{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T01:54:05Z","timestamp":1781747645172,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004377","name":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004377","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Electron Markets"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This paper revisits the publication \u201cSmart Tourism: Foundations and Developments\u201d published in Electronic Markets in 2015, which presented a data-centric definition of smart tourism and a foundational model of smart tourism layers and components. Recognizing the dramatic evolution of smart technologies over the past decade, the extensive digital transformation of tourism accelerated by the global COVID-19 pandemic, the Artificial Intelligence revolution fueled by large language models, and the continuing efforts to advance the Metaverse, the paper is a 10-year retrospective and incorporates recent developments in Artificial Intelligence and Metaverse technologies, resulting in an updated \u201cAI-powered smart tourism 2.0\u201d model. The new framework bridges past insights with future possibilities and reflects on emerging smart tourism experiences, smart tourism industry practices, and governance approaches. It thus offers an updated vision for smart tourism to guide future research, policymaking, and industry innovation in an era of extremely rapid and profound technological changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-025-00847-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T07:40:05Z","timestamp":1764834005000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["AI-powered smart tourism 2.0: A 10-year retrospective and updated model"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Chulmo","family":"Koo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7022-6732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seunghun","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Gretzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"847_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.33776\/et.v10i2.4696","volume":"10","author":"DF Alvares","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alvares, D. F., dos Santos, S. R., & Perinotto, A. R. C. (2020). Network of tourism observatories toward a tourism intelligence: The case of Brazil. Enlightening Tourism. A Pathmaking Journal, 10(2), 140\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33776\/et.v10i2.4696","journal-title":"Enlightening Tourism. A Pathmaking Journal"},{"key":"847_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anlesinya, A., & Dadzie, S. A. (2023). Technology and the conduct of bibliometric literature reviews in management: The software tools, benefits, and challenges. In S. Rana (Ed.), Advancing methodologies of conducting literature review in management domain (pp. 57\u201378). Emerald Publishing Limited.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/S2754-586520230000002004","DOI":"10.1108\/S2754-586520230000002004"},{"issue":"15","key":"847_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2019.1612860","volume":"22","author":"L Ardito","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ardito, L., Cerchione, R., Del Vecchio, P., & Raguseo, E. (2019). Big data in smart tourism: Challenges, issues and opportunities. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(15), 1805\u20131809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13683500.2019.1612860","journal-title":"Current Issues in Tourism"},{"issue":"4","key":"847_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1108\/IJTC-11-2018-0088","volume":"5","author":"FJ Ballina","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ballina, F. J., Valdes, L., & Del Valle, E. (2019). The phygital experience in the smart tourism destination. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 5(4), 656\u2013671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJTC-11-2018-0088","journal-title":"International Journal of Tourism Cities"},{"key":"847_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2020.104256","volume":"83","author":"A Bec","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bec, A., Moyle, B., Schaffer, V., & Timms, K. (2021). Virtual reality and mixed reality for second chance tourism. Tourism Management, 83, Article 104256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tourman.2020.104256","journal-title":"Tourism Management"},{"key":"847_CR6","unstructured":"Bijker, W. E. (1997). Of bicycles, bakelites, and bulbs: Toward a theory of sociotechnical change. MIT press."},{"key":"847_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Buhalis, D., & Amaranggana, A. (2014). Smart tourism destinations enhancing tourism experience through personalisation of services. In Information and communication technologies in tourism 2015 (pp. 377\u2013389). Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-14343-9_28","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-14343-9_28"},{"key":"847_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2023.104724","volume":"97","author":"D Buhalis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Buhalis, D., Leung, D., & Lin, M. (2023a). Metaverse as a disruptive technology revolutionising tourism management and marketing. Tourism Management, 97, Article 104724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tourman.2023.104724","journal-title":"Tourism Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"847_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCHM-04-2022-0497","volume":"35","author":"D Buhalis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Buhalis, D., O\u2019Connor, P., & Leung, R. (2023b). Smart hospitality: From smart cities and smart tourism towards agile business ecosystems in networked destinations. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 35(1), 369\u2013393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJCHM-04-2022-0497","journal-title":"International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management"},{"key":"847_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bulchand-Gidumal, J. (2022). Impact of artificial intelligence in travel, tourism, and hospitality.\u00a0In Z. Xiang, M. Fuchs, U. Gretzel, & W. H\u00f6pken (Eds.),\u00a0Handbook of e-Tourism (pp. 1943\u20131962). Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-48652-5_110","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-48652-5_110"},{"issue":"4","key":"847_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCHM-06-2023-0900","volume":"37","author":"Z Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen, Z. (2024). Beyond boundaries: Exploring the metaverse in tourism. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 37(4), 1257\u20131275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJCHM-06-2023-0900","journal-title":"International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"847_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2023.2300032","volume":"28","author":"J Christensen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Christensen, J., Hansen, J. M., & Wilson, P. (2024). Understanding the role and impact of generative artificial intelligence (AI) hallucination within consumers\u2019 tourism decision-making processes. Current Issues in Tourism, 28(4), 545\u2013560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13683500.2023.2300032","journal-title":"Current Issues in Tourism"},{"key":"847_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dellermann, D., Calma, A., Lipusch, N., Weber, T., Weigel, S., & Ebel, P. (2021). The future of human-AI collaboration: A taxonomy of design knowledge for hybrid intelligence systems. arXiv preprint. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2105.03354","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2105.03354"},{"issue":"1","key":"847_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.3.1.60","volume":"3","author":"WH DeLone","year":"1992","unstructured":"DeLone, W. H., & McLean, E. R. (1992). Information systems success: The quest for the dependent variable. Information Systems Research, 3(1), 60\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/isre.3.1.60","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"847_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.2003.11045748","volume":"19","author":"WH DeLone","year":"2003","unstructured":"DeLone, W. H., & McLean, E. R. (2003). The DeLone and McLean model of information systems success: A ten-year update. Journal of Management Information Systems, 19(4), 9\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07421222.2003.11045748","journal-title":"Journal of Management Information Systems"},{"issue":"5","key":"847_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1108\/TR-05-2023-0315","volume":"79","author":"B Deng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Deng, B., Wong, I. A., & Lian, Q. L. (2024). From metaverse experience to physical travel: The role of the digital twin in metaverse design. Tourism Review, 79(5), 1076\u20131087. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/TR-05-2023-0315","journal-title":"Tourism Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"847_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.5.2.121","volume":"5","author":"G DeSanctis","year":"1994","unstructured":"DeSanctis, G., & Poole, M. S. (1994). Capturing the complexity in advanced technology use: Adaptive structuration theory. Organization Science, 5(2), 121\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/orsc.5.2.121","journal-title":"Organization Science"},{"key":"847_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-54089-9","volume-title":"Open tourism: Open innovation, crowdsourcing and co-creation challenging the tourism industry","author":"R Egger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Egger, R., Gula, I., & Walcher, D. (2016). Open tourism: Open innovation, crowdsourcing and co-creation challenging the tourism industry. Springer."},{"issue":"4","key":"847_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1080\/10941665.2018.1561478","volume":"26","author":"F Femenia-Serra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Femenia-Serra, F., & Ivars-Baidal, J. A. (2021). Do smart tourism destinations really work? The case of Benidorm. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 26(4), 365\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10941665.2018.1561478","journal-title":"Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research"},{"key":"847_CR20","unstructured":"Forlini, E. (2025, April 28). Apple reportedly serious about AI smart glasses: Can Apple intelligence deliver? PCMag. Retrieved October 25, 2025, from https:\/\/www.pcmag.com\/news\/apple-reportedly-serious-about-ai-smart-glasses-can-apple-intelligence"},{"key":"847_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eastsj.2022.100079","volume":"8","author":"K Fujisaki","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fujisaki, K., Yasuda, T., Ishigami, T., Makimura, K., & Ishida, H. (2022). Empirical recommendations based on case studies in Japan for sustainable innovative mobility in rural areas. Asian Transport Studies, 8, Article 100079. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eastsj.2022.100079","journal-title":"Asian Transport Studies"},{"key":"847_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Maroto, I., Higueras-Castillo, E., Mu\u00f1oz-Leiva, F., & Li\u00e9bana-Cabanillas, F. (2024). Determinants of the intention to recommend a socially responsible destination with smart tourism technologies. Current Issues in Tourism,\u00a0(13). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13683500.2024.2355565","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2024.2355565"},{"key":"847_CR23","unstructured":"Gomstyn, A., & Jonker, A. (2025). AI literacy: Closing the artificial intelligence skills gap. IBM. Retrieved October 25, 2025, from https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/think\/insights\/ai-literacy"},{"key":"847_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-021-10233-6","volume":"24","author":"J Goo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Goo, J., Huang, C. D., Yoo, C. W., Nam, K., & Werthner, H. (2022). Smart tourism technologies\u2019 ambidexterity: Balancing tourist\u2019s worries and novelty seeking for travel satisfaction. Information Systems Frontiers, 24, 2139\u20132158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10796-021-10233-6","journal-title":"Information Systems Frontiers"},{"key":"847_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gretzel, U. (2022). The Smart DMO: A new step in the digital transformation of destination management organizations. European Journal of Tourism Research, 30, 3002\u20133002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54055\/ejtr.v30i.2589","DOI":"10.54055\/ejtr.v30i.2589"},{"key":"847_CR26","unstructured":"Gretzel, U., & Jamal, T. (2020). Guiding principles for good governance of the smart destination. Travel and Tourism Research Association: Advancing Tourism Research Globally,\u00a042. https:\/\/scholarworks.umass.edu\/ttra\/2020\/research_papers\/42"},{"issue":"4","key":"847_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1080\/10941665.2021.1897636","volume":"26","author":"U Gretzel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gretzel, U., & Koo, C. (2021). Smart tourism cities: A duality of place where technology supports the convergence of touristic and residential experiences. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 26(4), 352\u2013364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10941665.2021.1897636","journal-title":"Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"847_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3727\/154427218X15369305779065","volume":"22","author":"U Gretzel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gretzel, U., & Scarpino-Johns, M. (2018). Destination resilience and smart tourism destinations. Tourism Review International, 22(3\u20134), 263\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3727\/154427218X15369305779065","journal-title":"Tourism Review International"},{"key":"847_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-015-0196-8","volume":"25","author":"U Gretzel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gretzel, U., Sigala, M., Xiang, Z., & Koo, C. (2015a). Smart tourism: Foundations and developments. Electronic Markets, 25(3), 179\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12525-015-0196-8","journal-title":"Electronic Markets"},{"key":"847_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.03.043","volume":"50","author":"U Gretzel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gretzel, U., Werthner, H., Koo, C., & Lamsfus, C. (2015b). Conceptual foundations for understanding smart tourism ecosystems. Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 558\u2013563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2015.03.043","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"847_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gretzel, U., Ham, J., & Koo, C. (2018). Creating the city destination of the future: The case of smart Seoul. In Y. Wang, A. Shakeela, A. Kwek, & C. Khoo-Lattimore (Eds.), Managing Asian Destinations (pp. 199\u2013214). Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-10-8426-3_12","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-8426-3_12"},{"key":"847_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s40558-020-00181-3","volume":"22","author":"U Gretzel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gretzel, U., Fuchs, M., Baggio, R., Hoepken, W., Law, R., Neidhardt, J., Pesonen, J., Zanker, M., & Xiang, Z. (2020). E-tourism beyond COVID-19: A call for transformative research. Information Technology & Tourism, 22, 187\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40558-020-00181-3","journal-title":"Information Technology & Tourism"},{"issue":"4","key":"847_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.52255\/smarttourism.2023.3.4.4","volume":"3","author":"U Gretzel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gretzel, U., Lee, H., Lee, E., Chung, N., & Koo, C. (2023). Enhanced smart tourism and its role in reshaping the tourism industry. Journal of Smart Tourism, 3(4), 23\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52255\/smarttourism.2023.3.4.4","journal-title":"Journal of Smart Tourism"},{"key":"847_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdmm.2020.100511","volume":"19","author":"L Grundner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grundner, L., & Neuhofer, B. (2021). The bright and dark sides of artificial intelligence: A futures perspective on tourist destination experiences. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 19, Article 100511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdmm.2020.100511","journal-title":"Journal of Destination Marketing & Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"847_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s40558-023-00266-9","volume":"25","author":"IT Gursoy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gursoy, I. T., Aktas, E., Tecim, V., & Kurgun, O. A. (2023). Beta tourist world: A conceptual framework for organizing an event in the metaverse. Information Technology & Tourism, 25(4), 529\u2013548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40558-023-00266-9","journal-title":"Information Technology & Tourism"},{"issue":"3","key":"847_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s40558-020-00177-z","volume":"22","author":"O Hannonen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hannonen, O. (2020). In search of a digital nomad: Defining the phenomenon. Information Technology & Tourism, 22(3), 335\u2013353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40558-020-00177-z","journal-title":"Information Technology & Tourism"},{"issue":"17","key":"847_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12711","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-023-08851-0","volume":"27","author":"H Hu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hu, H., & Li, C. (2023). Smart tourism products and services designed based on user experience under the background of big data. Soft Computing, 27(17), 12711\u201312724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00500-023-08851-0","journal-title":"Soft Computing"},{"issue":"6","key":"847_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2016.11.010","volume":"54","author":"CD Huang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang, C. D., Goo, J., Nam, K., & Yoo, C. W. (2017). Smart tourism technologies in travel planning: The role of exploration and exploitation. Information and Management, 54(6), 757\u2013770. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.im.2016.11.010","journal-title":"Information and Management"},{"key":"847_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hunter, W. C., Chung, N., Gretzel, U., & Koo, C. (2015). Constructivist research in smart tourism.\u00a0Asia Pacific Journal of Information Systems,\u00a025(1), 103\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14329\/apjis.2015.25.1.103","DOI":"10.14329\/apjis.2015.25.1.103"},{"issue":"4","key":"847_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s40558-023-00271-y","volume":"25","author":"S Ioannidis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ioannidis, S., & Kontis, A. P. (2023). Metaverse for tourists and tourism destinations. Information Technology & Tourism, 25(4), 483\u2013506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40558-023-00271-y","journal-title":"Information Technology & Tourism"},{"key":"847_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivanov, S., & Webster, C. (2019). Robots, artificial intelligence, and service automation in travel, tourism and hospitality. Emerald Publishing Limited.","DOI":"10.1108\/9781787566873"},{"issue":"2","key":"847_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCHM-03-2022-0322","volume":"36","author":"J Ivars-Baidal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ivars-Baidal, J., Casado-D\u00edaz, A. B., Navarro-Ruiz, S., & Fuster-Uguet, M. (2024). Smart tourism city governance: Exploring the impact on stakeholder networks. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 36(2), 582\u2013601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJCHM-03-2022-0322","journal-title":"International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management"},{"key":"847_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdmm.2020.100531","volume":"19","author":"JA Ivars-Baidal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ivars-Baidal, J. A., Celdr\u00e1n-Bernabeu, M. A., Femenia-Serra, F., Perles-Ribes, J. F., & Giner-S\u00e1nchez, D. (2021). Measuring the progress of smart destinations: The use of indicators as a management tool. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 19, Article 100531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdmm.2020.100531","journal-title":"Journal of Destination Marketing & Management"},{"key":"847_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2024.114764","volume":"182","author":"P Jorzik","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jorzik, P., Klein, S. P., Kanbach, D. K., & Kraus, S. (2024). AI-driven business model innovation: A systematic review and research agenda. Journal of Business Research, 182, Article 114764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2024.114764","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"key":"847_CR45","unstructured":"Kastia, M. (n.d.). Leveraging AI in travel marketing: Transforming strategies for 2025 and beyond. Digital Dialog. Retrieved October 25, 2025, from https:\/\/www.digitaldialog.co.uk\/leveraging-ai-in-travel-marketing-transforming-strategies-for-2025-and-beyond\/#:~:text=AI%20revolutionises%20audience%20segmentation%20in,of%20highly%20accurate%20customer%20segments"},{"issue":"5","key":"847_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jtr.2746","volume":"26","author":"J Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim, J., Shin, S., Kim, J. Y., & Koo, C. (2023). Effect of ChatGPT\u2019s answering style on users\u2019 acceptance in a trip planning context. International Journal of Tourism Research, 26(5), Article e2746. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jtr.2746","journal-title":"International Journal of Tourism Research"},{"key":"847_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2025.104239","volume":"130","author":"J Kim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kim, J., Kim, J. H., Kim, S. S., Koo, C., & Chung, N. (2025). Is a shorter reaction time always better? Empirical investigation of the impact of response speed on ChatGPT recommendations. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 130, Article 104239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhm.2025.104239","journal-title":"International Journal of Hospitality Management"},{"issue":"6","key":"847_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2017.04.005","volume":"54","author":"C Koo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koo, C., Park, J., & Lee, J. N. (2017). Smart tourism: Traveler, business, and organizational perspectives. Information and Management, 54(6), 683\u2013686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.im.2017.04.005","journal-title":"Information and Management"},{"key":"847_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-021-00494-z","volume":"31","author":"C Koo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Koo, C., Xiang, Z., Gretzel, U., & Sigala, M. (2021). Artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics in travel, hospitality and leisure. Electronic Markets, 31(3), 473\u2013476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12525-021-00494-z","journal-title":"Electronic Markets"},{"issue":"20","key":"847_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3268","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2022.2122781","volume":"26","author":"C Koo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Koo, C., Kwon, J., Chung, N., & Kim, J. (2023). Metaverse tourism: Conceptual framework and research propositions. Current Issues in Tourism, 26(20), 3268\u20133274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13683500.2022.2122781","journal-title":"Current Issues in Tourism"},{"issue":"3","key":"847_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCHM-11-2013-0498","volume":"27","author":"R Law","year":"2015","unstructured":"Law, R., Leung, R., Lo, A., Leung, D., & Fong, L. H. N. (2015). Distribution channel in hospitality and tourism: Revisiting disintermediation from the perspectives of hotels and travel agencies. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27(3), 431\u2013452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJCHM-11-2013-0498","journal-title":"International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"847_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2012.09.020","volume":"80","author":"JH Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee, J. H., Phaal, R., & Lee, S. H. (2013). An integrated service-device-technology roadmap for smart city development. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 80(2), 286\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.techfore.2012.09.020","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"issue":"4","key":"847_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1509\/jmkg.75.4.136","volume":"75","author":"DJ MacInnis","year":"2011","unstructured":"MacInnis, D. J. (2011). A framework for conceptual contributions in marketing. Journal of Marketing, 75(4), 136\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1509\/jmkg.75.4.136","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing"},{"issue":"3","key":"847_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/0960085X.2022.2026621","volume":"31","author":"P Mikalef","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mikalef, P., Conboy, K., Lundstr\u00f6m, J. E., & Popovi\u010d, A. (2022). Thinking responsibly about responsible AI and \u2018the dark side\u2019of AI. European Journal of Information Systems, 31(3), 257\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0960085X.2022.2026621","journal-title":"European Journal of Information Systems"},{"issue":"3","key":"847_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1108\/SJME-03-2022-0035","volume":"26","author":"CN Novera","year":"2022","unstructured":"Novera, C. N., Ahmed, Z., Kushol, R., Wanke, P., & Azad, M. A. K. (2022). Internet of things (IoT) in smart tourism: A literature review. Spanish Journal of Marketing-ESIC, 26(3), 325\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/SJME-03-2022-0035","journal-title":"Spanish Journal of Marketing-ESIC"},{"key":"847_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor, P. (2023). Intermediation, disintermediation and reintermediation: Tourism distribution in the electronic age. In A. M. Morrison, & D. Buhalis (Eds.), Routledge handbook of trends and issues in global tourism supply and demand (pp. 179\u2013188). Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781003260790-19","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003260790-19"},{"key":"847_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onder, I., & Acikgoz, F. (2023). Blockchain for tourism and hospitality industries. Taylor & Francis.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003351917"},{"issue":"1","key":"847_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-018-1433-8","volume":"31","author":"E Oztemel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oztemel, E., & Gursev, S. (2020). Literature review of Industry 4.0 and related technologies. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 31(1), 127\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10845-018-1433-8","journal-title":"Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing"},{"issue":"3","key":"847_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s40558-019-00160-3","volume":"22","author":"T Pencarelli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pencarelli, T. (2020). The digital revolution in the travel and tourism industry. Information Technology & Tourism, 22(3), 455\u2013476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40558-019-00160-3","journal-title":"Information Technology & Tourism"},{"issue":"6","key":"847_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9060947","volume":"9","author":"R Peng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peng, R., Lou, Y., Kadoch, M., & Cheriet, M. (2020). A human-guided machine learning approach for 5G smart tourism IoT. Electronics, 9(6), Article 947. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics9060947","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"issue":"2","key":"847_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3233\/IP-170067","volume":"23","author":"GV Pereira","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pereira, G. V., Parycek, P., Falco, E., & Kleinhans, R. (2018). Smart governance in the context of smart cities: A literature review. Information Polity, 23(2), 143\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/IP-170067","journal-title":"Information Polity"},{"key":"847_CR62","unstructured":"Randieri C. (2023, September 18). The metaverse: Shaping the future of the internet and business through AI integration. Forbes. Retrieved October 25, 2025, from https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/forbestechcouncil\/2023\/09\/18\/the-metaverse-shaping-the-future-of-the-internet-and-business-through-ai-integration\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"847_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1177\/10963480231191192","volume":"49","author":"B Rathjens","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rathjens, B., Gunden, N., Zhang, L., Jain, G., & Law, R. (2023). A systematic review of contactless technologies research in hospitality and tourism during the COVID-pandemic. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 49(2), 351\u2013365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10963480231191192","journal-title":"Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"847_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-023-00623-w","volume":"33","author":"SM Sch\u00f6bel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6bel, S. M., & Leimeister, J. M. (2023). Metaverse platform ecosystems. Electronic Markets, 33,\u00a012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12525-023-00623-w","journal-title":"Electronic Markets"},{"issue":"3","key":"847_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1108\/TR-06-2019-0235","volume":"76","author":"S Shafiee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shafiee, S., Ghatari, A. R., Hasanzadeh, A., & Jahanyan, S. (2021). Smart tourism destinations: A systematic review. Tourism Review, 76(3), 505\u2013528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/TR-06-2019-0235","journal-title":"Tourism Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"847_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su12041470","volume":"12","author":"S Shen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shen, S., Sotiriadis, M., & Zhou, Q. (2020). Could smart tourists be sustainable and responsible as well? The contribution of social networking sites to improving their sustainable and responsible behavior. Sustainability, 12(4), Article 1470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su12041470","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"2","key":"847_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1177\/00472875231214196","volume":"64","author":"S Shin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shin, S., Kim, J., Lee, E., Yhee, Y., & Koo, C. (2023). ChatGPT for trip planning: The effect of narrowing down options. Journal of Travel Research, 64(2), 247\u2013266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00472875231214196","journal-title":"Journal of Travel Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"847_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1108\/WHATT-12-2017-0083","volume":"10","author":"P Signorile","year":"2018","unstructured":"Signorile, P., Larosa, V., & Spiru, A. (2018). Mobility as a service: A new model for sustainable mobility in tourism. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 10(2), 185\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/WHATT-12-2017-0083","journal-title":"Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes"},{"key":"847_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s40558-025-00317-3","volume":"27","author":"U Stankov","year":"2025","unstructured":"Stankov, U., Gretzel, U., & Vuji\u010di\u0107, M. D. (2025). AI-powered smartphones and phygital tourism experiences: Implications and future research directions. Information Technology & Tourism, 27, 307\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40558-025-00317-3","journal-title":"Information Technology & Tourism"},{"issue":"3","key":"847_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.52255\/smarttourism.2024.4.3.1","volume":"4","author":"T Um","year":"2024","unstructured":"Um, T., & Koo, C. (2024). Techtalk interview: The era of AI for hospitality and tourism in academia: Ulrike Gretzel, Sara Dolnicar, Jame Petrick, Rainer Alt, Zheng Xiang, Bernard Jansen, Chulmo Koo. Journal of Smart Tourism, 4(3), 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52255\/smarttourism.2024.4.3.1","journal-title":"Journal of Smart Tourism"},{"key":"847_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, D., & Xiang, Z. (2012). The new landscape of travel: A comprehensive analysis of smartphone apps. In M. Fuchs, F. Ricci, & L. Cantoni (Eds.), Information and communication technologies in tourism 2012 (pp. 308\u2013319). Springer.