{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T08:38:35Z","timestamp":1771922315805,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":151,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Stavanger & Stavanger University Hospital"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Electron Markets"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This paper provides an overview of gig economy literature up to June 2025, identifying key themes and future research directions. Using multiple bibliometric techniques (co-citation analysis, co-word analysis, bibliographic coupling, and the \u201cinvisible colleges\u201d framework), this paper examines major trends in the field. Co-citation analysis highlights topics such as defining the gig economy, innovation, worker well-being, spatial crowdsourcing, and volunteered geographical information. Co-word analysis emphasizes data generation, conceptualization, and enabling mechanisms as influential themes. Bibliographic coupling identifies emerging areas, including gig economy applications in innovation, health research, data collection, and ecological prevention. The analysis covers data up to 2021, with findings compared against literature from 2022 to 2025 to assess predictive value and integrate new developments. Results reveal an expanding conceptual and thematic landscape, demonstrating the role of bibliometric analysis in anticipating research directions and informing future inquiry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-026-00878-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T07:33:32Z","timestamp":1771918412000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantifying the gig economy\u2019s evolution: A bibliometric exploration of historical patterns and future projections"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3723-8568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldijana","family":"Bunjak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Zehnder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"878_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abramo, G., Costa, C., & D\u2019Angelo, C. A. (2015). A multivariate stochastic model to assess research performance. Scientometrics, 102(2), 1755\u20131772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-014-1474-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-014-1474-5"},{"key":"878_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-00982-4","author":"R Barzilay","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barzilay, R., Moore, T. M., Greenberg, D. M., DiDomenico, G. E., Brown, L. A., White, L. K., Gur, R. C., & Gur, R. E. (2020). Resilience, COVID-19-related stress, anxiety and depression during the pandemic in a large population enriched for healthcare providers. Translational Psychiatry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-020-00982-4","journal-title":"Translational Psychiatry"},{"key":"878_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Batisti\u010d, S., \u010cerne, M., & Vogel, B. (2017). Just how multi-level is leadership research? A document co-citation analysis 1980\u20132013 on leadership constructs and outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 28(1), 86\u2013103.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-014-1474-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-014-1474-5"},{"issue":"2","key":"878_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/admsci12020051","volume":"12","author":"A Batmunkh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Batmunkh, A., Fekete-Farkas, M., & Lakner, Z. (2022). Bibliometric analysis of gig economy. Administrative Sciences, 12(2), Article 51. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/admsci12020051","journal-title":"Administrative Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"878_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1120.1599","volume":"59","author":"BL Bayus","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bayus, B. L. (2013). Crowdsourcing new product ideas over time: An analysis of the Dell IdeaStorm Community. Management Science, 59(1), 226\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/mnsc.1120.1599","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"878_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-011-0081-0","volume":"43","author":"TS Behrend","year":"2011","unstructured":"Behrend, T. S., Sharek, D. J., Meade, A. W., & Wiebe, E. N. (2011). The viability of crowdsourcing for survey research. Behavior Research Methods, 43(3), 800\u2013813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-011-0081-0","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"878_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Berinsky, A. J., Huber, G. A., & Lenz, G. S. (2012). Evaluating online labor markets for experimental research: Amazon.com\u2019s Mechanical Turk. Political Analysis, 20(3), 351\u2013368.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pan\/mpr057","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpr057"},{"issue":"1","key":"878_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1177\/0963662515607406","volume":"25","author":"R Bonney","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bonney, R., Phillips, T. B., Ballard, H. L., & Enck, J. W. (2015). Can citizen science enhance public understanding of science? Public Understanding of Science, 25(1), 2\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0963662515607406","journal-title":"Public Understanding of Science"},{"key":"878_CR9","unstructured":"Boudreau, K. J., & Lakhani, K. R. (2013). Using the crowd as an innovation partner. Harvard Business Review, 91(4), 60\u201369.\u00a0https:\/\/europepmc.org\/article\/med\/23593768"},{"issue":"5","key":"878_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1110.1322","volume":"57","author":"KJ Boudreau","year":"2011","unstructured":"Boudreau, K. J., Lacetera, N., & Lakhani, K. R. (2011). Incentives and problem uncertainty in innovation contests: An empirical analysis. Management Science, 57(5), 843\u2013863. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/mnsc.1110.1322","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"12","key":"878_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21419","volume":"61","author":"KW Boyack","year":"2010","unstructured":"Boyack, K. W., & Klavans, R. (2010). Co-citation analysis, bibliographic coupling, and direct citation: Which citation approach represents the research front most accurately? Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 61(12), 2389\u20132404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asi.21419","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"878_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-005-0255-6","volume":"64","author":"KW Boyack","year":"2005","unstructured":"Boyack, K. W., Klavans, R., & B\u00f6rner, K. (2005). Mapping the backbone of science. Scientometrics, 64(3), 351\u2013374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-005-0255-6","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"878_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1080\/13691181003624090","volume":"13","author":"DC Brabham","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brabham, D. C. (2010). Moving the crowd at threadless. Information, Communication & Society, 13(8), 1122\u20131145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13691181003624090","journal-title":"Information, Communication & Society"},{"key":"878_CR14","unstructured":"Brinkley, I. (2016). In search of the gig economy.\u00a0Retrieved January 2025\u00a0https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/media\/lancaster-university\/content-assets\/documents\/lums\/work-foundation\/reports\/407_In-search-of-the-gig-economy_June2016_Access(1).pdf"},{"key":"878_CR15","unstructured":"Brown, T. (2009). The gig economy. Blog post. The Daily Beast.\u00a0Retrieved January 2025\u00a0from https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/the-gig-economy"},{"issue":"3","key":"878_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-013-0403-5","volume":"46","author":"M Brysbaert","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brysbaert, M., Warriner, A. B., & Kuperman, V. (2013). Concreteness ratings for 40 thousand generally known English word lemmas. Behavior Research Methods, 46(3), 904\u2013911. