{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T10:40:45Z","timestamp":1768560045702,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008769","name":"Julius-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Electron Markets"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Where established financial literacy initiatives fail to keep pace with rapidly evolving digital asset markets, new customer learning environments emerge. In the context of crypto assets and the blockchain ecosystem, platform providers, ranging from trading platforms to specialized educational portals, have taken on a central role in promoting knowledge-building among users. However, most providers lack educational expertise. In line with affordance theory, which focuses on possibilities for action emerging from the interplay between users and technology, it is not enough for platforms to provide merely learning opportunities. To promote broader crypto adoption, educational offerings should align with users\u2019 needs. Therefore, this study employs a data-driven persona development approach and analyzes 20 crypto education platforms concerning their implemented learning components. In addition, we apply topic modeling to explore the educational content. These analyses aim to assess the current state of crypto education platforms and to identify the opportunities (affordances) embedded in the design. Based on the insights and an accompanying user survey, we examine which educational offerings are perceived as valuable by different user groups and derive four distinct types of crypto learners: Cautious Strategist, Critical Observer, Curious Gamified Explorer, and Hands-On Practical Experimenter. Our findings reveal a misalignment between current platform design and learner preferences. Across all types, users tend to favor dynamic formats over static, article-based content. Based on affordance theory, we highlight design implications for crypto learning and present data-supported personas to foster more differentiated and user-centered educational strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-025-00863-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T16:27:08Z","timestamp":1768494428000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["When text is not enough: Data-driven personas to explore crypto education affordances through learning platform analysis and survey insights"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9050-7574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Straub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5604-4059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Zei\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Justus","family":"Pehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3830-7000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximilian","family":"Greiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2896-566X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Axel","family":"Winkelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4286-3184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrike","family":"Lechner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"863_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Al Mamun, M. A., Tanchangya, T., Rahman, M. A., Hasan, M. M., Islam, N., & Yeamin, B. (2025). Measuring the influence of fintech innovation towards consumers\u2019 attitude: Moderating role of perceived usefulness. Sustainable Futures, 10, Article 100885. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sftr.2025.100885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sftr.2025.100885"},{"key":"863_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"AlSuwaidi, R. A., & Mertzanis, C. (2024). Financial literacy and fintech market growth around the world. International Review of Financial Analysis,  95(Part B), 103481, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.irfa.2024.103481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.irfa.2024.103481"},{"key":"863_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-023-00687-8","volume":"34","author":"R Alt","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alt, R., Fridgen, G., & Chang, Y. (2024). The future of fintech-towards ubiquitous financial services. Electronic Markets, 34, 3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12525-023-00687-8","journal-title":"Electronic Markets"},{"issue":"2","key":"863_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infoandorg.2017.03.002","volume":"27","author":"C Anderson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Anderson, C., & Robey, D. (2017). Affordance potency: Explaining the actualization of technology affordances. Information and Organization, 27(2), 100\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.infoandorg.2017.03.002","journal-title":"Information and Organization"},{"key":"863_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ante, L., Wazinski, F.-P., Saggu, A. (2023). Digital real estate in the metaverse: An empirical analysis of retail investor motivations. Finance Research Letters,  58(Part A), 104299, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.frl.2023.104299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.frl.2023.104299"},{"key":"863_CR6","first-page":"292","volume":"19","author":"M Aparicio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aparicio, M., Ba\u00e7\u00e3o, F., & Oliveira, T. (2016). An e-learning theoretical framework. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 19, 292\u2013307.