1613-7159"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1866-749X","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-7159","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 December 2019","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 February 2020","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}