{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T16:32:06Z","timestamp":1776097926513,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"FONDECYT CHILE","award":["1200157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1200157"]}]},{"name":"CONICYT Chile","award":["AFB230002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AFB230002"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001774","name":"University of Sydney","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Transp"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Integrating on-demand services into public transport networks might be the best way to face the current situation in which these new technologies have increased congestion in most cities. When cooperating with on-demand services rather than competing with them, public transport would not risk losing users, and could attract some passengers from private modes thanks to an increased quality of service. This fact has engendered a growing literature discussing how to design such an integrated system. However, all of that research has imposed that on-demand mobility is to solve the so-called \u201clast-mile problem\u201d, serving only as a feeder that connects the exact origins\/destinations with the traditional public transit network. As it induces a large number of transfers and it precludes some scale-effects to be triggered, in this paper we challenge that imposition and investigate if this is the best spatial integration strategy. To do so, we study a simplified linear city in a morning peak situation, where we propose seven different line structures, all of them combining a traditional fixed line with on-demand ride-pooling (ODRP): three direct structures, where ODRP can serve full trips, three semi-direct, where a single ODRP vehicle can serve the largest part of a trip, and a base case in which ODRP is restricted to the first and final legs only. Our results show that the base case is optimal only under very specific demand patterns, or when transfer penalties are disregarded. Our analytical approach reveals relevant operational aspects of such integrated systems: namely, that the base case can help increase directness (diminishing detours), and that ODRP can help shorten the routes of the fixed services to decrease operator costs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12469-023-00348-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T07:02:15Z","timestamp":1725260535000},"page":"855-892","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Beyond the last mile: different spatial strategies to integrate on-demand services into public transport in a simplified city"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0411-3064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andres","family":"Fielbaum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Jara-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Alonso-Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"348_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-020-10110-2","volume":"48","author":"MJ Alonso-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alonso-Gonz\u00e1lez MJ, Cats O, van Oort N, Hoogendoorn-Lanser S, Hoogendoorn S (2021) What are the determinants of the willingness to share rides in pooled on-demand services? Transportation 48(4):1733\u20131765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11116-020-10110-2","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"348_CR2","volume-title":"The traveling salesman problem: a computational study","author":"DL Applegate","year":"2007","unstructured":"Applegate DL, Bixby RE, Chv\u00e1tal V (2007) The traveling salesman problem: a computational study. Princeton University Press, Princeton"},{"key":"348_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2022.103594","volume":"138","author":"R Auad-Perez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Auad-Perez R, Van Hentenryck P (2022) Ridesharing and fleet sizing for on-demand multimodal transit systems. Transp Res Part C Emerg Technol 138:103594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trc.2022.103594","journal-title":"Transp Res Part C Emerg Technol"},{"key":"348_CR4","first-page":"521","volume":"47","author":"H Badia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Badia H, Jenelius E (2020) Feeder transit services in different development stages of automated buses: comparing fixed routes versus door-to-door trips. Transp Res Proc 47:521\u2013528","journal-title":"Transp Res Proc"},{"key":"348_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2013.11.006","volume":"59","author":"H Badia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Badia H, Estrada M, Robust\u00e9 F (2014) Competitive transit network design in cities with radial street patterns. Transp Res Part B Methodol 59:161\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trb.2013.11.006","journal-title":"Transp Res Part B Methodol"},{"key":"348_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.119776","volume":"252","author":"M Bart\u0142omiejczyk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bart\u0142omiejczyk M, Ko\u0142acz R (2020) The reduction of