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Technology Systems"},{"key":"863_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aprea, C., & Wuttke, E. (2016). Financial literacy of adolescents and young adults: Setting the course for a competence-oriented assessment instrument. International handbook of financial literacy (pp. 397\u2013414). Berlin, Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-10-0360-8_27","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-0360-8_27"},{"key":"863_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aryono, S. A., & Harlili, Satya, D. P. (2019). User interaction design for financial technology mobile application using user-centered design. Proceedings of the International Conference of Advanced Informatics: Concepts, Theory and Applications (ICAICTA 2019), 1\u20136https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICAICTA.2019.8904187","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAICTA.2019.8904187"},{"issue":"3","key":"863_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1017\/flw.2024.2","volume":"1","author":"D Balutel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Balutel, D., Engert, W., Henry, C., Huynh, K. P., Rusu, D., & Voia, M. C. (2023). Crypto and financial literacy of cryptoasset owners versus non-owners: The role of gender differences. Journal of Financial Literacy and Wellbeing, 1(3), 514\u2013540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/flw.2024.2","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Literacy and Wellbeing"},{"key":"863_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-024-00704-4","volume":"34","author":"M Beinke","year":"2024","unstructured":"Beinke, M., Beinke, J. H., Anton, E., & Treuteberg, F. (2024). Breaking the chains of traditional finance: A taxonomy of decentralized finance business models. Electronic Markets, 34, 29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12525-024-00704-4","journal-title":"Electronic Markets"},{"issue":"3","key":"863_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1177\/1094670517691847","volume":"20","author":"SJ Bell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bell, S. J., Auh, S., & Eisingerich, A. B. (2017). Unraveling the customer education paradox: When, and how, should firms educate their customers? Journal of Service Research, 20(3), 306\u2013321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1094670517691847","journal-title":"Journal of Service Research"},{"key":"863_CR12","unstructured":"Bernhard, E., Recker, J., & Burton-Jones, A. (2013). Understanding the actualization of affordances: A study in the process modeling context. Proceedings of the 34th international conference on information systems (ICIS 2013), 1\u201311,"},{"key":"863_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bower, M. (2008). Affordance analysis-Matching learning tasks with learning technologies. Educational media international, 45(1), 3\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09523980701847115","DOI":"10.1080\/09523980701847115"},{"key":"863_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Camacho, S., & Barrios, A. (2022). Social commerce affordances for female entrepreneurship: The case of Facebook. Electronic Markets, 32(3), 1145\u20131167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12525-021-00487-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-021-00487-y"},{"key":"863_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Caxton, S. V. M., Naveen, K., Karthik, R., & Bama, S. S. (2022). User-centered evaluation and design suggestions for NFT marketplaces. Proceedings of the international conference on inventive computation technologies (ICICT 2022), 1214\u20131221, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICICT54344.2022.9850815","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICT54344.2022.9850815"},{"key":"863_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chang, Y.-N., Lim, Y.-K., & Stolterman, E. (2008). Personas: From theory to practices. Proceedings of the 5th Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction: building bridges (NordiCHI 2008), 439\u2013442, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1463160.1463214","DOI":"10.1145\/1463160.1463214"},{"key":"863_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Church, E. M., & Thambusamy, R. (2022). Game-swinging on twitch: An affordances perspective. Electronic Markets, 32(3), 1677\u20131689. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12525-022-00574-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-022-00574-8"},{"key":"863_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Compen, B., De Witte, K., Declercq, K., & Schelfhout, W. (2023). Improving students\u2019 financial literacy by training teachers using an online professional development module. Education economics, 31(1), 77\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09645292.2022.2035322","DOI":"10.1080\/09645292.2022.2035322"},{"key":"863_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cousins, K., Subramanian, H., Esmaeilzadeh, P. (2019). A value-sensitive design perspective of cryptocurrencies: A research agenda. Communications of the Association for Information Systems,  45, 511-547, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17705\/1CAIS.04527","DOI":"10.17705\/1CAIS.04527"},{"key":"863_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The \u201cwhat\u201d and \u201cwhy\u201d of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15327965PLI1104_01","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327965PLI1104_01"},{"key":"863_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dehghani, M. A., Karavidas, D., Rese, A., & Acikgoz, F. (2025). Bridging the adoption gap for cryptocurrencies: Understanding the affordances that impact approach-avoidance behavior for potential users and continuation usage for actual users. Information Technology & People, 38(1), 497\u2013530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ITP-10-2022-0821","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-10-2022-0821"},{"key":"863_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ditton, E., Swinbourne, A., & Myers, T. (2022). Selecting a clustering algorithm: A semi-automated hyperparameter tuning framework for effective persona development. Array, 14, Article 100186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.array.2022.100186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.array.2022.100186"},{"issue":"1","key":"863_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsis.2018.10.002","volume":"28","author":"WD Du","year":"2019","unstructured":"Du, W. D., Pan, S. L., Leidner, D. E., & Ying, W. (2019). Affordances, experimentation and actualization of fintech: A blockchain implementation study. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 28(1), 50\u201365.","journal-title":"The Journal of Strategic Information Systems"},{"key":"863_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Egger, R., & Yu, J. (2022). A topic modeling comparison between lda, nmf, top2vec, and bertopic to demystify twitter posts. Frontiers in Sociology, 7, Article 886498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fsoc.2022.886498","DOI":"10.3389\/fsoc.2022.886498"},{"key":"863_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Evans, S. K., Pearce, K. E., Vitak, J., & Treem, J. W. (2017). Explicating affordances: A conceptual framework for understanding affordances in communication research. Journal of computer-mediated communication, 22(1), 35\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcc4.12180","DOI":"10.1111\/jcc4.12180"},{"key":"863_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ferreira, A., & Sandner, P. (2021). Eu search for regulatory answers to crypto assets and their place in the financial markets\u2019 infrastructure. Computer Law & Security Review, 43, Article 105632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clsr.2021.105632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2021.105632"},{"key":"863_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F\u00f6rster, M., Hommel, M., Aprea, C., F\u00fcrstenau, B., Happ, R., & Wuttke, E. (2026). The afin network: Advancing financial literacy through systematisation, modelling and assessment\u2013introduction to the springerbrief. In Conceptualisation and measurement of financial competence: A holistic approach and implications for financial education (pp. 1\u201310). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. Retrieved from https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-95690-4_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-95690-4_1"},{"key":"863_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fujiki, H. (2021). Crypto asset ownership, financial literacy, and investment experience. Applied Economics, 53(39), 4560\u20134581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00036846.2021.1904125","DOI":"10.1080\/00036846.2021.1904125"},{"key":"863_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Garrison, D. R. (1997). Self-directed learning: Toward a comprehensive model. Adult education quarterly, 48(1), 18\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/074171369704800103","DOI":"10.1177\/074171369704800103"},{"key":"863_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gerlach, J., Hoppe, P., Jagels, S., Licker, L., & Breitner, M. H. (2022). Decision support for efficient xai services-a morphological analysis, business model archetypes, and a decision tree. Electronic Markets, 32(4), 2139\u20132158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12525-022-00603-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-022-00603-6"},{"key":"863_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Giamporcaro, S., & Kuk, G. (2025). Affordances-in-practice: Unravelling blockchain-for-good in sustainable investment. Information Technology & People, 38(5), 2249\u20132283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ITP-05-2022-0349","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-05-2022-0349"},{"key":"863_CR32","volume-title":"The theory of affordances:(1979)","author":"JJ Gibson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gibson, J. J. (2014). The theory of affordances:(1979). Routledge."},{"key":"863_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Goyal, K., & Kumar, S. (2020). Financial literacy: A systematic review and bibliometric analysis. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 45(1), 80\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijcs.12605","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcs.12605"},{"key":"863_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gramlich, V., Guggenberger, T., Principato, M., Schellinger, B., & Urbach, N. (2023). A multivocal literature review of decentralized finance: Current knowledge and future research avenues. Electronic Markets, 33, 1\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12525-023-00637-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-023-00637-4"},{"key":"863_CR35","unstructured":"Gr\u00e4ther, W., Kolvenbach, S., Ruland, R., Sch\u00fctte, J., Torres, C., & Wendland, F. (2018). Blockchain for education: Lifelong learning passport. Proceedings of the 1st ERCIM Blockchain workshop 2018, https:\/\/doi.org\/ 10.18420\/blockchain2018_07"},{"key":"863_CR36","unstructured":"Grootendorst, M. (2022a). The BERTopic algorithm. https:\/\/maartengr.github.io\/BERTopic\/algorithm\/ algorithm.html. (Accessed: 2025-08-10)"},{"key":"863_CR37","unstructured":"Grootendorst, M. (2022b). BERTopic: Neural topic modeling with class-based TF-IDF. arXiv, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2203.05794"},{"key":"863_CR38","unstructured":"Grootendorst, M. (2023). Bertopic - tips