{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T16:00:14Z","timestamp":1786982414332,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606694400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research (ISI)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Electron Markets"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Digital assistants (DA) perform routine tasks for users by interacting with the Internet of Things (IoT) devices and digital services. To do so, such assistants rely heavily on personal data, e.g. to provide personalized responses. This leads to privacy concerns for users and makes privacy features an important component of digital assistants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This study examines user preferences for three attributes of the design of privacy features in digital assistants, namely (1) the amount of information on personal data that is shown to the user, (2) explainability of the DA\u2019s decision, and (3) the degree of gamification of the user interface (UI). In addition, it estimates users\u2019 willingness to pay (WTP) for different versions of privacy features.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The results for the full sample show that users prefer to understand the rationale behind the DA\u2019s decisions based on the personal information involved, while being given information about the potential impacts of disclosing specific data. Further, the results indicate that users prefer to interact with the DA\u2019s privacy features in a serious game. For this product, users are willing to pay \u20ac21.39 per month. In general, a playful design of privacy features is strongly preferred, as users are willing to pay 23.8% more compared to an option without any gamified elements. A detailed analysis identifies two customer clusters \u201cBest Agers\u201d and \u201cDA Advocates\u201d, which differ mainly in their average age and willingness to pay. Further, \u201cDA Advocates\u201d are mainly male and more privacy sensitive, whereas \u201cBest Agers\u201d show a higher affinity for a playful design of privacy features.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-020-00447-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T11:03:04Z","timestamp":1606734184000},"page":"411-426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["User preferences for privacy features in digital assistants"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3416-077X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Ebbers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Zibuschka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Hinz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"447_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1086\/671754","volume":"42","author":"A Acquisti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Acquisti, A., John, L. K., & Loewenstein, G. (2013). What is privacy worth? The Journal of Legal Studies, 42, 249\u2013274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/671754 .","journal-title":"The Journal of Legal Studies"},{"issue":"6221","key":"447_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa1465","volume":"347","author":"A Acquisti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Acquisti, A., Brandimarte, L., & Loewenstein, G. (2015). Privacy and human behavior in the age of information. Science, 347(6221), 509\u2013514.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"447_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.54.2.442","volume":"54","author":"A Acquisti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Acquisti, A., Taylor, C. R., Wagman, L., & Taylor, C. (2016). The economics of privacy. Journal of Economic Literature, 54, 442\u2013492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/jel.54.2.442 .","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Literature"},{"key":"447_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3054926","volume":"50","author":"A Acquisti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Acquisti, A., Sleeper, M., Wang, Y., Wilson, S., Adjerid, I., Balebako, R., et al. (2017). Nudges for privacy and security: Understanding and assisting users\u2019 choices online. ACM Computing Surveys, 50, 1\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3054926 .","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"},{"key":"447_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2501604.2501613","volume-title":"The ninth symposium, Newcastle, United Kingdom","author":"I Adjerid","year":"2013","unstructured":"Adjerid, I., Acquisti, A., Brandimarte, L., & Loewenstein, G. (2013). Sleights of privacy: Framing, disclosures, and the limits of transparency. In L. F. Cranor (Ed.), The ninth symposium, Newcastle, United Kingdom (pp. 1\u201310). New York, New York: ACM Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2501604.2501613 ."},{"key":"447_CR6","unstructured":"Andrade, L., & Zorzo, S. (2019). Privacy everywhere: A mechanism for decision making and privacy assurance in IoT environments. AMCIS 2019 Proceedings."