auxiliaries power demand: the challenge for electromobility in public transportation. J Clean Prod 252:119776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.119776","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"348_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2020.03.011","volume":"138","author":"Z Bian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bian Z, Liu X, Bai Y (2020) Mechanism design for on-demand first-mile ridesharing. Transp Res Part B Methodol 138:77\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trb.2020.03.011","journal-title":"Transp Res Part B Methodol"},{"key":"348_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bilali A, Dandl F, Fastenrath U, Bogenberger K (2019) Impact of service quality factors on ride sharing in urban areas. In: 2019 6th International Conference on Models and Technologies for Intelligent Transportation Systems (MT-ITS). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MTITS.2019.8883364","DOI":"10.1109\/MTITS.2019.8883364"},{"issue":"1","key":"348_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.1060.0161","volume":"41","author":"R Bornd\u00f6rfer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bornd\u00f6rfer R, Gr\u00f6tschel M, Pfetsch ME (2007) A column-generation approach to line planning in public transport. Transp Sci 41(1):123\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/trsc.1060.0161","journal-title":"Transp Sci"},{"key":"348_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2021.08.018","volume":"153","author":"J B\u00fcrstlein","year":"2021","unstructured":"B\u00fcrstlein J, L\u00f3pez D, Farooq B (2021) Exploring first-mile on-demand transit solutions for North American suburbia: a case study of Markham, Canada. Transp Res Part A Pol Pract 153:261\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tra.2021.08.018","journal-title":"Transp Res Part A Pol Pract"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"348_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-1647(75)90044-1","volume":"9","author":"BF Byrne","year":"1975","unstructured":"Byrne BF (1975) Public transportation line positions and headways for minimum user and system cost in a radial case. Transp Res 9(2\u20133):97\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0041-1647(75)90044-1","journal-title":"Transp Res"},{"key":"348_CR001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8382754","volume":"2022","author":"G Calabr\u00f2","year":"2022","unstructured":"Calabr\u00f2 G, Le Pira M, Giuffrida N, Inturri G, Ignaccolo M, Correia G (2022) Fixed-route vs. demand-responsive transport feeder services: an exploratory study using an agent-based model. J Adv Transp 2022:8382754. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/8382754","journal-title":"J Adv Transp."},{"key":"348_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2023.103643","volume":"171","author":"G Calabro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Calabro G, Araldo A, Oh S, Seshadri R, Inturri G, Ben-Akiva M (2023) Adaptive transit design: optimizing fixed and demand responsive multi-modal transportation via continuous approximation. Transp Res Part A Pol Pract 171:103643","journal-title":"Transp Res Part A Pol Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"348_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262496","volume":"17","author":"O Cats","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cats O, Kucharski R, Danda SR, Yap M (2022) Beyond the dichotomy: how ride-hailing competes with and complements public transport. Plos One 17(1):e0262496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0262496","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"348_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chaturvedi M, Srivastava S (2022) A multi-modal ride sharing framework for last mile connectivity. In: 14th International Conference on COMmunication Systems NETworkS (COMSNETS), pp 824\u2013829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/COMSNETS53615.2022.9668583","DOI":"10.1109\/COMSNETS53615.2022.9668583"},{"key":"348_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2015.06.012","volume":"81","author":"H Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen H, Gu W, Cassidy MJ, Daganzo CF (2015) Optimal transit service atop ring-radial and grid street networks: a continuum approximation design method and comparisons. Transp Res Part B Methodol 81:755\u2013774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trb.2015.06.012","journal-title":"Transp Res Part B Methodol"},{"issue":"1","key":"348_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/mice.12461","volume":"35","author":"S Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen S, Wang H, Meng Q (2020) Solving the first-mile ridesharing problem using autonomous vehicles. Comp-Aided Civ Infrastruct Eng 35(1):45\u201360","journal-title":"Comp-Aided Civ Infrastruct Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"348_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.9.2.115","volume":"9","author":"C Chriqui","year":"1975","unstructured":"Chriqui C, Robillard P (1975) Common bus lines. Transp Sci 