and tricks. https:\/\/maartengr.github.io\/BERTopic\/getting started\/ tips and tricks\/tips and tricks.html. (Accessed: 2025-08-10)"},{"key":"863_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guan, C., Ding, D., Ren, J., & Guo, J. (2024). Unveiling the aesthetic \u201cwow factor\u201d: The role of aesthetic incongruity and image quality in NFT art valuation with computer vision. Electronic Markets, 34, 38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12525-024-00722-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-024-00722-2"},{"issue":"7","key":"863_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1108\/INTR-07-2023-0523","volume":"34","author":"M Hina","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hina, M., Islam, N., & Dhir, A. (2024). Blockchain for sustainable consumption: An affordance and consumer value-based view. Internet Research, 34(7), 215\u2013250.","journal-title":"Internet Research"},{"key":"863_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang, P., Tafti, A., Mithas, S. (2018). Platform sponsor investments and user contributions in knowledge communities. MIS Quarterly, 42(1), 213\u2013240, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25300\/MISQ\/2018\/13490","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2018\/13490"},{"key":"863_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jariyapan, P., Mattayaphutron, S., Gillani, S. N., & Shafique, O. (2022). Factors influencing the behavioural intention to use cryptocurrency in emerging economies during the COVID-19 pandemic: Based on technology acceptance model 3, perceived risk, and financial literacy. Frontiers in Psychology, 12,. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.814087","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.814087"},{"key":"863_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, M., Luu, T., & Samuel, B. M. (2025). Measuring crypto literacy. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 59(4), Article e70029.","DOI":"10.1111\/joca.70029"},{"key":"863_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jones, M., Luu, T. J., & Samuel, B. (2024). The interdependence of financial literacy and crypto literacy. Economics Letters, 239, Article 111737. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.econlet.2024.111737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2024.111737"},{"key":"863_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jung, S.-G., Salminen, J., Aldous, K. K., & Jansen, B. J. (2025). Personacraft: Leveraging language models for datadriven persona development. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 197, Article 103445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2025.103445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2025.103445"},{"issue":"2","key":"863_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2021.09.022","volume":"145","author":"T Kaiser","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kaiser, T., Lusardi, A., Menkhoff, L., & Urban, C. (2022). Financial education affects financial knowledge and downstream behaviors. Journal of Financial Economics, 145(2), 255\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfineco.2021.09.022","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Economics"},{"key":"863_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kherwa, P., & Bansal, P. (2019). Topic modeling: A comprehensive review. EAI Endorsed Transactions on Scalable Information Systems, 7(24), Article e2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4108\/eai.13-7-2018.159623","DOI":"10.4108\/eai.13-7-2018.159623"},{"key":"863_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3390\/jrfm14030118","volume":"14","author":"I Kuchciak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kuchciak, I., & Wiktorowicz, J. (2021). Empowering financial education by banks-Social media as a modern channel. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 14, 118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jrfm14030118","journal-title":"Journal of Risk and Financial Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"863_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/apps.12108","volume":"67","author":"FY Kung","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kung, F. Y., Kwok, N., & Brown, D. J. (2018). Are attention check questions a threat to scale validity? Applied Psychology, 67(2), 264\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apps.12108","journal-title":"Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"863_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1509\/jm.10.0348","volume":"75","author":"A Lakshmanan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lakshmanan, A., & Krishnan, H. S. (2011). The aha! experience: Insight and discontinuous learning in product usage. Journal of Marketing, 75(6), 105\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1509\/jm.10.0348","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing"},{"key":"863_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lasfeto, D. (2020). The relationship between self-directed learning and students\u2019 social interaction in online learning environment. Journal of e-learning and Knowledge Society,  16(2), 34\u201341, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20368\/1971-8829\/1135078","DOI":"10.20368\/1971-8829\/1135078"},{"key":"863_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5992","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2025.3575954","volume":"20","author":"G Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, G., Mi, Y., Zhou, J., Zheng, X., & Wu, W. (2025). Group-based detection of cryptocurrency laundering using multi-persona analysis. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 20, 5992\u20136004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIFS.2025.3575954","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security"},{"key":"863_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, H., Wang, W., Yao, Y., Zhao, X., & Zhang, X. (2024). A review of truck driver persona construction for safety management. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 206, Article 107694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2024.10769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.10769"},{"issue":"4","key":"863_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5521","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-021-10829-0","volume":"27","author":"L Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, L., & Xiao, J. (2022). Persona profiling: A multi-dimensional model to study learner subgroups in massive open online courses. Education and Information Technologies, 27(4), 5521\u20135549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-021-10829-0","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"863_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Litterscheidt, R., & Streich, D. J. (2020). Financial education and digital asset management: What\u2019s in the black box? Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 87. Article, 101573,. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socec.2020.101573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socec.2020.101573"},{"issue":"5","key":"863_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5779","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-021-10481-8","volume":"26","author":"F Loukil","year":"2021","unstructured":"Loukil, F., Abed, M., & Boukadi, K. (2021). Blockchain adoption in education: A systematic literature review. Education and information technologies, 26(5), 5779\u20135797. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-021-10481-8","journal-title":"Education and information technologies"},{"issue":"1","key":"863_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41937-019-0027-5","volume":"155","author":"A Lusardi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lusardi, A. (2019). Financial literacy and the need for financial education: Evidence and implications. Swiss journal of economics and statistics, 155(1), 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41937-019-0027-5","journal-title":"Swiss journal of economics and statistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"863_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.52.1.5","volume":"52","author":"A Lusardi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lusardi, A., & Mitchell, O. S. (2014). The economic importance of financial literacy: Theory and evidence. American Economic Journal: Journal of Economic Literature, 52(1), 5\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/jel.52.1.5","journal-title":"American Economic Journal: Journal of Economic Literature"},{"issue":"8","key":"863_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-06-2021-0501","volume":"35","author":"S McCarthy","year":"2022","unstructured":"McCarthy, S., Rowan, W., Kahma, N., Lynch, L., & Erti\u00f6, T. P. (2022). Open e-learning platforms and the design-reality gap: An affordance theory perspective. Information Technology & People, 35(8), 74\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ITP-06-2021-0501","journal-title":"Information Technology & People"},{"issue":"1","key":"863_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2294879","DOI":"10.1080\/23311975.2023.2294879","volume":"11","author":"AW Menberu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Menberu, A. W. (2024). Technology-mediated financial education in developing countries: A systematic literature review. Cogent Business & Management, 11(1), 2294879. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23311975.2023.2294879","journal-title":"Cogent Business & Management"},{"issue":"10","key":"863_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2018.2826537","volume":"45","author":"M Mesgari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mesgari, M., Okoli, C., & de Guinea, A. O. (2018). Creating rich and representative personas by discovering affordances. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 45(10), 967\u2013983. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSE.2018.2826537","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering"},{"issue":"3","key":"863_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1080\/08963568.2024.2352311","volume":"29","author":"K Mireku","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mireku, K. (2024). Determinants of financial literacy among university students: Insight into background and exposure characteristics. Journal of Business & finance liBrarianship, 29(3), 203\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08963568.2024.2352311","journal-title":"Journal of Business & finance liBrarianship"},{"key":"863_CR63","volume-title":"Web scraping with python: Collecting more data from the modern web","author":"R Mitchell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mitchell, R. (2018). Web scraping with python: Collecting more data from the modern web (2nd ed.). Sebastopol, CA: O\u2019Reilly Media.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"4","key":"863_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s11159-019-09793-2","volume":"65","author":"TH Morris","year":"2019","unstructured":"Morris, T. H. (2019). Self-directed learning: A fundamental competence in a rapidly changing world. International Review of Education, 65(4), 633\u2013653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11159-019-09793-2","journal-title":"International Review of Education"},{"key":"863_CR65","volume-title":"The design of everyday things","author":"A Norman Donald","year":"2013","unstructured":"Norman Donald, A. (2013). The design of everyday things. MIT Press."