},{"key":"447_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1509\/jmkr.39.4.479.19124","volume":"39","author":"RL Andrews","year":"2002","unstructured":"Andrews, R. L., Ainslie, A., & Currim, I. S. (2002). An empirical comparison of Logit choice models with discrete versus continuous representations of heterogeneity. Journal of Marketing Research, 39, 479\u2013487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1509\/jmkr.39.4.479.19124 .","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"key":"447_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2018.06.003","volume":"56","author":"M Aparicio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aparicio, M., Oliveira, T., Bacao, F., & Painho, M. (2019). Gamification: A key determinant of massive open online course (MOOC) success. Information & Management, 56, 39\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.im.2018.06.003 .","journal-title":"Information & Management"},{"key":"447_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.2307\/41409971","volume":"35","author":"F B\u00e9langer","year":"2011","unstructured":"B\u00e9langer, F., & Crossler, R. E. (2011). Privacy in the digital age: A review of information privacy research in information systems. MIS Quarterly, 35, 1017\u20131042. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/41409971 .","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"447_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1108\/JEIM-05-2017-0069","volume":"31","author":"B Biswas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Biswas, B., & Mukhopadhyay, A. (2018). G-RAM framework for software risk assessment and mitigation strategies in organisations. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 31, 276\u2013299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JEIM-05-2017-0069 .","journal-title":"Journal of Enterprise Information Management"},{"key":"447_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s12599-013-0273-5","volume":"5","author":"I Blohm","year":"2013","unstructured":"Blohm, I., & Leimeister, J. M. (2013). Gamification - design of IT-based enhancing services for motivational support and behavioral change. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 5, 275\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12599-013-0273-5 .","journal-title":"Business & Information Systems Engineering"},{"key":"447_CR12","unstructured":"Bosua, R., Clark, K., Richardson, M., & Webb, J. (2017). Intelligent warning systems: \u2018Nudges\u2019 as a form of user control for internet of things data collection and use. In M. Poblet, P. Casanovas, & E. Plaza (Eds.), Proceedings IJCAI 2017 workshop: Linked democracy: Artificial intelligence for democratic innovation (20, pp . 86\u201398). Melbourne."},{"key":"447_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1080\/0267257X.2019.1687571","volume":"35","author":"TM Brill","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brill, T. M., Munoz, L., & Miller, R. J. (2019). Siri, Alexa, and other digital assistants: A study of customer satisfaction with artificial intelligence applications. Journal of Marketing Management, 35, 1401\u20131436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0267257X.2019.1687571 .","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Management"},{"key":"447_CR14","unstructured":"Buder, F., Dieckmann, A., Manewitsch, V., Dietrich, H., Wiertz, C., Banerjee, A., et al. (2020). Adoption Rates for ContactTracing App Configurations in Germany. https:\/\/www.nim.org\/sites\/default\/files\/medien\/359\/dokumente\/2020_nim_report_tracing_app_adoption_fin_0.pdf. Accessed 1 July 2020."},{"key":"447_CR15","unstructured":"Bundeskartellamt. (2020). Sektoruntersuchung Smart-TVs. https:\/\/www.bundeskartellamt.de\/SharedDocs\/Publikation\/DE\/Sektoruntersuchungen\/Sektoruntersuchung_SmartTVs_Bericht.pdf. Accessed 7 July 2020."},{"key":"447_CR16","unstructured":"BVDW. (2019). Verbraucherumfrage zum Thema Datenschutz. https:\/\/de.statista.com\/statistik\/studie\/id\/63483\/dokument\/umfrage-zum-datenschutz-in-deutschland-2019\/. Accessed 25 July 2019."},{"key":"447_CR17","unstructured":"Carnegie Mellon University. (2017). Usable Privacy Policy Project. Carnegie Mellon University. https:\/\/usableprivacy.org\/. Accessed 5 June 2020."},{"key":"447_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chapman, C, N., Love, E., & Alford, J, L. (2008). Quantitative early-phase user research methods: Hard data for initial product design, Proceedings of the 41st Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/HICSS.2008.367 .","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2008.367"},{"key":"447_CR19","unstructured":"Chung, H., & Lee, S. (2018). Intelligent Virtual Assistant knows Your Life. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/1803.00466v1. Accessed 15 Feb 2020."},{"key":"447_CR20","unstructured":"Cisco. (2020). From Privacy to Profit: Achieving Positive Returns on Privacy Investments: Cisco Data Privacy Benchmark Study 2020. https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en_uk\/products\/security\/security-reports\/data-privacy-report-2020.html. Accessed 13 June 2020."},{"key":"447_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1145\/1165734.1165735","volume":"13","author":"LF Cranor","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cranor, L. F., Guduru, P., & Arjula, M. (2006). User interfaces for privacy agents. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 13, 135\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1165734.1165735 .","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction"},{"key":"447_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02310555","volume":"16","author":"LJ Cronbach","year":"1951","unstructured":"Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02310555 .","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"447_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2019.0846","volume":"30","author":"RE Crossler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Crossler, R. E., & B\u00e9langer, F. (2019). Why would I use location-protective settings on my smartphone? Motivating protective behaviors and the existence of the privacy knowledge\u2013belief gap. Information Systems Research, 30, 995\u20131006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/isre.2019.0846 .","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"key":"447_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2018.03367733","volume":"17","author":"A Das","year":"2018","unstructured":"Das, A., Degeling, M., Smullen, D., & Sadeh, N. (2018). Personalized privacy assistants for the internet of things: Providing users with notice and choice. IEEE Pervasive Computing, 17, 35\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MPRV.2018.03367733 .","journal-title":"IEEE Pervasive Computing"},{"key":"447_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2307\/249008","volume":"13","author":"FD Davis","year":"1989","unstructured":"Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13, 319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/249008 .","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"447_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-015-0211-0","volume":"26","author":"S Derikx","year":"2016","unstructured":"Derikx, S., Reuver, M. d., & Kroesen, M. (2016). Can privacy concerns for insurance of connected cars be compensated? Electronic Markets, 26, 73\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12525-015-0211-0 .","journal-title":"Electronic Markets"},{"key":"447_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00994929","volume":"6","author":"WS Desarbo","year":"1995","unstructured":"Desarbo, W. S., Ramaswamy, V., & Cohen, S. H. (1995). Market segmentation with choice-based conjoint analysis. Marketing Letters, 6, 137\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00994929.","journal-title":"Marketing Letters"},{"key":"447_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1145\/2181037.2181040","volume-title":"The 15th international academic MindTrek conference, Tampere, Finland","author":"S Deterding","year":"2011","unstructured":"Deterding, S., Dixon, D., Khaled, R., & Nacke, L. (2011). From game design elements to gamefulness. In A. Lugmayr, H. Franssila, C. Safran, & I. Hammouda (Eds.), The 15th international academic MindTrek conference, Tampere, Finland (pp. 9\u201315). ACM: New York, NY. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2181037.2181040."},{"key":"447_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drakonakis, K., Ilia, P., Ioannidis, S., & Polakis, J. (2019). Please Forget Where I Was Last Summer: The Privacy Risks of Public Location (Meta)Data. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/1901.00897v1. Accessed 19 Sept 2019","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2019.23151"},{"key":"447_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2014.986642","volume":"31","author":"A Easwara Moorthy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Easwara Moorthy, A., & Vu, K.-P. L. (2015). Privacy concerns for use of voice activated personal assistant in the public space. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 31, 307\u2013335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10447318.2014.986642.","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"447_CR31","volume-title":"Advanced information systems engineering. CAiSE 2016, (pp. 101\u2013115, lecture notes in computer science, Vol. 9694)","author":"F Ebbers","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ebbers, F., & Brune, P. (2016). The authentication game - secure user authentication by Gamification? In S. Nurcan, P. Soffer, M. Bajec, & J. Eder (Eds.), Advanced information systems engineering. CAiSE 2016, (pp. 101\u2013115, lecture notes in computer science, Vol. 9694). Cham: Springer."},{"key":"447_CR32","first-page":"399","volume-title":"Proceedings of SOUPS 2017","author":"P Emami-Naeini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Emami-Naeini, P., Bhagavatula, S., Habib, H., Degeling, M., Bauer, L., Cranor, L. F., et al. (2017). Privacy expectations and preferences in an IoT world. In Proceedings of SOUPS 2017 (pp. 399\u2013412). Berkeley, CA: USENIX Association."},{"key":"447_CR33","unstructured":"European Commission. (2019). Ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI. Brussels. https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/newsroom\/dae\/document.cfm?doc_id=60419. Accessed 17 June 2020."