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-013-0403-5","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"878_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2016). Amazon\u2019s Mechanical Turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data?\u00a0In A. E. Kazdin (Ed.),\u00a0Methodological issues\u00a0and strategies in clinical research\u00a0(4th ed., pp. 133\u2013139). American Psychological\u00a0Association.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/14805-009","DOI":"10.1037\/14805-009"},{"key":"878_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.792599","volume":"13","author":"A Bunjak","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bunjak, A., \u010cerne, M., & Sch\u00f6lly, E. L. (2022). Exploring the past, present, and future of the mindfulness field: A multitechnique bibliometric review. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 792599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.792599","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"878_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Callon, M., Courtial, J. P., Turner, W. A., & Bauin, S. (1983). From translations to problematic networks: An introduction to co-word analysis. Social Science Information, 22(2), 191\u2013235.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/053901883022002003","DOI":"10.1177\/053901883022002003"},{"key":"878_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.09.053","volume":"123","author":"A Caputo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Caputo, A., Pizzi, S., Pellegrini, M. M., & Dabic, M. (2021). Digitalization andbusiness models: Where are we going? A science map of the field. Journal of Business Research, 123, 489\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.09.053","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"key":"878_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carmona-Serrano, N., L\u00f3pez-Belmonte, J., L\u00f3pez-N\u00fa\u00f1ez, J.-A., & Moreno-Guerrero, A.-J. (2020). Trends in autism research in the field of education in Web of Science: A bibliometric study. Brain Sciences, 10(12), Article 1018.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci10121018","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10121018"},{"key":"878_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cerne, M., Ka\u0161e, R., & \u0160kerlavaj, M. (2016). Non-technological innovation research: Evaluating the intellectual structure and prospects of an emerging field. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 32(2), 69\u201385.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scaman.2016.02.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scaman.2016.02.001"},{"issue":"5","key":"878_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/mic.2012.70","volume":"16","author":"G Chatzimilioudis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chatzimilioudis, G., Konstantinidis, A., Laoudias, C., & Zeinalipour-Yazti, D. (2012). Crowdsourcing with smartphones. IEEE Internet Computing, 16(5), 36\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/mic.2012.70","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Computing"},{"key":"878_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Jiang, L., & Li, C. (2022). Label augmented and weighted majority voting for crowdsourcing. Information Sciences, 606, 397\u2013409.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ins.2022.05.066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2022.05.066"},{"issue":"7307","key":"878_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09304","volume":"466","author":"S Cooper","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cooper, S., Khatib, F., Treuille, A., Barbero, J., Lee, J., Beenen, M., Leaver-Fay, A., Baker, D., Popovi\u0107, Z., & Players, F. (2010). Predicting protein structures with a multiplayer online game. Nature, 466(7307), 756\u2013760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature09304","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"878_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1177\/0309132508094074","volume":"33","author":"JW Crampton","year":"2009","unstructured":"Crampton, J. W. (2009). Cartography: Maps 2.0. Progress in Human Geography, 33(1), 91\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0309132508094074","journal-title":"Progress in Human Geography"},{"issue":"1","key":"878_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9671.2012.01359.x","volume":"17","author":"A Crooks","year":"2012","unstructured":"Crooks, A., Croitoru, A., Stefanidis, A., & Radzikowski, J. (2012). #earthquake: Twitter as a distributed sensor system. Transactions in GIS, 17(1), 124\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9671.2012.01359.x","journal-title":"Transactions in GIS"},{"key":"878_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgdyn.2023.101010","author":"R Cropanzano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cropanzano, R., & Lehman, M. (2023). What Henri Fayol couldn\u2019t know: Managing gig workers in the new economy. Organizational Dynamics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.orgdyn.2023.101010","journal-title":"Organizational Dynamics"},{"key":"878_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/apl0001029","author":"R Cropanzano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cropanzano, R., Keplinger, K., Lambert, B. K., Caza, B., & Ashford, S. J. (2022). The organizational psychology of gig work: An integrative conceptual review. Journal of Applied Psychology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/apl0001029","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"878_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057410","volume":"8","author":"MJC Crump","year":"2013","unstructured":"Crump, M. J. C., McDonnell, J. V., & Gureckis, T. M. (2013). Evaluating Amazon\u2019s Mechanical Turk as a tool for experimental behavioral research. PLoS ONE, 8(3), Article e57410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0057410","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"878_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.32.2.156","volume":"32","author":"MJ Culnan","year":"1986","unstructured":"Culnan, M. J. (1986). The intellectual development of management information systems, 1972\u20131982: A co-citation analysis. Management Science, 32(2), 156\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/mnsc.32.2.156","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"878_CR32","first-page":"2667","volume":"14","author":"NM Curran","year":"2020","unstructured":"Curran, N. M. (2020). Intersectional English(es) and the gig economy: Teaching English online. International Journal of Communication, 14, 2667\u20132686.","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"issue":"3","key":"878_CR33","first-page":"471","volume":"37","author":"VM De Stefano","year":"2016","unstructured":"De Stefano, V. M. (2016). The rise of the \u2018just-in-time workforce\u2019: On-demand work, crowd work and labour protection in the \u2018gig-economy.\u2019 Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal, 37(3), 471\u2013504.","journal-title":"Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal"},{"key":"878_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1109\/cvpr.2009.5206848","volume":"2009","author":"J Deng","year":"2009","unstructured":"Deng, J., Dong, W., Socher, R., Li, L.-J., Li, K., & Fei-Fei, L. (2009). ImageNet: A large-scale hierarchical image database. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2009, 248\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/cvpr.2009.5206848","journal-title":"IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"878_CR35","unstructured":"Dewhurst, M. (2017). We are not entrepreneurs. In M. Graham & J. Shaw (Eds.), Towards a\u00a0fairer gig economy (pp. 20\u201323). Meatspace Press."