},{"key":"863_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ouadoud, M., Chkouri, M. Y., Nejjari, A., & El Kadiri, K. E. (2016). Studying and comparing the free e-learning platforms. 2016 4th IEEE International Colloquium on Information Science and Technology (CiSt), 581\u2013586, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CIST.2016.7804953","DOI":"10.1109\/CIST.2016.7804953"},{"key":"863_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Palmer, C., Hubbard, E.-M., Grant, R., & Goh, Y. M. (2025). Personas to inform cognitive interaction with a digital twin. Journal of Industrial Information Integration, 47, Article 100893. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jii.2025.100893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jii.2025.100893"},{"key":"863_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patkar, N., & Seyff, N. (2023). Data-driven persona creation, validation, and evolution. International Working Conference on Requirements Engineering: Foundation for Software Quality, 262\u2013271, https:\/\/doi.org\/ 10.1007\/978-3-031-29786-1 18","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-29786-1_18"},{"key":"863_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pi\u00f1eiro-Chousa, J., \u00c1ngeles L\u00f3pez-Cabarcos, M., Sevic, A., & Gonz\u00e1lez-L\u00f3pez, I. (2022). A preliminary assessment of the performance of defi cryptocurrencies in relation to other financial assets, volatility, and user-generated content. Technological Forecasting and Social Change,181, Article 121740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.techfore.2022.121740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2022.121740"},{"key":"863_CR70","unstructured":"Pintrich, P., Smith, D., Duncan, T., & McKeachie, W. (1991). A manual for the use of the motivated strategies for learning questionnaire (MSLQ). ERIC, 1\u201380,"},{"issue":"3","key":"863_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164493053003024","volume":"53","author":"PR Pintrich","year":"1993","unstructured":"Pintrich, P. R., Smith, D. A., Garcia, T., & McKeachie, W. J. (1993). Reliability and predictive validity of the motivated strategies for learning questionnaire (MSLQ). Educational and psychological measurement, 53(3), 801\u2013813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0013164493053003024","journal-title":"Educational and psychological measurement"},{"key":"863_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00f6der, M., Both, A., & Hinneburg, A. (2015). Exploring the space of topic coherence measures. Proceedings of the Eighth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (WSDM), 399\u2013408, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2684822.2685324","DOI":"10.1145\/2684822.2685324"},{"key":"863_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rehman, M.H.u., Salah, K., Damiani, E., Svetinovic, D. (2019). Trust in blockchain cryptocurrency ecosystem. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 67(4), 1196\u20131212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TEM.2019.2948861","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2019.2948861"},{"key":"863_CR74","unstructured":"Rogers, E. M., Singhal, A., & Quinlan, M. M. (2014). Diffusion of innovations. An integrated approach to communication theory and research (pp. 432\u2013448). Routledge."},{"key":"863_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saeedi, A., & Al-Fattal, A. (2025). Examining trust in cryptocurrency investment: Insights from the structural equation modeling. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 210, Article 123882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.techfore.2024.123882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2024.123882"},{"key":"863_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salminen, J., Guan, K., Jung, S.-G., Chowdhury, S. A., & Jansen, B. J. (2020). A literature review of quantitative persona creation. Proceedings of the 2020 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems, 1\u201314, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3313831.3376502","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376502"},{"issue":"18","key":"863_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2021.1908670","volume":"37","author":"J Salminen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Salminen, J., Guan, K., Jung, S.-G., & Jansen, B. J. (2021). A survey of 15 years of data-driven persona development. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 37(18), 1685\u20131708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10447318.2021.1908670","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction"},{"issue":"1","key":"863_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-017-0869-4","volume":"17","author":"AP Sawatsky","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sawatsky, A. P., Ratelle, J. T., Bonnes, S. L., Egginton, J. S., & Beckman, T. J. (2017). A model of self-directed learning in internal medicine residency: A qualitative study using grounded theory. BMC Medical Education, 17(1), 31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-017-0869-4","journal-title":"BMC Medical Education"},{"key":"863_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sch\u00e4r, F. (2021). Decentralized finance: On blockchain-and smart contract-based financial markets. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review,  103, 153\u2013174, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20955\/r.103.153-74","DOI":"10.20955\/r.103.153-74"},{"key":"863_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-023-00671-2","volume":"33","author":"R Schmidt","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schmidt, R., Alt, R., & Zimmermann, A. (2023). Assistant platforms. Electronic Markets, 33, 59. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12525-023-00671-2","journal-title":"Electronic Markets"},{"key":"863_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Siqueira, \u00c9.S., Diniz, E.H., Pozzebon, M. (2023). Surveilled inclusion and the pitfalls of social fintech platforms. Journal of the Association for Information Systems,  24(5), 1292\u20131312, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17705\/1jais.00815","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00815"},{"issue":"2","key":"863_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-019-00359-6","volume":"30","author":"E Stoeckli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stoeckli, E., Dremel, C., Uebernickel, F., & Brenner, W. (2020). How affordances of chatbots cross the chasm between social and traditional enterprise systems. Electronic Markets, 30(2), 369\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12525-019-00359-6","journal-title":"Electronic Markets"},{"issue":"5","key":"863_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/s11573-017-0853-9","volume":"87","author":"OA Stolper","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stolper, O. A., & Walter, A. (2017). Financial literacy, financial advice, and financial behavior. Journal Of Business Economics, 87(5), 581\u2013643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11573-017-0853-9","journal-title":"Journal Of Business Economics"},{"key":"863_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Strong, D.M., Volkoff, O., Johnson, S.A., Pelletier, L.R., Tulu, B., Bar-On, I., Trudel, J., Garber, L. (2014). A theory of organization-EHR affordance actualization. Journal of the Association for Information Systems,  15(2), 2, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17705\/1jais.00353","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00353"},{"issue":"10","key":"863_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.3991\/ijet.v13i10.9455","volume":"13","author":"H Sun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sun, H., Wang, X., & Wang, X. (2018). Application of blockchain technology in online education. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 13(10), 252\u2013259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3991\/ijet.v13i10.9455","journal-title":"International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"863_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-022-00533-3","volume":"32","author":"N Szozda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Szozda, N., & Swierczek, A. (2022). Upstream and downstream dyad governance within the network structures: Creating supply chain governance for the customized products. Electronic Markets, 32(2), 873\u2013898. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12525-022-00533-3","journal-title":"Electronic Markets"},{"key":"863_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Teixeira, P., Teixeira, L., Silva, S., & Eus\u00e9bio, C. (2025). Technology-based approaches for accessible tourism: Using personas to understand stakeholders characteristics and motivations. Data and Information Management, 9, Article 100095. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dim.2025.100095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dim.2025.100095"},{"key":"863_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1080\/17530350.2021.1882537","volume":"14","author":"A van der Heide","year":"2021","unstructured":"van der Heide, A., & \u017delinsk\u00fd, D. (2021). Level up your money game: An analysis of gamification discourse in financial services. Journal of Cultural Economy, 14, 711\u2013731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17530350.2021.1882537","journal-title":"Journal of Cultural Economy"},{"issue":"1","key":"863_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-020-00394-8","volume":"31","author":"EE Vazquez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vazquez, E. E. (2021). Effect of an e-retailer\u2019s product category and social media platform selection on perceived quality of e-retail products. Electronic Markets, 31(1), 139\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12525-020-00394-8","journal-title":"Electronic Markets"},{"key":"863_CR90","unstructured":"vom Brocke, J., Simons, A., Niehaves, B., Riemer, K., Plattfaut, R., & Cleven, A. (2009). Reconstructing the giant: On the importance of rigour in documenting the literature search process. ECIS 2009 Proceedings, 1\u201312,"},{"key":"863_CR91","unstructured":"Voskobojnikov, A., Abramova, S., Beznosov, K. K., & B\u00f6hme, R. (2021). Non-adoption of crypto-assets: Exploring the role of trust, self-efficacy, and risk. ECIS 2021 Research Papers"},{"key":"863_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Arora, C., Liu, X., Hoang, T., Malhotra, V., Cheng, B., & Grundy, J. (2025). Who uses personas in requirements engineering: The practitioners\u2019 perspective. Information and Software Technology, 178, Article 107609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.infsof.2024.107609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2024.107609"},{"key":"863_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1963.10500845","volume":"58","author":"JH Ward","year":"1963","unstructured":"Ward, J. H. (1963). Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 58, 236\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01621459.1963.10500845","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"4","key":"863_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/bdm.414","volume":"15","author":"EU Weber","year":"2002","unstructured":"Weber, E. U., Blais, A.