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-7091-1142-0_27","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-1142-0_27"},{"issue":"1","key":"847_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1177\/0047287514535847","volume":"55","author":"D Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang, D., Xiang, Z., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2016). Smartphone use in everyday life and travel. Journal of Travel Research, 55(1), 52\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0047287514535847","journal-title":"Journal of Travel Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"847_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2021.102759","volume":"59","author":"Z Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Li, M., Lu, J., & Cheng, X. (2022). Business innovation based on artificial intelligence and blockchain technology. Information Processing & Management, 59(1), Article 102759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ipm.2021.102759","journal-title":"Information Processing & Management"},{"key":"847_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2015.12","author":"R Want","year":"2015","unstructured":"Want, R., Schilit, B. N., & Jenson, S. (2015). Enabling the internet of things. Computer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MC.2015.12","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"847_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Werthner, H. (2022). e-tourism: An informatics perspective. In M. Fuchs, U. Gretzel, W. H\u00f6pken, & Z. Xiang (Eds.), Handbook of e-Tourism (pp. 3\u201322). Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-48652-5_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-48652-5_1"},{"key":"847_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Werthner, H., Ghezzi, C., Kramer, J., Nida-R\u00fcmelin, J., Nuseibeh, B., Prem, E., & Stanger, A. (2024). Introduction to digital humanism. Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-45304-5"},{"key":"847_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xiang, Z., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2017). Big data analytics, tourism design and smart tourism. In Z. Xiang, & D. R. Fesenmaier (Eds.), Analytics in Smart Tourism Design: Concepts and Methods (pp. 299\u2013307). Springer Cham.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-44263-1_17","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-44263-1_17"},{"issue":"1","key":"847_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/10963480231163509","volume":"49","author":"FX Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang, F. X., & Wang, Y. (2023). Rethinking metaverse tourism: A taxonomy and an agenda for future research. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 49(1), 3\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10963480231163509","journal-title":"Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"847_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en13061473","volume":"13","author":"T Yigitcanlar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yigitcanlar, T., Desouza, K. C., Butler, L., & Roozkhosh, F. (2020). Contributions and risks of artificial intelligence (AI) in building smarter cities: Insights from a systematic review of the literature. Energies, 13(6), Article 1473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en13061473","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"847_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2018.04.003","volume":"81","author":"T Yigitcanlar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yigitcanlar, T., Kamruzzaman, M., Buys, L., Ioppolo, G., Sabatini-Marques, J., da Costa, E. M., & Yun, J. J. (2018). Understanding \u2018smart cities\u2019: Intertwining development drivers with desired outcomes in a multidimensional framework. Cities, 81, 145\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cities.2018.04.003","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"847_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhong, L., & Dong, Y. (2024). Big data and conventional information sources in sustainable urban tourism. Handbook on Sustainable Urban Tourism, 379\u2013391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4337\/9781803926742.00037","DOI":"10.4337\/9781803926742.00037"}],"container-title":["Electronic Markets"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12525-025-00847-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12525-025-00847-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12525-025-00847-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T13:17:47Z","timestamp":1767619067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12525-025-00847-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["847"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12525-025-00847-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1019-6781","1422-8890"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1019-6781","type":"print"},{"value":"1422-8890","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"108"}}