},{"key":"878_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.04.070","volume":"133","author":"N Donthu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Donthu, N., Kumar, S., Mukherjee, D., Pandey, N., & Lim, W. M. (2021). How to conduct a bibliometric analysis: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 133, 285\u2013296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.04.070","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"key":"878_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4225\/50\/5b2894cf601d2","author":"I Dosen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dosen, I., & Graham, M. (2018). Labour Rights in the Gig Economy: An Explainer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4225\/50\/5b2894cf601d2","journal-title":"Labour Rights in the Gig Economy: An Explainer."},{"issue":"4","key":"878_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9310.2009.00564.x","volume":"39","author":"W Ebner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ebner, W., Leimeister, J. M., & Krcmar, H. (2009). Community engineering for innovations: The ideas competition as a method to nurture a virtual community for innovations. R & D Management, 39(4), 342\u2013356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9310.2009.00564.x","journal-title":"R & D Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"878_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2109","volume":"30","author":"CB Eiben","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eiben, C. B., Siegel, J. B., Bale, J. B., Cooper, S., Khatib, F., Shen, B. W., Players, F., Stoddard, B. L., Popovic, Z., & Baker, D. (2012). Increased Diels-Alderase activity through backbone remodeling guided by Foldit players. Nature Biotechnology, 30(2), 190\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nbt.2109","journal-title":"Nature Biotechnology"},{"issue":"2","key":"878_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551512437638","volume":"38","author":"E Estell\u00e9s-Arolas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Estell\u00e9s-Arolas, E., & Gonz\u00e1lez-Ladr\u00f3n-de-Guevara, F. (2012). Towards an integrated crowdsourcing definition. Journal of Information Science, 38(2), 189\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0165551512437638","journal-title":"Journal of Information Science"},{"key":"878_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Estell\u00e9s-Arolas, E., Navarro-Giner, R., & Gonz\u00e1lez-Ladr\u00f3n-de-Guevara, F. (2015). Crowdsourcing fundamentals: Definition and typology. In Garrigos-Simon, F. J., Gil-Pechu\u00e1n, I. & Estelles-Miguel, S. (Eds.). Advances in crowdsourcing (pp. 33\u201348). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-18341-1_3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-18341-1_3"},{"key":"878_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Faizah, S. N., & Agustina, T. S. (2025). Mapping the gig economy: A systematic review and bibliometric analysis of gig worker research. Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis Dan Kewirausahaan, 5(1), 114\u2013125.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22219\/jamanika.v5i1.39801","DOI":"10.22219\/jamanika.v5i1.39801"},{"key":"878_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Feng, Z., Zhu, Y., Zhang, Q., Ni, L. M., & Vasilakos, A. V. (2014). TRAC: Truthful auction for location-aware collaborative sensing in mobile crowdsourcing. IEEE INFOCOM 2014 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/infocom.2014.6848055","DOI":"10.1109\/infocom.2014.6848055"},{"key":"878_CR44","unstructured":"Freelancers Union, & Upwork. (2017).\u00a0Freelancing in America: 2017. Retrieved May 2024 https:\/\/assets.freelancersunion.org\/media\/documents\/FreelancingInAmericaReport-2017.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"878_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.4337\/roke.2014.02.03","volume":"2","author":"G Friedman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Friedman, G. (2014). Workers without employers: Shadow corporations and the rise of the gig economy. Review of Keynesian Economics, 2(2), 171\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4337\/roke.2014.02.03","journal-title":"Review of Keynesian Economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"878_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.3390\/rs1030345","volume":"1","author":"S Fritz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fritz, S., McCallum, I., Schill, C., Perger, C., Grillmayer, R., Achard, F., Kraxner, F., & Obersteiner, M. (2009). Geo-Wiki.org: The use of crowdsourcing to improve global land cover. Remote Sensing, 1(3), 345\u2013354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs1030345","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"11","key":"878_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1109\/mcom.2011.6069707","volume":"49","author":"RK Ganti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ganti, R. K., Ye, F., & Lei, H. (2011). Mobile crowdsensing: Current state and future challenges. IEEE Communications Magazine, 49(11), 32\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/mcom.2011.6069707","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Magazine"},{"issue":"3","key":"878_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1109\/mis.2011.52","volume":"26","author":"H Gao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gao, H., Barbier, G., & Goolsby, R. (2011). Harnessing the crowdsourcing power of social media for disaster relief. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 26(3), 10\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/mis.2011.52","journal-title":"IEEE Intelligent Systems"},{"issue":"4","key":"878_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02019306","volume":"1","author":"E Garfield","year":"1979","unstructured":"Garfield, E. (1979). Is citation analysis a legitimate evaluation tool? Scientometrics, 1(4), 359\u2013375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf02019306","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"878_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.5465\/amp.2017.0010","volume":"34","author":"O Gerwe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gerwe, O., & Silva, R. (2020). Clarifying the sharing economy: Conceptualization, typology, antecedents, and effects. Academy of Management Perspectives, 34(1), 65\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5465\/amp.2017.0010","journal-title":"Academy of Management Perspectives"},{"key":"878_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gilardi, F., Alizadeh, M., & Kubli, M. (2023). ChatGPT outperforms crowd workers for text-annotation tasks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(30), Article e2305016120.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2305016120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2305016120"},{"issue":"3","key":"878_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1080\/17538941003759255","volume":"3","author":"MF Goodchild","year":"2010","unstructured":"Goodchild, M. F., & Glennon, J. A. (2010). Crowdsourcing geographic information for disaster response: A research frontier. International Journal of Digital Earth, 3(3), 231\u2013241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17538941003759255","journal-title":"International Journal of Digital Earth"},{"issue":"2","key":"878_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/1024258916687250","volume":"23","author":"M Graham","year":"2017","unstructured":"Graham, M., Hjorth, I., & Lehdonvirta, V. (2017). Digital labour and development: Impacts of global digital labour platforms and the gig economy on worker livelihoods. Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research, 23(2), 135\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1024258916687250","journal-title":"Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research"},{"key":"878_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/GKMC-02-2023-0056","author":"S Guduru","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guduru, S., Santhanam, N., & Pushparaj, N. (2023). Comprehending the research on the gig economy: A bibliometric approach. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/GKMC-02-2023-0056","journal-title":"Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication"},{"key":"878_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-65173-2","volume-title":"Managing work in the digital economy challenges: Strategies and practices for the next decade","author":"S G\u00fcldenberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"G\u00fcldenberg, S., Ekkehard, E., & North, K. (2021). Managing work in the digital economy challenges: Strategies and practices for the next decade. Springer."},{"issue":"4","key":"878_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1109\/mprv.2008.80","volume":"7","author":"M Haklay","year":"2008","unstructured":"Haklay, M., & Weber, P. (2008). OpenStreetMap: User-generated street maps. IEEE Pervasive Computing, 7(4), 12\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/mprv.2008.80","journal-title":"IEEE Pervasive Computing"},{"key":"878_CR57","unstructured":"Hargrave, M. (2022). Crowdsourcing: Definition, how it works, types, and examples. Retrieved\u00a0March 2025\u00a0from: https:\/\/www.investopedia.com\/terms\/c\/crowdsourcing.asp"},{"issue":"6","key":"878_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2010.06.005","volume":"65","author":"C Heipke","year":"2010","unstructured":"Heipke, C. (2010). Crowdsourcing geospatial data. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 65(6), 550\u2013557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2010.06.005","journal-title":"ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"5","key":"878_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1111\/joes.12274","volume":"32","author":"F Herv\u00e9","year":"2018","unstructured":"Herv\u00e9, F., & Schwienbacher, A. (2018). Crowdfunding and innovation. Journal of Economic Surveys, 32(5), 1514\u20131530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joes.12274","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Surveys"},{"key":"878_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X251336839","author":"AD Hoang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hoang, A. D. (2025). Evaluating bibliometrics reviews: A practical guide for peer review and critical reading. Evaluation Review. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0193841X251336839","journal-title":"Evaluation Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"878_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8691.2011.00589.x","volume":"20","author":"K Hutter","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hutter, K., Hautz, J., F\u00fcller, J., Mueller, J., & Matzler, K. (2011). Communitition: The tension between competition and collaboration in community-based design contests. Creativity and Innovation Management, 20(1), 3\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8691.2011.00589.x","journal-title":"Creativity and Innovation Management"},{"key":"878_CR62","unstructured":"Idoine, C., Krensky, P., Brethenoux, E., Hare, J., Sicular, S., & Vashisth, S. (2018). Magic quadrant for data science and machine-learning platforms. Gartner Research, 1\u201340.\u00a0Retrieved March 2022\u00a0https:\/\/www.gartner.com\/en\/documents\/3860063"},{"issue":"2","key":"878_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1145\/1869086.1869094","volume":"17","author":"PG Ipeirotis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ipeirotis, P. G. (2010). Analyzing the Amazon Mechanical Turk marketplace. XRDS: Crossroads, the ACM Magazine for Students, 17(2), 16\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1869086.1869094","journal-title":"XRDS: Crossroads, the ACM Magazine for Students"},{"key":"878_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ipeirotis, P. G., Provost, F., & Wang, J. (2010). Quality management on Amazon Mechanical Turk. Proceedings of the ACM SIGKDD Workshop on Human Computation, 64\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1837885.1837906","DOI":"10.1145\/1837885.1837906"},{"issue":"1","key":"878_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240907400101","volume":"74","author":"AL Kalleberg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kalleberg, A. L. (2009). Precarious work, insecure workers: Employment relations in transition. American Sociological Review, 74(1), 1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/000312240907400101","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"key":"878_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Katz, L. F., & Krueger, A. B. (2016). The rise and nature of alternative work arrangements in the United States, 1995\u20132015. ILR Review, 72(2), 382\u2013416.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0019793918820008","DOI":"10.1177\/0019793918820008"},{"key":"878_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kazemi, L., & Shahabi, C. (2012). GeoCrowd: Enabling query answering with spatial crowdsourcing. Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems, 189\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2424321.2424346","DOI":"10.1145\/2424321.2424346"},{"issue":"1","key":"878_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.5090140103","volume":"14","author":"MM Kessler","year":"1963","unstructured":"Kessler, M. M. (1963). Bibliographic coupling between scientific papers. American Documentation, 14(1), 10\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asi.5090140103","journal-title":"American Documentation"},{"key":"878_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kozar, \u0141. J., & Bolimowski, S. (2024). Gig economy and sustainable development: Bibliometric analysis and identification of future research directions. Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization & Management, 194, 201\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29119\/1641-3466.2024.194.11","DOI":"10.29119\/1641-3466.2024.194.11"},{"issue":"1","key":"878_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1017\/iop.2015.129","volume":"9","author":"KM Kuhn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kuhn, K. M. (2016). The rise of the \u201cgig economy\u201d and implications for understanding work and workers. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 9(1), 157\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/iop.2015.129","journal-title":"Industrial and Organizational Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"878_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.5465\/amp.2015.0111","volume":"31","author":"KM Kuhn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kuhn, K. M., & Maleki, A. (2017). Micro-entrepreneurs, dependent contractors, and instaserfs: Understanding online labor platform workforces. Academy of Management Perspectives, 31(3), 183\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5465\/amp.2015.0111","journal-title":"Academy of Management Perspectives"},{"key":"878_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kumar, V., Lahiri, A., & Dogan, O. B. (2018). A strategic framework for a profitable business model in the sharing economy. Industrial Marketing Management, 69, 147\u2013160.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.indmarman.2017.08.021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indmarman.2017.08.021"},{"issue":"4","key":"878_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-012-0210-4","volume":"44","author":"V Kuperman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kuperman, V., Stadthagen-Gonzalez, H., & Brysbaert, M. (2012). Age-of-acquisition ratings for 30,000 English words. Behavior Research Methods, 44(4), 978\u2013990. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-012-0210-4","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"878_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"La Paz, A., Merig\u00f3, J. M., Powell, P., Ramaprasad, A., & Syn, T. (2020). Twenty-five years of the Information Systems Journal: A bibliometric and ontological overview. Information Systems Journal, 30(3), 431\u2013457.