9(2):115\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/trsc.9.2.115","journal-title":"Transp Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"348_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3141\/1783-22","volume":"1783","author":"CE Cort\u00e9s","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cort\u00e9s CE, Jayakrishnan R (2002) Design and operational concepts of high-coverage point-to-point transit system. Transp Res Rec 1783(1):178\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3141\/1783-22","journal-title":"Transp Res Rec"},{"issue":"4","key":"348_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2009.11.001","volume":"44","author":"CF Daganzo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Daganzo CF (2010) Structure of competitive transit networks. Transp Res Part B Methodol 44(4):434\u2013446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trb.2009.11.001","journal-title":"Transp Res Part B Methodol"},{"key":"348_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-020-00678-z","volume":"4","author":"M Diao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Diao M, Kong H, Zhao J (2021) Impacts of transportation network companies on urban mobility. Nat Sustainab 4:494\u2013500","journal-title":"Nat Sustainab"},{"issue":"1","key":"348_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s12469-021-00284-y","volume":"14","author":"J Dur\u00e1n-Micco","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dur\u00e1n-Micco J, Vansteenwegen P (2022) A survey on the transit network design and frequency setting problem. Public Transp 14(1):155\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12469-021-00284-y","journal-title":"Public Transp"},{"issue":"1","key":"348_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-016-9729-z","volume":"45","author":"DJ Fagnant","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fagnant DJ, Kockelman KM (2018) Dynamic ride-sharing and fleet sizing for a system of shared autonomous vehicles in Austin, Texas. Transportation 45(1):143\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11116-016-9729-z","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"issue":"2","key":"348_CR23","first-page":"183","volume":"18","author":"A Fielbaum","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fielbaum A (2020) Strategic public transport design using autonomous vehicles and other new technologies. Int J Intell Transp Syst Res 18(2):183\u2013191","journal-title":"Int J Intell Transp Syst Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"348_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1080\/15472450.2021.1901225","volume":"26","author":"A Fielbaum","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fielbaum A (2022) Optimizing a vehicle\u2019s route in an on-demand ridesharing system in which users might walk. J Intell Transp Syst 26(4):432\u2013447","journal-title":"J Intell Transp Syst"},{"key":"348_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2020.102831","volume":"121","author":"A Fielbaum","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fielbaum A, Alonso-Mora J (2020) Unreliability in ridesharing systems: Measuring changes in users\u2019 times due to new requests. Transp Res Part C Emerg Technolog 121:102831","journal-title":"Transp Res Part C Emerg Technolog"},{"key":"348_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2016.10.003","volume":"94","author":"A Fielbaum","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fielbaum A, Jara-Diaz S, Gschwender A (2016) Optimal public transport networks for a general urban structure. Transp Res Part B Methodol 94:298\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trb.2016.10.003","journal-title":"Transp Res Part B Methodol"},{"issue":"2","key":"348_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s11067-016-9329-7","volume":"17","author":"A Fielbaum","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fielbaum A, Jara-Diaz S, Gschwender A (2017) A parametric description of cities for the normative analysis of transport systems. Netw Spat Econ 17(2):343\u2013365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11067-016-9329-7","journal-title":"Netw Spat Econ"},{"issue":"5","key":"348_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.2018.0833","volume":"52","author":"A Fielbaum","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fielbaum A, Jara-D\u00edaz S, Gschwender A (2018) Transit line structures in a general parametric city: the role of heuristics. Transp Sci 52(5):1092\u20131105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/trsc.2018.0833","journal-title":"Transp Sci"},{"key":"348_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecotra.2020.100163","volume":"22","author":"A Fielbaum","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fielbaum A, Jara-Diaz S, Gschwender A (2020) Beyond the Mohring effect: scale economies induced by transit line structures design. Econ Transp 22:100163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecotra.2020.100163","journal-title":"Econ Transp"},{"key":"348_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2021.103061","volume":"126","author":"A Fielbaum","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fielbaum A, Bai X, Alonso-Mora J (2021a) On-demand ridesharing with optimized pick-up and drop-off walking locations. Transp Res Part C Emerg Technol 126:103061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trc.2021.103061","journal-title":"Transp Res Part C Emerg Technol"},{"key":"348_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.retrec.2020.100991","volume":"90","author":"A Fielbaum","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fielbaum A, Jara-Diaz S, Gschwender A (2021b) Lines spacing and scale economies in the strategic design of transit systems in a parametric city. Res Transp Econ 90:100991. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.retrec.2020.100991","journal-title":"Res Transp Econ"},{"key":"348_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2021.11.041","volume":"301","author":"A Fielbaum","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fielbaum A, Kucharski R, Cats O, Alonso-Mora J (2022) How to split the costs and charge the travellers sharing a ride? Aligning system\u2019s optimum with users\u2019 equilibrium. Eur J Oper Res 301:956\u2013973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejor.2021.11.041","journal-title":"Eur J Oper Res"},{"key":"348_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecotra.2023.100313","volume":"34","author":"A Fielbaum","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fielbaum A, Tirachini A, Alonso-Mora J (2023) Economies and diseconomies of scale in on-demand ridepooling systems. Econ Transp 34:100313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecotra.2023.100313","journal-title":"Econ Transp"},{"issue":"2","key":"348_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2014.2336212","volume":"16","author":"M Furuhata","year":"2015","unstructured":"Furuhata M, Daniel K, Koenig S, Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez F, Dessouky M, Brunet M, Cohen L, Wang X (2015) Online cost-sharing mechanism design for demand-responsive transport systems. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 16(2):692\u2013707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TITS.2014.2336212","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"key":"348_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2018.01.016","volume":"114","author":"A Garcia-Martinez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Garcia-Martinez A, Cascajo R, Jara-Diaz SR, Chowdhury S, Monzon A (2018) Transfer penalties in multimodal public transport networks. Transp Res Part A Pol Pract 114:52\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tra.2018.01.016","journal-title":"Transp Res Part A Pol Pract"},{"key":"348_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2016.03.001","volume":"88","author":"A Gschwender","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gschwender A, Jara-D\u00edaz S, Bravo C (2016) Feeder-trunk or direct lines? Economies of density, transfer costs and transit structure in an urban context. Transp Res Part A Pol Pract 88:209\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tra.2016.03.001","journal-title":"Transp Res Part A Pol Pract"},{"key":"348_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2018.09.003","volume":"108","author":"JD Hall","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hall JD, Palsson C, Price J (2018) Is Uber a substitute or complement for public transit? J Urban Econ 108:36\u201350","journal-title":"J Urban Econ"},{"issue":"6","key":"348_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-018-9923-2","volume":"46","author":"A Henao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Henao A, Marshall WE (2019) The impact of ride-hailing on vehicle miles traveled. Transportation 46(6):2173\u20132194","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"348_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2017.12.009","volume":"108","author":"D H\u00f6rcher","year":"2018","unstructured":"H\u00f6rcher D, Graham DJ (2018) Demand imbalances and multi-period public transport supply. Transp Res Part B Methodol 108:106\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trb.2017.12.009","journal-title":"Transp Res Part B Methodol"},{"key":"348_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecotra.2021.100196","volume":"25","author":"D H\u00f6rcher","year":"2021","unstructured":"H\u00f6rcher D, Tirachini A (2021) A review of public transport economics. Econ Transp 25:100196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecotra.2021.100196","journal-title":"Econ Transp"},{"key":"348_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2021.101730","volume":"92","author":"Y Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang Y, Kockelman KM, Garikapati V (2022) Shared automated vehicle fleet operations for first-mile last-mile transit connections with dynamic pooling. Comput Environ Urban Syst 92:101730. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2021.101730","journal-title":"Comput Environ Urban Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"348_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s12469-019-00217-w","volume":"12","author":"MZ Irawan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Irawan MZ, Belgiawan PF, Joewono TB, Simanjuntak NI (2020) Do motorcycle-based ride-hailing apps threaten bus ridership? A hybrid choice modeling approach with latent variables. Public Transp 12(1):207\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12469-019-00217-w","journal-title":"Public Transp"},{"issue":"2","key":"348_CR43","first-page":"261","volume":"37","author":"SR Jara-D\u00edaz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jara-D\u00edaz SR, Gschwender A (2003) From the single line model to the spatial structure of transit services: corridors or direct? J Transp Econ Pol (JTEP) 37(2):261\u2013277","journal-title":"J Transp Econ Pol (JTEP)"},{"issue":"1","key":"348_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-008-9182-8","volume":"36","author":"SR Jara-D\u00edaz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jara-D\u00edaz SR, Gschwender A (2009) The effect of financial constraints on the optimal design of public transport services. Transportation 36(1):65\u201375","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"348_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.retrec.2021.101167","author":"SR Jara-D\u00edaz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jara-D\u00edaz SR, Mu\u00f1oz-Paulsen E (2021) Lessons from the strategic design of a bimodal public transport system on a linear city. Res Transp Econ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.retrec.2021.101167","journal-title":"Res Transp Econ"},{"issue":"7","key":"348_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2012.02.002","volume":"46","author":"SR Jara-D\u00edaz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jara-D\u00edaz SR, Gschwender A, Ortega M (2012) Is public transport based on transfers optimal? A theoretical investigation. Transp Res Part B Methodol 46(7):808\u2013816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trb.2012.02.002","journal-title":"Transp Res Part B Methodol"},{"issue":"6","key":"348_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-017-9777-z","volume":"45","author":"S Jara-D\u00edaz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jara-D\u00edaz S, Gschwender A, Bravo C (2018) Total cost minimizing transit route structures considering trips towards CBD and periphery. Transportation 45(6):1701\u20131720. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11116-017-9777-z","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"348_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2022.04.019","volume":"125","author":"S Jara-Diaz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jara-Diaz S, Monzon A, Cascajo R, Garcia-Martinez A (2022) An international time equivalency of the pure transfer penalty in urban transit trips: closing the gap. Transp Policy 125:48\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tranpol.2022.04.019","journal-title":"Transp Policy"},{"key":"348_CR49","unstructured":"Jara-Diaz S, Olea JP (2021) Estimaci\u00f3n de relaciones entre los par\u00e1metros de distribuci\u00f3n de viajes en el modelo de ciudad param\u00e9trica. 20\u00b0Congreso Chileno de Ingenier\u00eda de Transporte"},{"key":"348_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2020.07.001","volume":"139","author":"J Ke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ke J, Yang H, Li X, Wang H, Ye J (2020a) Pricing and equilibrium in on-demand ride-pooling markets. Transp Res Part B Methodol 139:411\u2013431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trb.2020.07.001","journal-title":"Transp Res Part B Methodol"},{"key":"348_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2020.10.003","volume":"142","author":"J Ke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ke J, Yang H, Zheng Z (2020b) On ride-pooling and traffic congestion. Transp Res Part B Methodol 142:213\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trb.2020.10.003","journal-title":"Transp Res Part B Methodol"},{"key":"348_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2014.05.017","volume":"68","author":"ME Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim ME, Schonfeld P (2014) Integration of conventional and flexible bus services with timed transfers. Transp Res Part B Methodol 68:76\u201397","journal-title":"Transp Res Part B Methodol"},{"issue":"4","key":"348_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1080\/23249935.2020.1829170","volume":"17","author":"R Kucharski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kucharski R, Fielbaum A, Alonso-Mora J, Cats O (2021) If you are late, everyone is late: late passenger arrival and ride-pooling systems\u2019 performance. Transportmetrica A Transp Sci 17(4):1077\u20131100","journal-title":"Transportmetrica A Transp Sci"},{"key":"348_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trip.2021.100440","volume":"11","author":"ST Lau","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lau ST, Susilawati S (2021) Shared autonomous vehicles implementation for the first and last-mile services. Transp Res Interdiscip Perspect 11:100440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trip.2021.100440","journal-title":"Transp Res Interdiscip