},{"key":"447_CR34","unstructured":"European Parliament & Council. (2018). General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR): Art. 12."},{"key":"447_CR35","unstructured":"Federal Constitutional Court. (1983). Census Act (Volksz\u00e4hlungsurteil) from 12\/15\/1983."},{"key":"447_CR36","unstructured":"Fischer, S., & Petersen, T. (2018). Was Deutschland \u00fcber Algorithmen wei\u00df und denkt: Ergebnisse einer repr\u00e4sentativen Bev\u00f6lkerungsumfrage. https:\/\/www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de\/de\/publikationen\/publikation\/did\/was-deutschland-ueber-algorithmen-weiss-und-denkt\/. Accessed 6 February 2019."},{"key":"447_CR37","unstructured":"F\u00f6rster, M., Klier, M., Kluge, K., & Sigler, I. (2020). Evaluating explainable Artifical intelligence \u2013 What users really appreciate. ECIS 2020 Research Papers."},{"key":"447_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Friedewald, M., & Pohoryles, R, J. (2016). Privacy and Security in the Digital Age: Privacy in the Age of Super-Technologies : Taylor & Francis.\u00a0London.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315766645.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315766645"},{"key":"447_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3170427.3188448","volume-title":"Extended abstracts of the 2018 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (CHI EA \u201818), 4\/21\/2018\u20134\/26\/2018","author":"N Fruchter","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fruchter, N., & Liccardi, I. (2018). Consumer attitudes towards privacy and security in home assistants. In R. Mandryk & M. Hancock (Eds.), Extended abstracts of the 2018 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (CHI EA \u201818), 4\/21\/2018\u20134\/26\/2018 (pp. 1\u20136). New York, NY: ACM. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3170427.3188448."},{"key":"447_CR40","unstructured":"Galitz, W, O. (2007). The Essential Guide to User Interface Design: An Introduction to GUI Design Principles and Techniques\u00a0(pp. 888): Wiley."},{"key":"447_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2012.01.002","volume":"219","author":"S Gensler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gensler, S., Hinz, O., Skiera, B., & Theysohn, S. (2012). Willingness-to-pay estimation with choice-based conjoint analysis: Addressing extreme response behavior with individually adapted designs. European Journal of Operational Research, 219, 368\u2013378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejor.2012.01.002.","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"447_CR42","unstructured":"GlobalWebIndex. (2019). The digital consumer trends to know: 2019. https:\/\/www.globalwebindex.com\/reports\/trends-19. Accessed 24 June 2020."},{"key":"447_CR43","first-page":"321","volume-title":"Proceedings of the twelfth USENIX conference on usable privacy and security (SOUPS \u201816)","author":"J Gluck","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gluck, J., Schaub, F., Friedman, A., Habib, H., Sadeh, N., Cranor, L. F., et al. (2016). How short is too short? Implications of length and framing on the effectiveness of privacy notices. In Proceedings of the twelfth USENIX conference on usable privacy and security (SOUPS \u201816) (pp. 321\u2013340). Berkeley, CA: USENIX Association."},{"key":"447_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.3.349","volume":"102","author":"A Goldfarb","year":"2012","unstructured":"Goldfarb, A., & Tucker, C. (2012). Shifts in privacy concerns. American Economic Review, 102, 349\u2013353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/aer.102.3.349.","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"447_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1086\/208721","volume":"5","author":"PE Green","year":"1978","unstructured":"Green, P. E., & Srinivasan, V. (1978). Conjoint analysis in consumer research: Issues and outlook. Journal of Consumer Research, 5, 103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/208721.","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Research"},{"key":"447_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.2018.1523534","volume":"35","author":"J Gunaratne","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gunaratne, J., Zalmanson, L., & Nov, O. (2018). The persuasive power of algorithmic and Crowdsourced advice. Journal of Management Information Systems, 35, 1092\u20131120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07421222.2018.1523534.","journal-title":"Journal of Management Information Systems"},{"key":"447_CR47","unstructured":"Hern, A. (2019). Apple contractors \u2018regularly hear confidential details' on Siri recordings. The Guardian. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2019\/jul\/26\/apple-contractors-regularly-hear-confidential-details-on-siri-recordings. Accessed 27 May 2020."},{"key":"447_CR48","unstructured":"Hill, K. (2012). How Target Figured Out A Teen Girl Was Pregnant Before Her Father Did. https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/kashmirhill\/2012\/02\/16\/how-target-figured-out-a-teen-girl-was-pregnant-before-her-father-did. Accessed 8 June 2020."