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While control is essential, the current literature overlooks how this facet interrelates with other sovereignty facets and contextual conditions. Drawing from social contract theory and insights from 31 expert interviews, we propose a data sovereignty conceptual framework encompassing protection, participation, and provision facets. The protection facets establish data sharing foundations by emphasizing baseline rights, such as <jats:italic>data ownership<\/jats:italic>. Building on this foundation, the\u00a0participation\u00a0facet, through <jats:italic>responsibility divisions<\/jats:italic>, steers the\u00a0provision facets. Provision comprises facets such as <jats:italic>control<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>security<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>compliance mechanisms<\/jats:italic>, thus ensuring that foundational rights are preserved during and after data sharing. Contextual conditions (data type, organizational size, and business data sharing setting) determine the level of difficulty in realizing sovereignty facets. For instance, if personal data is shared, <jats:italic>privacy<\/jats:italic> becomes a relevant protection facet, leading to challenges of ownership between data providers and data subjects, compliance demands, and control enforcement. Our novel conceptualization paves the way for coherent and comprehensive theory development concerning data sovereignty as a complex, multi-faceted construct.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-024-00695-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,2]],"date-time":"2024-03-02T10:01:53Z","timestamp":1709373713000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Beyond control over data: Conceptualizing data sovereignty from a social contract perspective"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3944-1714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antragama Ewa","family":"Abbas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"van Velzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hosea","family":"Ofe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geerten","family":"van de Kaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anneke","family":"Zuiderwijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"de Reuver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"695_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aaltonen, A., Alaimo, C., & Kallinikos, J. 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