Perspect"},{"issue":"5","key":"348_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2009.05.015","volume":"18","author":"X Li","year":"2010","unstructured":"Li X, Quadrifoglio L (2010) Feeder transit services: choosing between fixed and demand responsive policy. Transp Res Part C Emerg Technol 18(5):770\u2013780","journal-title":"Transp Res Part C Emerg Technol"},{"key":"348_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2018.09.022","volume":"105","author":"Y Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu Y, Bansal P, Daziano R, Samaranayake S (2019) A framework to integrate mode choice in the design of mobility-on-demand systems. Transp Res Part C Emerg Technol 105:648\u2013665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trc.2018.09.022","journal-title":"Transp Res Part C Emerg Technol"},{"key":"348_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loyola M, Nelson JD, Clifton G, Ho CQ (2023) Factors influencing the patronage of flexible transport in urban and rural areas. A case study in NSW, Australia. Res Transp Econ 99:101295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.retrec.2023.101295"},{"key":"348_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2019.01.001","volume":"121","author":"W Lu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lu W, Quadrifoglio L (2019) Fair cost allocation for ridesharing services\u2014modeling, mathematical programming and an algorithm to find the nucleolus. Transp Res Part B Methodol 121:41\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trb.2019.01.001","journal-title":"Transp Res Part B Methodol"},{"key":"348_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2019.07.002","volume":"128","author":"T-Y Ma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ma T-Y, Rasulkhani S, Chow JYJ, Klein S (2019) A dynamic ridesharing dispatch and idle vehicle repositioning strategy with integrated transit transfers. Transp Res Part E Logist Transp Rev 128:417\u2013442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tre.2019.07.002","journal-title":"Transp Res Part E Logist Transp Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"348_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.2017.0756","volume":"53","author":"A Mah\u00e9o","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mah\u00e9o A, Kilby P, Van Hentenryck P (2019) Benders decomposition for the design of a hub and shuttle public transit system. Transp Sci 53(1):77\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/trsc.2017.0756","journal-title":"Transp Sci"},{"key":"348_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2019.09.051","volume":"130","author":"N Malalgoda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Malalgoda N, Lim SH (2019) Do transportation network companies reduce public transit use in the US? Transp Res Part A Pol Pract 130:351\u2013372","journal-title":"Transp Res Part A Pol Pract"},{"key":"348_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3984476","author":"S Martin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martin S, Taylor SJ, Yan J (2021) Trading flexibility for adoption: Dynamic versus static walking in ridesharing (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3984476). Soc Sci Res Netw. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3984476","journal-title":"Soc Sci Res Netw"},{"key":"348_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2022.10.009","volume":"166","author":"B Masing","year":"2022","unstructured":"Masing B, Lindner N, Bornd\u00f6rfer R (2022) The price of symmetric line plans in the Parametric City. Transp Res Part B Methodol 166:419\u2013443","journal-title":"Transp Res Part B Methodol"},{"key":"348_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2021.103058","volume":"127","author":"B Mo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mo B, Cao Z, Zhang H, Shen Y, Zhao J (2021) Competition between shared autonomous vehicles and public transit: a case study in Singapore. Transp Res Part C Emerg Technol 127:103058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trc.2021.103058","journal-title":"Transp Res Part C Emerg Technol"},{"key":"348_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mueller A, Beyer S, Kopp G, Deisser O (2019) User-centered development of a public transportation vehicle operated in a demand-responsive environment. In: International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics. Springer, Cham, pp 545\u2013555","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-20503-4_49"},{"key":"348_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2019.12.008","volume":"111","author":"S Narayanan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Narayanan S, Chaniotakis E, Antoniou C (2020) Shared autonomous vehicle services: a comprehensive review. Transp Res Part C Emerg Technol 111:255\u2013293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trc.2019.12.008","journal-title":"Transp Res Part C Emerg Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"348_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/19427867.2020.1716474","volume":"13","author":"A Papanikolaou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Papanikolaou