},{"key":"447_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/02763869.2018.1404391","volume":"37","author":"MB Hoy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hoy, M. B. (2018). Alexa, Siri, Cortana, and more: An introduction to voice assistants. Medical Reference Services Quarterly, 37, 81\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02763869.2018.1404391.","journal-title":"Medical Reference Services Quarterly"},{"key":"447_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2307\/25148779","volume":"31","author":"T Hui","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hui, T., Lee, S., & Teo, H. (2007). The value of privacy assurance: An exploratory field experiment. MIS Quarterly, 31, 19\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/25148779.","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"447_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-015-0212-z","volume":"27","author":"K Huotari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huotari, K., & Hamari, J. (2017). A definition for gamification: Anchoring gamification in the service marketing literature. Electronic Markets, 27, 21\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12525-015-0212-z.","journal-title":"Electronic Markets"},{"key":"447_CR52","volume-title":"Jackson personality inventory manual","author":"DN Jackson","year":"1976","unstructured":"Jackson, D. N. (1976). Jackson personality inventory manual. Port Huron: Research Psychologists Press."},{"key":"447_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jann, O., & Schottm\u00fcller, C. (2020). An informational theory of privacy. The Economic Journal, 130, 93\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ej\/uez045.","DOI":"10.1093\/ej\/uez045"},{"key":"447_CR54","unstructured":"Johnson, R, M., & Orme, B, K. (1996). How many questions should you ask in choice-based conjoint studies. In (pp. 1\u201323). Beaver Creek:\u00a0ART Forum."},{"key":"447_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2008.05.029","volume":"197","author":"EV Karniouchina","year":"2009","unstructured":"Karniouchina, E. V., Moore, W. L., van der Rhee, B., & Verma, R. (2009). Issues in the use of ratings-based versus choice-based conjoint analysis in operations management research. European Journal of Operational Research, 197, 340\u2013348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejor.2008.05.029 .","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"447_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1111\/isj.12062","volume":"25","author":"F Kehr","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kehr, F., Kowatsch, T., Wentzel, D., & Fleisch, E. (2015). Blissfully ignorant: The effects of general privacy concerns, general institutional trust, and affect in the privacy calculus. Information Systems Journal, 25, 607\u2013635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/isj.12062.","journal-title":"Information Systems Journal"},{"key":"447_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0266(199606)17:6%3C441:AID-SMJ819%3E3.0.CO;2-G","volume":"17","author":"DJ Ketchen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ketchen, D. J., & Shook, C. L. (1996). The application of cluster analysis in strategic management research: An analysis and critique. Strategic Management Journal, 17, 441\u2013458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0266(199606)17:6%3C441:AID-SMJ819%3E3.0.CO;2-G.","journal-title":"Strategic Management Journal"},{"key":"447_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knote, R., Janson, A., S\u00f6llner, M., & Leimeister, J, M. (2019). Classifying smart personal assistants: An empirical cluster analysis. In Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). Maui, Hawaii, USA.","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2019.245"},{"key":"447_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Krasnova, H., Hildebrand, T., & G\u00fcnther, O. (2009). Investigating the value of privacy on online social networks: Conjoint analysis. ICIS 2009 Proceedings. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7892\/BORIS.47455.","DOI":"10.7892\/BORIS.47455"},{"key":"447_CR60","unstructured":"Kuehl, N., Lobana, J., & Meske, C. (2020). Do you comply with AI? \u2014 Personalized explanations of learning algorithms and their impact on employees' compliance behavior. ICIS 2019 Proceedings."},{"key":"447_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2018.1470671","volume":"37","author":"S Kumar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Kumar, P., & Bhasker, B. (2018). Interplay between trust, information privacy concerns and behavioural intention of users on online social networks. Behaviour & Information Technology, 37, 622\u2013633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0144929X.2018.1470671.","journal-title":"Behaviour & Information Technology"},{"key":"447_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lin, J., Sadeh, N., Amini, S., Lindqvist, J., Hong, J. I., & Zhang, J. (2012). Expectation and purpose: Understanding users\u2019 mental models of Mobile app privacy through crowdsourcing. In A. K. Dey (Ed.), In proceedings of the 2012 ACM conference on ubiquitous computing (UbiComp \u201812) (pp. 501\u2013510). New York, NY: ACM. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2370216.2370290.","DOI":"10.1145\/2370216.2370290"},{"key":"447_CR63","first-page":"27","volume-title":"Proceedings of the twelfth USENIX conference on usable privacy and security (SOUPS \u201816)","author":"B Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu, B., Andersen, M. S., Schaub, F., Almuhimedi, H., Zhang, S., Sadeh, N., et al. (2016). Follow my recommendations: A personalized privacy assistant for Mobile app permissions. In Proceedings of the twelfth USENIX conference on usable privacy and security (SOUPS \u201816) (pp. 27\u201341). Berkeley, CA: USENIX Association."},{"key":"447_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3004295","volume":"42","author":"X Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu, X., Golab, L., Golab, W., Ilyas, I. F., & Jin, S. (2017). Smart meter data analytics. ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 42, 1\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3004295.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Database Systems"},{"key":"447_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.04.045","volume":"75","author":"J Lopez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lopez, J., Rios, R., Bao, F., & Wang, G. (2017). Evolving privacy: From sensors to the internet of things. Future Generation Computer Systems, 75, 46\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.future.2017.04.045.","journal-title":"Future Generation Computer Systems"},{"key":"447_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s12599-019-00600-8","volume":"61","author":"A Maedche","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maedche, A., Legner, C., Benlian, A., Berger, B., Gimpel, H., Hess, T., Hinz, O., Morana, S., & S\u00f6llner, M. (2019). AI-based digital assistants. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 61, 535\u2013544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12599-019-00600-8.","journal-title":"Business & Information Systems Engineering"},{"key":"447_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1145\/3278721.3278773","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 AAAI\/ACM conference on AI, Ethics, and society (AIES \u201818)","author":"L Manikonda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Manikonda, L., Deotale, A., & Kambhampati, S. (2018). What's up with privacy?: User preferences and privacy concerns in intelligent personal assistants. In J. Furman (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2018 AAAI\/ACM conference on AI, Ethics, and society (AIES \u201818) (pp. 229\u2013235). New York NY: ACM. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3278721.3278773."},{"key":"447_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.05.009","volume":"99","author":"G McLean","year":"2019","unstructured":"McLean, G., & Osei-Frimpong, K. (2019). Hey Alexa \u2026 examine the variables influencing the use of artificial intelligent in-home voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior, 99, 28\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2019.05.009.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"447_CR69","unstructured":"Menard, P., & Bott, G. (2018). Investigating privacy concerns of internet of things (IoT) users. AMCIS 2018 Proceedings."},{"key":"447_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1509\/jmkg.69.2.61.60759","volume":"69","author":"ML Meuter","year":"2005","unstructured":"Meuter, M. L., Bitner, M. J., Ostrom, A. L., & Brown, S. W. (2005). Choosing among alternative service delivery modes: An investigation of customer trial of self-service technologies. Journal of Marketing, 69, 61\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1509\/jmkg.69.2.61.60759.","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing"},{"key":"447_CR71","unstructured":"Mihale-Wilson, C., Zibuschka, J., & Hinz, O. (2017). About user preferences and willingness to pay for a secure and privacy protective ubiquitous personal assistant. In Proceedings of the 25th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS), Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal (pp. 32\u201347)."},{"key":"447_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-019-00330-5","volume":"29","author":"AC Mihale-Wilson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mihale-Wilson, A. C., Zibuschka, J., & Hinz, O. (2019). User preferences and willingness to pay for in-vehicle assistance. Electronic Markets, 29, 37\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12525-019-00330-5.","journal-title":"Electronic Markets"},{"key":"447_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1509\/jmkr.48.1.172","volume":"48","author":"KM Miller","year":"2011","unstructured":"Miller, K. M., Hofstetter, R., Krohmer, H., & Zhang, Z. J. (2011). How should consumers\u2019 willingness to pay be measured? An empirical comparison of state-of-the-art approaches. Journal of Marketing Research, 48, 172\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1509\/jmkr.48.1.172.","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"key":"447_CR74","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency","author":"T Miller","year":"2019","unstructured":"Miller, T., Mittelstadt, B., Russell, C., & Wachter, S. (2019). Explanation in artificial intelligence: Insights from the social sciences. In Proceedings of the conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency (pp. 1\u201366). New York NY: ACM."