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/isj.12260","DOI":"10.1111\/isj.12260"},{"key":"878_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lamov\u0161ek, A., & \u010cerne, M. (2023). Past, present and future: A systematic multitechnique bibliometric review of the field of distributed work. Information and Organization, 33(2), Article 100446.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.infoandorg.2022.100446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infoandorg.2022.100446"},{"key":"878_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee, P. C., & Su, H. N. (2010). Investigating the structure of regional innovation system research through keyword co-occurrence and social network analysis. Innovation, 12(1), 26\u201340.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5172\/impp.12.1.26","DOI":"10.5172\/impp.12.1.26"},{"key":"878_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Linders, D. (2012). From e-government to we-government: Defining a typology for citizen coproduction in the age of social media. Government Information Quarterly, 29(4), 446\u2013454.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.giq.2012.06.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2012.06.003"},{"issue":"2","key":"878_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-016-0727-z","volume":"49","author":"L Litman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Litman, L., Robinson, J., & Abberbock, T. (2017). TurkPrime.com: A versatile crowdsourcing data acquisition platform for the behavioral sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 49(2), 433\u2013442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-016-0727-z","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"878_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Little, G., Chilton, L. B., Goldman, M., & Miller, R. C. (2010). TurKit: Human computation algorithms on mechanical turk. Proceedings of the 23nd Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, 57\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1866029.1866040","DOI":"10.1145\/1866029.1866040"},{"key":"878_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, X., Lu, M., Ooi, B. C., Shen, Y., Wu, S., & Zhang, M. (2012). CDAS: A crowdsourcing data analytics system. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, 5(10), 1040\u20131051.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1207.0143","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1207.0143"},{"key":"878_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su13095023","author":"R Malik","year":"2021","unstructured":"Malik, R., Visvizi, A., & Skrzek-Lubasi\u0144ska, M. (2021). The gig economy: Current issues, the debate, and the new avenues of research. Sustainability. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su13095023","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"878_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marzi, G., Balzano, M., Caputo, A., & Pellegrini, M. M. (2025). Guidelines for bibliometric-systematic literature reviews: 10 steps to combine analysis, synthesis and theory development. International Journal of Management Reviews, 27(1), 81\u2013103.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijmr.12381","DOI":"10.1111\/ijmr.12381"},{"issue":"2","key":"878_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1145\/1809400.1809422","volume":"11","author":"W Mason","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mason, W., & Watts, D. J. (2009). Financial incentives and the \u201cperformance of crowds.\u201d ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter, 11(2), 100\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1809400.1809422","journal-title":"ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter"},{"key":"878_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McBurney, M. K., & Novak, P. L. (2002). What is bibliometrics and why should you care?. In Proceedings. IEEE international professional communication conference (pp. 108\u2013114). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPCC.2002.1049094"},{"key":"878_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Meijerink, J., & Bondarouk, T. (2023). The duality of algorithmic management: Toward a research agenda on HRM algorithms, autonomy and value creation. Human Resource Management Review, 33(1), Article 100876.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrmr.2021.100876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrmr.2021.100876"},{"issue":"3","key":"878_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8640.2012.00460.x","volume":"29","author":"SM Mohammad","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mohammad, S. M., & Turney, P. D. (2012). Crowdsourcing a word-emotion association lexicon. Computational Intelligence, 29(3), 436\u2013465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8640.2012.00460.x","journal-title":"Computational Intelligence"},{"key":"878_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M\u00f6hlmannn, M., de Alves Lima Salge, C., & Marabelli, M. (2023). Algorithm sensemaking: How platform workers make sense of algorithmic management. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 24(1), 35\u201364.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17705\/1jais.00774","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00774"},{"key":"878_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.03.008","volume":"158","author":"F Moscone","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moscone, F., Tosetti, E., & Vittadini, G. (2016). The impact of precarious employment on mental health: The case of Italy. Social Science & Medicine, 158, 86\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.03.008","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"878_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mukherjee, D., Lim, W. M., Kumar, S., & Donthu, N. (2022). Guidelines for advancing theory and practice through bibliometric research. Journal of Business Research, 148, 101\u2013115.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2022.04.042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2022.04.042"},{"key":"878_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nash, C., Jarrahi, M. H., Sutherland, W., & Phillips, G. (2018). Digital nomads beyond the buzzword: Defining digital nomadic work and use of digital technologies. In International conference on information (pp. 207\u2013217). Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-78105-1_25"},{"key":"878_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.20544\/horizons.b.04.1.17.p05","volume":"4","author":"V Nasteski","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nasteski, V. (2017). An overview of the supervised machine learning methods. HORIZONS.B, 4, 51\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20544\/horizons.b.04.1.17.p05","journal-title":"HORIZONS.B"},{"key":"878_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Norris, M., & Oppenheim, C. (2007). Comparing alternatives to the Web of Science for coverage of the social sciences\u2019 literature. Journal of Informetrics, 1(2), 161\u2013169.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joi.2006.12.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2006.12.001"},{"key":"878_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Oranburg, S., & Palagashvili, L. (2021). Transaction cost economics, labor law, and the gig economy. Journal of Legal Studies, 50(S2), S219\u2013S237.