A, Basbas S (2020) Analytical models for comparing demand responsive transport with bus services in low demand interurban areas. Transp Lett 13(4):255\u2013262","journal-title":"Transp Lett"},{"key":"348_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.retrec.2020.100904","volume":"83","author":"S Perera","year":"2020","unstructured":"Perera S, Ho C, Hensher D (2020) Resurgence of demand responsive transit services\u2014insights from BRIDJ trials in inner west of Sydney, Australia. Res Transp Econ 83:100904","journal-title":"Res Transp Econ"},{"issue":"2","key":"348_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3460091","volume":"5","author":"N P\u00e9rivier","year":"2021","unstructured":"P\u00e9rivier N, Hssaine C, Samaranayake S, Banerjee S (2021) Real-time approximate routing for smart transit systems. Proc ACM Measure Anal Comp Syst 5(2):1\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3460091","journal-title":"Proc ACM Measure Anal Comp Syst"},{"issue":"2","key":"348_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s12469-021-00262-4","volume":"13","author":"U Petruccelli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Petruccelli U, Racina A (2021) Feeder-trunk and direct-link schemes for public transit: a model to evaluate the produced accessibility. Public Transp 13(2):301\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12469-021-00262-4","journal-title":"Public Transp"},{"key":"348_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2019.06.010","volume":"113","author":"HKRF Pinto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pinto HKRF, Hyland MF, Mahmassani HS, Verbas I\u00d6 (2020) Joint design of multimodal transit networks and shared autonomous mobility fleets. Transp Res Part C Emerg Technol 113:2\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trc.2019.06.010","journal-title":"Transp Res Part C Emerg Technol"},{"key":"348_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2017.03.001","volume":"103","author":"X Qian","year":"2017","unstructured":"Qian X, Zhang W, Ukkusuri SV, Yang C (2017) Optimal assignment and incentive design in the taxi group ride problem. Transp Res Part B Methodol 103:208\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trb.2017.03.001","journal-title":"Transp Res Part B Methodol"},{"issue":"10","key":"348_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2009.04.003","volume":"43","author":"L Quadrifoglio","year":"2009","unstructured":"Quadrifoglio L, Li X (2009) A methodology to derive the critical demand density for designing and operating feeder transit services. Transp Res Part B Methodol 43(10):922\u2013935","journal-title":"Transp Res Part B Methodol"},{"issue":"4","key":"348_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2020.09.008","volume":"8","author":"S Roy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Roy S, Cooper D, Mucci A, Sana B, Chen M, Castiglione J, Erhardt GD (2020) Why is traffic congestion getting worse? A decomposition of the contributors to growing congestion in San Francisco-Determining the Role of TNCs. Case Stud Transp Pol 8(4):1371\u20131382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cstp.2020.09.008","journal-title":"Case Stud Transp Pol"},{"key":"348_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salazar M, Rossi F, Schiffer M, Onder CH, Pavone M (2018) On the interaction between autonomous mobility-on-demand and public transportation systems. In: 2018 21st International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), IEEE, pp 2262\u20132269","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2018.8569381"},{"key":"348_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2018.04.004","volume":"113","author":"Y Shen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shen Y, Zhang H, Zhao J (2018) Integrating shared autonomous vehicle in public transportation system: a supply-side simulation of the first-mile service in Singapore. Transp Res Part A Pol Pract 113:125\u2013136","journal-title":"Transp Res Part A Pol Pract"},{"key":"348_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.102923","volume":"97","author":"I Tikoudis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tikoudis I, Martinez L, Farrow K, Garc\u00eda Bouyssou C, Petrik O, Oueslati W (2021) Ridesharing services and urban transport CO2 emissions: Simulation-based evidence from 247 cities. Transp Res Part D Transp Environ 97:102923. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trd.2021.102923","journal-title":"Transp Res Part D Transp Environ"},{"issue":"3","key":"348_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/15568318.2018.1539146","volume":"14","author":"A Tirachini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tirachini A, Gomez-Lobo A (2020) Does ride-hailing increase or decrease vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT)? A simulation approach for Santiago de Chile. Int J Sustain Transp 14(3):187\u2013204","journal-title":"Int J Sustain Transp"},{"issue":"1","key":"348_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.retrec.2010.07.029","volume":"29","author":"A Tirachini","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tirachini A, Hensher DA, Jara-D\u00edaz SR (2010) Comparing operator and users costs of light rail, heavy rail and bus rapid transit over a radial public transport network. Res Transp Econ 29(1):231\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.retrec.2010.07.029","journal-title":"Res Transp Econ"},{"key":"348_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2020.102707","volume":"117","author":"A Tirachini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tirachini A, Chaniotakis E, Abouelela M, Antoniou C (2020) The sustainability of shared mobility: can a platform for shared rides reduce motorized traffic in cities? Transp Res Part C Emerg Technol 117:102707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trc.2020.102707","journal-title":"Transp Res Part C Emerg Technol"},{"key":"348_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2022.103573","volume":"137","author":"P Vansteenwegen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vansteenwegen P, Melis L, Akta\u015f D, Montenegro BDG, Sartori Vieira F, S\u00f6rensen K (2022) A survey on demand-responsive public bus systems. Transp Res Part C Emerg Technol 137:103573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trc.2022.103573","journal-title":"Transp Res Part C Emerg Technol"},{"key":"348_CR82","unstructured":"Wang Z, Hyland MF, Bahk Y, Sarma NJ (2022) On optimizing shared-ride mobility services with walking legs. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2201.12639v1"},{"key":"348_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2019.07.009","volume":"129","author":"H Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang H, Yang H (2019) Ridesourcing systems: a framework and review. Transp Res Part B Methodol 129:122\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trb.2019.07.009","journal-title":"Transp Res Part B Methodol"},{"key":"348_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2018.10.018","volume":"97","author":"J Wen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wen J, Chen YX, Nassir N, Zhao J (2018) Transit-oriented autonomous vehicle operation with integrated demand-supply interaction. Transp Res Part C Emerg Technol 97:216\u2013234","journal-title":"Transp Res Part C Emerg Technol"},{"key":"348_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W\u00fcrtz MO, Sandkuhl K (2021) Towards a reference architecture for demand-oriented public transportation services. In: 2021 IEEE 25th International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Workshop (EDOCW), IEEE, pp 122\u2013129","DOI":"10.1109\/EDOCW52865.2021.00041"},{"key":"348_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2019.102629","volume":"82","author":"M Young","year":"2020","unstructured":"Young M, Allen J, Farber S (2020) Measuring when Uber behaves as a substitute or supplement to transit: an examination of travel-time differences in Toronto. J Transp Geogr 82:102629","journal-title":"J Transp Geogr"},{"key":"348_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-control-042920-012811","author":"G Zardini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zardini G, Lanzetti N, Pavone M, Frazzoli E (2022) Analysis and control of autonomous mobility-on-demand systems. Ann Rev Control Robot Auton Syst. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-control-042920-012811","journal-title":"Ann Rev Control Robot Auton Syst"},{"key":"348_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103155","volume":"103","author":"P Zhu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhu P, Mo H (2022) The potential of ride-pooling in VKT reduction and its environmental implications. Transp Res Part D Transp Environ 103:103155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103155","journal-title":"Transp Res Part D Transp Environ"},{"key":"348_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubtr.2022.100032","volume":"24","author":"N Zuniga-Garcia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zuniga-Garcia N, Gurumurthy KM, Yahia CN, Kockelman KM, Machemehl RB (2022) Integrating shared mobility services with public transit in areas of low demand. J Public Transp 24:100032","journal-title":"J Public Transp"}],"container-title":["Public Transport"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12469-023-00348-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12469-023-00348-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12469-023-00348-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T14:06:49Z","timestamp":1735049209000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12469-023-00348-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["348"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12469-023-00348-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1866-749X","1613-7159"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1866-749X","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-7159","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 December 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 September 2024","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors report no conflict of interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}