},{"key":"447_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1086\/209482","volume":"23","author":"S Moorthy","year":"1997","unstructured":"Moorthy, S., Ratchford, B. T., & Talukdar, D. (1997). Consumer information search revisited: Theory and empirical analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 23, 263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/209482.","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Research"},{"key":"447_CR76","first-page":"352","volume-title":"Understanding users\u2019 preferences for privacy and security features \u2013 A conjoint analysis of cloud storage services. In W. Abramowicz & R. Corchuelo","author":"D Naous","year":"2019","unstructured":"Naous, D., & Legner, C. (2019). Understanding users\u2019 preferences for privacy and security features \u2013 A conjoint analysis of cloud storage services. In W. Abramowicz & R. Corchuelo (pp. 352\u2013365). Seville, Spain: Springer international publishing."},{"key":"447_CR77","unstructured":"Ogg, E. (2011). Zynga makes privacy a game with PrivacyVille. https:\/\/www.cnet.com\/news\/zynga-makes-privacy-a-game-with-privacyville\/. Accessed 15 February 2020."},{"key":"447_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCSW.2017.52","volume-title":"IEEE 37th international conference on distributed computing systems workshops (ICDCSW)","author":"P Pappachan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pappachan, P., Degeling, M., Yus, R., Das, A., Bhagavatula, S., Melicher, W., et al. (2017). Towards privacy-aware smart buildings: Capturing, communicating, and enforcing privacy policies and preferences. In A. Musaev (Ed.), IEEE 37th international conference on distributed computing systems workshops (ICDCSW) (pp. 193\u2013198). Atlanta, GA: IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICDCSW.2017.52."},{"key":"447_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674736061","volume-title":"The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information","author":"F Pasquale","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pasquale, F. (2015). The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"447_CR80","first-page":"95","volume-title":"Differences in Online Privacy & Security Attitudes based on economic living standards: A global study of 24 countries","author":"EHR Rho","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rho, E. H. R., Kobsa, A., & Nguyen, C. (2018). In P. M. Bednar, U. Frank, & K. Kautz (Eds.), Differences in Online Privacy & Security Attitudes based on economic living standards: A global study of 24 countries (p. 95). Portsmouth, UK: ECIS 2018."},{"key":"447_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939778","volume-title":"KDD '16: The 22nd ACM SIGKDD, San Francisco California USA (pp. 1135\u20131144)","author":"MT Ribeiro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ribeiro, M. T., Singh, S., & Guestrin, C. (2016). Why should I trust you? In B. Krishnapuram, M. Shah, A. Smola, C. Aggarwal, D. Shen, & R. Rastogi (Eds.), KDD '16: The 22nd ACM SIGKDD, San Francisco California USA (pp. 1135\u20131144). New York, NY: Association for Computing Machinery Inc. (ACM). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2939672.2939778."},{"key":"447_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1057\/ejis.2013.33","volume":"23","author":"H Ro\u00dfnagel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ro\u00dfnagel, H., Zibuschka, J., Hinz, O., & Muntermann, J. (2014). Users' willingness to pay for web identity management systems. European Journal of Information Systems, 23, 36\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/ejis.2013.33.","journal-title":"European Journal of Information Systems"},{"key":"447_CR83","unstructured":"Saffarizadeh, K., Boodraj, M., & Alashoor, T. (2017). Conversational assistants: Investigating privacy concerns, trust, and self-disclosure.\u00a0Seoul, South Korea:\u00a0ICIS 2017 Proceedings."},{"key":"447_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schlereth, C., & Skiera, B. (2009). Sch\u00e4tzung von Zahlungsbereitschaftsintervallen mit der Choice-Based Conjoint-Analyse. Schmalenbachs Z betriebswirtsch Forsch, 61, 838\u2013856. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03373670.