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/704893","DOI":"10.1086\/704893"},{"key":"878_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3333","DOI":"10.1007\/s11846-024-00738-0","volume":"18","author":"O \u00d6zt\u00fcrk","year":"2024","unstructured":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk, O., Kocaman, R., & Kanbach, D. K. (2024). How to design bibliometric research: An overview and a framework proposal. Review of Managerial Science, 18, 3333\u20133361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11846-024-00738-0","journal-title":"Review of Managerial Science"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"878_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-013-0695-z","volume":"108","author":"G Patterson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Patterson, G., Xu, C., Su, H., & Hays, J. (2014). The SUN attribute database: Beyond categories for deeper scene understanding. International Journal of Computer Vision, 108(1\u20132), 59\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11263-013-0695-z","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Vision"},{"issue":"4","key":"878_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-013-0434-y","volume":"46","author":"E Peer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Peer, E., Vosgerau, J., & Acquisti, A. (2014). Reputation as a sufficient condition for data quality on Amazon Mechanical Turk. Behavior Research Methods, 46(4), 1023\u20131031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-013-0434-y","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"10","key":"878_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/admsci14100267","volume":"14","author":"GR Pilatti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pilatti, G. R., Pinheiro, F. L., & Montini, A. A. (2024). Systematic literature review on gig economy: Power dynamics, worker autonomy, and the role of social networks. Administrative Sciences, 14(10), Article 267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/admsci14100267","journal-title":"Administrative Sciences"},{"key":"878_CR98","first-page":"341","volume":"22","author":"J Pinsof","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pinsof, J. (2015). A new take on an old problem: Employee misclassification in the modern gig-economy. Michigan Telecommunications and Technology Law Review, 22, 341\u2013361.","journal-title":"Michigan Telecommunications and Technology Law Review"},{"key":"878_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.05.026","volume":"198","author":"L Pion-Tonachini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pion-Tonachini, L., Kreutz-Delgado, K., & Makeig, S. (2019). ICLabel: An automated electroencephalographic independent component classifier, dataset, and website. NeuroImage, 198, 181\u2013197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.05.026","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"878_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Podsakoff, N. P., & Bachrach, D. G. (2008). Scholarly influence in the field of management: A bibliometric analysis of the determinants of university and author impact in the management literature in the past quarter century. Journal of Management, 34(4), 641\u2013720.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0149206308319533","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206308319533"},{"issue":"2","key":"878_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5885.2011.00893.x","volume":"29","author":"MK Poetz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Poetz, M. K., & Schreier, M. (2012). The value of crowdsourcing: Can users really compete with professionals in generating new product ideas? Journal of Product Innovation Management, 29(2), 245\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-5885.2011.00893.x","journal-title":"Journal of Product Innovation Management"},{"key":"878_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Poje, T., & Zaman Groff, M. (2022). Mapping ethics education in accounting research: A bibliometric analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 179(2), 451\u2013472.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10551-021-04846-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-021-04846-9"},{"issue":"1","key":"878_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/10630732.2021.2001714","volume":"39","author":"C Popan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Popan, C. (2021). Embodied precariat and digital control in the \u201cgig economy\u201d: The mobile labor of food delivery workers. Journal of Urban Technology, 39(1), 109\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10630732.2021.2001714","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Technology"},{"key":"878_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Premru, M., \u010cerne, M., & Batisti\u010d, S. (2022). The road to the future: A multi-technique bibliometric review and development projections of the Leader\u2013Member Exchange (LMX) research. Sage Open, 12(2), Article 21582440221097688.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/21582440221097688","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440221097688"},{"issue":"1","key":"878_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-013-2536-8","volume":"29","author":"BL Ranard","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ranard, B. L., Ha, Y. P., Meisel, Z. F., Asch, D. A., Hill, S. S., Becker, L. B., Seymour, A. K., & Merchant, R. M. (2014). Crowdsourcing\u2014harnessing the masses to advance health and medicine, a systematic review. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 29(1), 187\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-013-2536-8","journal-title":"Journal of General Internal Medicine"},{"key":"878_CR106","first-page":"3758","volume":"10","author":"A Rosenblat","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rosenblat, A., & Stark, L. (2016). Algorithmic labor and information asymmetries: A case study of Uber\u2019s drivers. International Journal of Communication, 10, 3758\u20133784.","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"issue":"4","key":"878_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2897824.2925954","volume":"35","author":"P Sangkloy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sangkloy, P., Burnell, N., Ham, C., & Hays, J. (2016). The sketchy database: Learning to retrieve badly drawn bunnies. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 35(4), 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2897824.2925954","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Graphics"},{"issue":"1","key":"878_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/10580530.2013.739883","volume":"30","author":"GD Saxton","year":"2013","unstructured":"Saxton, G. D., Oh, O., & Kishore, R. (2013). Rules of crowdsourcing: Models, issues, and systems of control. Information Systems Management, 30(1), 2\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10580530.2013.739883","journal-title":"Information Systems Management"},{"key":"878_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Scuotto, V., Lemaire, S. L. L., Magni, D., & Maalaoui, A. (2022). Extending knowledge-based view: Future trends of corporate social entrepreneurship to fight the gig economy challenges. Journal of Business Research, 139, 1111\u20131122.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.10.060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.10.060"},{"key":"878_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi5050055","author":"L See","year":"2016","unstructured":"See, L., Mooney, P., Foody, G., Bastin, L., Comber, A., Estima, J., Fritz, S., Kerle, N., Jiang, B., Laakso, M., Liu, H. Y., Mil\u010dinski, G., Nik\u0161i\u010d, M., Painho, M., P\u0151d\u00f6r, A., Olteanu-Raimond, A. M., & Rutzinger, M. (2016). Crowdsourcing, citizen science or volunteered geographic information? The current state of crowdsourced geographic information. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi5050055","journal-title":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"},{"issue":"1","key":"878_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3745\/jips.03.0065","volume":"13","author":"PK Sharma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sharma, P. K., Moon, S. Y., & Park, J. H. (2017). Block-VN: A distributed blockchain based vehicular network architecture in smart city. Journal of Information Processing Systems, 13(1), 184\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3745\/jips.03.0065","journal-title":"Journal of Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"878_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, C., & Moreira, A. (2022). Entrepreneurship and the gig economy: A bibliometric analysis. Cuadernos de Gesti\u00f3n, 22(2), 23\u201344.