-R., & Betz, N. E. (2002). A domain-specific risk-attitude scale: Measuring risk perceptions and risk behaviors. Journal of behavioral decision making, 15(4), 263\u2013290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdm.414","journal-title":"Journal of behavioral decision making"},{"issue":"1","key":"863_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/21532974.2023.2291370","volume":"40","author":"R Weinhandl","year":"2024","unstructured":"Weinhandl, R., Kleinferchner, L., Riegler, V., Schobersberger, C., Houghton, T., Lavicza, Z., & Laina, V. (2024). Using student personas when developing digital mathematics learning resources to improve teacher training. Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education, 40(1), 57\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21532974.2023.2291370","journal-title":"Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"863_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.3.429","volume":"101","author":"LE Willis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Willis, L. E. (2011). The financial education fallacy. American Economic Review, 101(3), 429\u2013434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/aer.101.3.429","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"863_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215824402312028","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440231202821","volume":"13","author":"S Xue","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xue, S., Wang, C., & Muhaimaiti, M. (2023). Examining the affordances of an online learning platform: A usefulness theoretical perspective. SAGE Open, 13(4), 21582440231202820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/21582440231202821","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"key":"863_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Xu, L., Gao, Y., Zhang, C., & Wang, A. (2025). Tailored personas for self-management in home-based cardiac rehabilitation for patients with coronary heart disease: A qualitative study. International journal of nursing studies, 163, Article 105000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2025.105000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2025.105000"},{"key":"863_CR99","unstructured":"Zei\u00df, C. (2025). Failing to see the obvious? How financial crypto literacy shapes the future of fintech platforms in the disruptive blockchain era. AMCIS 2025 Proceedings. Retrieved from https:\/\/aisel.aisnet.org\/amcis2025\/sig%5Fdite\/sig%5Fdite\/12"},{"key":"863_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zei\u00df, C., Schaschek, M., Straub, L., Tomitza, C., & Winkelmann, A. (2024a). Re-intermediation of the crypto asset ecosystem by banks: An empirical study on acceptance drivers among the populace. Electronic Markets, 34, 37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12525-024-00720-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-024-00720-4"},{"key":"863_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zei\u00df, C., Straub, L., Hahn, V., Lang, K., Schaschek, M., Tomitza, C., & Winkelmann, A. (2024b). Designing for banking resilience: A defi e-learning solution. International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology, 325\u2013338,. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-61175-9_22","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-61175-9_22"},{"key":"863_CR102","unstructured":"Zeiss, C., Straub, L., Schaschek, M., & Winkelmann, A. (2024). The obscure world of digital assets-design principles for user-centered platforms. ECIS 2024 Proceedings"},{"key":"863_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Brown, H.-F., Shankar, A. (2016). Data-driven personas: Constructing archetypal users with clickstreams and user telemetry. Proceedings of the 2016 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems, 5350\u20135359https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2858036.2858523","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858523"},{"issue":"4","key":"863_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-023-00996-x","volume":"23","author":"R Zhong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhong, R., Han, S., & Wang, Z. (2024). Developing personas for live streaming commerce platforms with user survey data. Universal Access in the Information Society, 23(4), 1705\u20131721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10209-023-00996-x","journal-title":"Universal Access in the Information Society"},{"issue":"4","key":"863_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-476X(86)90027-5","volume":"11","author":"BJ Zimmerman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Zimmerman, B. J. (1986). Becoming a self-regulated learner: Which are the key subprocesses? Contemporary educational psychology, 11(4), 307\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0361-476X(86)90027-5","journal-title":"Contemporary educational psychology"}],"container-title":["Electronic Markets"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12525-025-00863-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12525-025-00863-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12525-025-00863-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T16:27:31Z","timestamp":1768494451000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12525-025-00863-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["863"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12525-025-00863-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1019-6781","1422-8890"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1019-6781","type":"print"},{"value":"1422-8890","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"11"}}