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03373670"},{"key":"447_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3200\/JOER.99.6.323-338","volume":"99","author":"JB Schreiber","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99, 323\u2013338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3200\/JOER.99.6.323-338.","journal-title":"The Journal of Educational Research"},{"key":"447_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2007.08.002","volume":"44","author":"A Serenko","year":"2007","unstructured":"Serenko, A., & Turel, O. (2007). Are MIS research instruments sSuppl?: An exploratory reconsideration of the computer playfulness scale. Information & Management, 44, 657\u2013665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.im.2007.08.002.","journal-title":"Information & Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"447_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.2307\/41409970","volume":"35","author":"HJ Smith","year":"2011","unstructured":"Smith, H. J., Dinev, T., & Xu, H. (2011). Information privacy research: An interdisciplinary review. MIS Quarterly, 35(4), 989\u20131016.","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"447_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-08-2017-0241","volume":"33","author":"A Soumelidou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Soumelidou, A., & Tsohou, A. (2020). Effects of privacy policy visualization on users\u2019 information privacy awareness level. Information Technology & People, 33, 502\u2013534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ITP-08-2017-0241.","journal-title":"Information Technology & People"},{"key":"447_CR89","unstructured":"Statista. (2019). Internetnutzer in Deutschland: Dossier. https:\/\/de.statista.com\/statistik\/studie\/id\/58515\/dokument\/internetnutzer\/. Accessed 5 September 2019."},{"key":"447_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1086\/378615","volume":"30","author":"J-BEM Steenkamp","year":"2003","unstructured":"Steenkamp, J.-B. E. M., & Gielens, K. (2003). Consumer and market drivers of the trial probability of new consumer packaged goods. Journal of Consumer Research, 30, 368\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/378615.","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Research"},{"key":"447_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2013\/37.4.07","volume":"37","author":"J Sutanto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sutanto, J., Palme, E., Tan, C.-H., & Phang, C. W. (2013). Addressing the personalization-privacy paradox: An empirical assessment from a field experiment on smartphone users. MIS Quarterly, 37, 1141\u20131164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25300\/MISQ\/2013\/37.4.07.","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"447_CR92","unstructured":"Taylor, H. (2003). Most people are \u201cprivacy pragmatists\u201d who, while concerned about privacy, will sometimes trade it off for other benefits. The Harris Poll. Harris Interactive."},{"key":"447_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4651-1","volume-title":"Market segmentation: Conceptual and methodological foundations","author":"M Wedel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wedel, M., & Kamakura, W. A. (2000). Market segmentation: Conceptual and methodological foundations. Boston, MA: Springer."},{"key":"447_CR94","volume-title":"Privacy and freedom","author":"AF Westin","year":"1967","unstructured":"Westin, A. F. (1967). Privacy and freedom. London: Bodley head."},{"key":"447_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2019.103235","volume":"57","author":"D Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu, D., Moody, G. D., Zhang, J., & Lowry, P. B. (2020). Effects of the design of mobile security notifications and mobile app usability on users\u2019 security perceptions and continued use intention. Information & Management., 57, 103235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.im.2019.103235.","journal-title":"Information & Management."},{"key":"447_CR96","volume-title":"Zahlungsbereitschaft f\u00fcr Datenschutzfunktionen intelligenter Assistenten. In V. Nissen, D. Stelzer, S. Stra\u00dfburger, & D. Fischer (Eds.) (pp. 1391\u20131402)","author":"J Zibuschka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zibuschka, J., Nofer, M., & Hinz, O. (2016). Zahlungsbereitschaft f\u00fcr Datenschutzfunktionen intelligenter Assistenten. In V. Nissen, D. Stelzer, S. Stra\u00dfburger, & D. Fischer (Eds.) (pp. 1391\u20131402). Ilmenau: Universit\u00e4tsverlag Ilmenau."},{"key":"447_CR97","unstructured":"Zibuschka, J., Nofer, M., Zimmermann, C., & Hinz, O. (2019). Users\u2019 preferences concerning privacy properties of assistant systems on the internet of things. AMCIS 2019 Proceedings."}],"container-title":["Electronic Markets"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12525-020-00447-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12525-020-00447-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12525-020-00447-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T04:44:35Z","timestamp":1626929075000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12525-020-00447-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["447"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12525-020-00447-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1019-6781","1422-8890"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1019-6781","type":"print"},{"value":"1422-8890","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 March 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 October 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 November 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest\/competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code availability"}}]}}