\u00a0http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10810\/56543","DOI":"10.5295\/cdg.211580am"},{"key":"878_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snow, R., O\u2019Connor, B., Jurafsky, D., & Ng, A. Y. (2008). Cheap and fast---But is it good?: Evaluating non-expert annotations for natural language tasks. Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing\u00a0(pp. 254\u2013263). https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.5555\/1613715.1613751","DOI":"10.3115\/1613715.1613751"},{"key":"878_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Steelman, Z. R., Hammer, B. I., & Limayem, M. (2014). Data collection in the digital age: Innovative alternatives to student samples. MIS Quarterly, 38(2), 355\u2013378.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25300\/MISQ\/2014\/38.2.02","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2014\/38.2.02"},{"key":"878_CR115","volume-title":"The sharing economy: The end of employment and the rise of crowd-based capitalism","author":"A Sundararajan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sundararajan, A. (2016). The sharing economy: The end of employment and the rise of crowd-based capitalism. MIT Press."},{"issue":"2","key":"878_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.1988","volume":"14","author":"M Swan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Swan, M. (2012). Crowdsourced health research studies: An important emerging complement to clinical trials in the public health research ecosystem. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 14(2), Article e46. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/jmir.1988","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"key":"878_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2021.101594","volume":"65","author":"ZM Tan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tan, Z. M., Aggarwal, N., Cowls, J., Morley, J., Taddeo, M., & Floridi, L. (2021). The ethical debate about the gig economy: A review and critical analysis. Technology in Society, 65, Article 101594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.techsoc.2021.101594","journal-title":"Technology in Society"},{"key":"878_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Taneja, S. (2024). Understanding the landscape of gig workers\u2019 well-being: A bibliometric analysis. International Journal of Community Well-Being, 7(4), 617\u2013633.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42413-024-00226-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s42413-024-00226-z"},{"key":"878_CR119","unstructured":"Taylor, M., Marsh, G., Nicole, D., & Broadbent, P. (2017). Good work: The Taylor review of modern working practices. Retrieved July 2023 https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/627671\/good-work-taylor-review-modern-working-practices-rg.pdf"},{"issue":"10","key":"878_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.14778\/2732951.2732966","volume":"7","author":"H To","year":"2014","unstructured":"To, H., Ghinita, G., & Shahabi, C. (2014). A framework for protecting worker location privacy in spatial crowdsourcing. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, 7(10), 919\u2013930.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment"},{"key":"878_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a methodology for developing evidence-informed management knowledge by means of systematic review. British Journal of Management, 14(3), 207\u2013222.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-8551.00375","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8551.00375"},{"key":"878_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tufekci, Z. (2014). Big questions for social media big data: Representativeness, validity and other methodological pitfalls. In Proceedings of the international AAAI conference on web and social media (vol. 8, pp. 505\u2013514).","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v8i1.14517"},{"key":"878_CR123","unstructured":"Upwork, & Freelancers Union. (2019). Sixth annual \u201cFreelancing in America\u201d study finds that more people than ever see freelancing as a long-term career path [Press release].\u00a0Retrieved May 2024\u00a0https:\/\/www.upwork.com\/press\/releases\/freelancing-in-america-2019"},{"key":"878_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vadavi, S., & Sharmiladevi, J. C. (2024). Analysing the evolution and patterns of the gig economy: A bibliometric examination of growth and trends. Cogent Business & Management, 11(1), Article 2424480.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23311975.2024.2424480","DOI":"10.1080\/23311975.2024.2424480"},{"key":"878_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vallaster, C., Kraus, S., Lindahl, J. M. M., & Nielsen, A. (2019). Ethics and entrepreneurship: A bibliometric study and literature review. Journal of Business Research, 99, 226\u2013237.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2019.02.050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2019.02.050"},{"key":"878_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Van Doorn, N., Ferrari, F., & Graham, M. (2020). Migration and migrant labour in the gig economy: An intervention. SSRN.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2305016120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2305016120"},{"issue":"2","key":"878_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-009-0146-3","volume":"84","author":"NJ Van Eck","year":"2010","unstructured":"Van Eck, N. J., & Waltman, L. (2010). Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping. Scientometrics, 84(2), 523\u2013538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-009-0146-3","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"878_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2020.101381","volume":"32","author":"B Vogel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vogel, B., Reichard, R. J., Batisti\u010d, S., & \u010cerne, M. (2021). A bibliometric review of the leadership development field: How we got here, where we are, and where we are headed. The Leadership Quarterly, 32(5), Article 101381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.leaqua.2020.101381","journal-title":"The Leadership Quarterly"},{"issue":"8","key":"878_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1177\/0170840612448028","volume":"33","author":"R Vogel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vogel, R. (2012). The visible colleges of management and organization studies: A bibliometric analysis of academic journals. Organization Studies, 33(8), 1015\u20131043. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0170840612448028","journal-title":"Organization Studies"},{"key":"878_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Von Ahn, L., & Dabbish, L. (2004). Labeling images with a computer game. Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems\u00a0(pp. 319\u2013326). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/985692.985733","DOI":"10.1145\/985692.985733"},{"issue":"8","key":"878_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1145\/1378704.1378719","volume":"51","author":"L Von Ahn","year":"2008","unstructured":"Von Ahn, L., & Dabbish, L. (2008). Designing games with a purpose. Communications of the ACM, 51(8), 58\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1378704.1378719","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"878_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Von Hippel, E. (2006). Democratizing innovation. MIT Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7551\/mitpress\/2333.001.0001","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2333.001.0001"},{"issue":"5","key":"878_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2005.pto_139.x","volume":"97","author":"JA Wallin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wallin, J. A. (2005). Bibliometric methods: Pitfalls and possibilities. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, 97(5), 261\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2005.pto_139.x","journal-title":"Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology"},{"key":"878_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16203825","author":"L Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, L., Xia, E., Li, H., & Wang, W. (2019). A bibliometric analysis of crowdsourcing in the field of public health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16203825","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"878_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Jia, X., Jin, Q., & Ma, J. (2015). Mobile crowdsourcing: Architecture, applications, and challenges. 2015 IEEE 12th Intl Conf on Ubiquitous Intelligence and Computing and 2015 IEEE 12th Intl Conf on Autonomic and Trusted Computing and 2015 IEEE 15th Intl Conf on Scalable Computing and Communications and Its Associated Workshops (UIC-ATC-ScalCom). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/uic-atc-scalcom-cbdcom-iop.2015.206","DOI":"10.1109\/uic-atc-scalcom-cbdcom-iop.2015.206"},{"issue":"4","key":"878_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-012-0314-x","volume":"45","author":"AB Warriner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Warriner, A. B., Kuperman, V., & Brysbaert, M. (2013). Norms of valence, arousal, and dominance for 13,915 English lemmas. Behavior Research Methods, 45(4), 1191\u20131207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-012-0314-x","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"878_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Watson, G. P., Kistler, L. D., Graham, B. A., & Sinclair, R. R. (2021). Looking at the gig picture: Defining gig work and explaining profile differences in gig workers\u2019 job demands and resources. Group & Organization Management, 46(2), 327\u2013361.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1059601121996548","DOI":"10.1177\/1059601121996548"},{"issue":"2","key":"878_CR138","first-page":"13","volume":"26","author":"J Webster","year":"2002","unstructured":"Webster, J., & Watson, R. T. (2002). Analyzing the past to prepare for the future: Writing a literature review. MIS Quarterly, 26(2), 13\u201323.","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"878_CR139","unstructured":"Wheeler, T. (2021). Chinas new regulation of platforms: A message for American policymakers, Brookings Institution. United States of America. Retrieved from https:\/\/coilink.org\/20.500.12592\/7nn046"},{"key":"878_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wood, A. J., Lehdonvirta, V., & Graham, M. (2018). Workers of the Internet unite? Online freelancer organisation among remote gig economy workers in six Asian and African countries. New Technology, Work and Employment, 33(2), 95\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ntwe.12112","DOI":"10.1111\/ntwe.12112"},{"key":"878_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wood, A. J., Graham, M., Lehdonvirta, V., & Hjorth, I. (2019). Good gig, bad gig: Autonomy and algorithmic control in the global gig economy. Work, Employment and Society, 33(1), 56\u201375.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0950017018785616","DOI":"10.1177\/0950017018785616"},{"key":"878_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wood, D. A., Achhpilia, M. P., Adams, M. T., Aghazadeh, S., Akinyele, K., et al. (2023). The ChatGPT artificial intelligence chatbot: How well does it answer accounting assessment questions?. Issues in Accounting Education, 38(4), 81\u2013108.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2308\/ISSUES-2023-013","DOI":"10.2308\/ISSUES-2023-013"},{"key":"878_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su13126762","author":"S Wurster","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wurster, S. (2021). Creating a circular economy in the automotive industry: The contribution of combining crowdsourcing and Delphi research. Sustainability. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su13126762","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"878_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xia, E., Wang, L., & Wang, W. (2019). Crowdsourcing applied in the field of public health: A bibliometric perspective. Proceedings of the International Academic Conference on Frontiers in Social Sciences and Management Innovation (IAFSM 2018)\u00a0(pp. 225\u2013230). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2991\/iafsm-18.2019.34","DOI":"10.2991\/iafsm-18.2019.34"},{"key":"878_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yan, E., & Ding, Y. (2012). Scholarly network similarities: How bibliographic coupling networks, citation networks, cocitation networks, topical networks, coauthorship networks, and coword networks relate to each other. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 63(7), 1313\u20131326.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asi.22680","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.22680"},{"key":"878_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang, D., Xue, G., Fang, X., & Tang, J. (2012). Crowdsourcing to smartphones: incentive mechanism design for mobile phone sensing. Proceedings of the 18th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking\u00a0(pp. 173\u2013184). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2348543.2348567","DOI":"10.1145\/2348543.2348567"},{"key":"878_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13675567.2021.1885635","author":"N Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, N., & Zhao, Y. (2021). Green supply chain management in the platform economy: A bibliometric analysis. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13675567.2021.1885635","journal-title":"International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications"},{"key":"878_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zheng, H., Li, D., & Hou, W. (2011). Task design, motivation, and participation in crowdsourcing contests.\u00a0International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 15(4), 57\u201388.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2753\/JEC1086-4415150402","DOI":"10.2753\/JEC1086-4415150402"},{"key":"878_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Y., Li, G., Li, Y., Shan, C., & Cheng, R. (2017). Truth inference in crowdsourcing: Is the problem solved? Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, 10(5), 541\u2013552.","DOI":"10.14778\/3055540.3055547"},{"issue":"3","key":"878_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428114562629","volume":"18","author":"I Zupic","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zupic, I., & \u010cater, T. (2015). Bibliometric methods in management and organization. Organizational Research Methods, 18(3), 429\u2013472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1094428114562629","journal-title":"Organizational Research Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"878_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-017-9793-8","volume":"83","author":"A Zwick","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zwick, A. (2017). Welcome to the gig economy: Neoliberal industrial relations and the case of Uber. GeoJournal, 83(4), 679\u2013691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10708-017-9793-8","journal-title":"GeoJournal"}],"container-title":["Electronic Markets"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12525-026-00878-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12525-026-00878-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12525-026-00878-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T07:33:50Z","timestamp":1771918430000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12525-026-00878-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"references-count":151,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["878"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12525-026-00878-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1019-6781","1422-8890"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1019-6781","type":"print"},{"value":"1422-8890","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"21"}}