{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T12:50:43Z","timestamp":1776775843813,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["02K23A153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02K23A153"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008007","name":"Universit\u00e4t Paderborn","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008007","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008007","name":"Universit\u00e4t Paderborn","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008007","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Electron Markets"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Service research has evolved into an interdisciplinary research field that bridges diverse disciplines, including information systems (IS) and marketing. Nearly two decades ago, the service system concept was introduced as a foundational abstraction in service research, drawing on ideas from the service-dominant logic (S-D logic) of marketing. Despite its widespread adoption in service research, particularly in the IS discipline, the service system concept lacks a solid theoretical foundation. This has resulted in conceptual ambiguity and overlap with related constructs, such as service ecosystems. Moreover, it has largely remained a static analytical lens, insufficiently capturing dynamic service phenomena, including value co-creation and co-destruction, as well as the emergence of institutional arrangements. To address these limitations, we propose Luhmann\u2019s systems theory (LST) as a robust framework for conceptualizing service systems as autopoietic (self-creating) systems, in which communication serves as the fundamental mechanism that drives value co-creation. We derive five theoretical propositions from this re-conceptualization that clarify conceptual ambiguity and allow researchers to explore dynamic service phenomena in greater depth. Given LST\u2019s general approach, our conceptualization provides a theoretically grounded, interdisciplinary foundation for advancing service research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-026-00889-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T11:51:59Z","timestamp":1776772319000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Service through communication\u2014Conceptualizing service systems with Luhmann\u2019s systems theory"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4216-3276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Beverungen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4960-7818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens","family":"Poeppelbuss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Hemmrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taskeen","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"889_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.17.11.661","volume":"17","author":"RL Ackoff","year":"1971","unstructured":"Ackoff, R. L. (1971). Towards a system of systems concepts. Management Science, 17(11), 661\u2013671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/mnsc.17.11.661","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"889_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/sdr.4260100206","volume":"10","author":"RL Ackoff","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ackoff, R. L. (1994). Systems thinking and thinking systems. System Dynamics Review, 10(2\u20133), 175\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sdr.4260100206","journal-title":"System Dynamics Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"889_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s10257-013-0220-5","volume":"12","author":"MA Akaka","year":"2014","unstructured":"Akaka, M. A., & Vargo, S. L. (2014). Technology as an operant resource in service (Eco) systems. Information Systems and E-Business Management, 12(3), 367\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10257-013-0220-5","journal-title":"Information Systems and E-Business Management"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"889_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s13162-021-00214-y","volume":"11","author":"MA Akaka","year":"2021","unstructured":"Akaka, M. A., Koskela-Huotari, K., & Vargo, S. L. (2021). Formalizing service-dominant logic as a general theory of markets: Taking stock and moving forward. AMS Review, 11(3\u20134), 375\u2013389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13162-021-00214-y","journal-title":"AMS Review"},{"key":"889_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190228637.013.7","volume-title":"Oxford research encyclopedia of politics","author":"M Albert","year":"2016","unstructured":"Albert, M. (2016). Luhmann and systems theory. In W. R. Thompson & D. A. Rogers (Eds.), Oxford research encyclopedia of politics (pp. 1\u201320). Oxford University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190228637.013.7"},{"key":"889_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-28181-9_5","volume-title":"A twenty-first century guide to Aldersonian marketing thought","author":"W Alderson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Alderson, W. (2006). Survival and adjustment in organized behavior systems. In B. Wooliscroft, R. D. Tamila, & S. J. Shapiro (Eds.), A twenty-first century guide to Aldersonian marketing thought (pp. 75\u201394). Springer US. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/0-387-28181-9_5"},{"issue":"2","key":"889_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1080\/00224545.1940.9918762","volume":"11","author":"FH Allport","year":"1940","unstructured":"Allport, F. H. (1940). An event-system theory of collective action: With illustrations from economic and political phenomena and the production of war. The Journal of Social Psychology, 11(2), 417\u2013445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00224545.1940.9918762","journal-title":"The Journal of Social Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"889_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1108\/JOSM-07-2023-0322","volume":"35","author":"N As\u2019ad","year":"2024","unstructured":"As\u2019ad, N., Patr\u00edcio, L., Koskela-Huotari, K., & Edvardsson, B. (2024). Understanding service ecosystem dynamics: A typology. Journal of Service Management, 35(6), 159\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JOSM-07-2023-0322","journal-title":"Journal of Service Management"},{"key":"889_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0718-9_38","volume-title":"Facets of Systems Science","author":"WR Ashby","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ashby, W. R. (1991). Principles of the self-organizing systems. In G. J. Klir (Ed.), Facets of Systems Science (pp. 521\u2013536). Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4899-0718-9_38"},{"issue":"4","key":"889_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1108\/09564231211260396","volume":"23","author":"R Badinelli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Badinelli, R., Barile, S., Ng, I., Polese, F., Saviano, M., & Di Nauta, P. (2012). Viable service systems and decision making in service management. Journal of Service Management, 23(4), 498\u2013526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/09564231211260396","journal-title":"Journal of Service Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"889_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1108\/17566691011026586","volume":"2","author":"S Barile","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barile, S., & Polese, F. (2010a). Linking the viable system and many-to-many network approaches to service-dominant logic and service science. International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences, 2(1), 23\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/17566691011026586","journal-title":"International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"889_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1287\/serv.2.1_2.21","volume":"2","author":"S Barile","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barile, S., & Polese, F. (2010b). Smart service systems and viable service systems: Applying systems theory to service science. Service Science, 2(1), 21\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/serv.2.1_2.21","journal-title":"Service Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"889_CR13","first-page":"54","volume":"5","author":"S Barile","year":"2012","unstructured":"Barile, S., Pels, J., Polese, F., & Saviano, M. (2012). An introduction to the viable systems approach and its contribution to marketing. Journal of Business Market Management, 5(2), 54\u201378.","journal-title":"Journal of Business Market Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"889_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1108\/JOSM-09-2015-0268","volume":"27","author":"S Barile","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barile, S., Lusch, R. F., Reynoso, J., Saviano, M., & Spohrer, J. (2016). Systems, networks, and ecosystems in service research. Journal of Service Management, 27(4), 652\u2013674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JOSM-09-2015-0268","journal-title":"Journal of Service Management"},{"key":"889_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bartelheimer, C., Heinz, D., H\u00f6nigsberg, S., Siemon, D., Li, M. M., Strohmann, T., Poeppelbuss, J., & Peters, C. (2025). Conceptualizing hybrid intelligent service ecosystems. Electronic Markets, 35, Article 63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12525-025-00798-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-025-00798-4"},{"key":"889_CR16","unstructured":"Bastiat, F. (1860). Harmonies of political economy: Patrick S. Sterling, trans. Murray"},{"issue":"1","key":"889_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s10257-008-0108-y","volume":"8","author":"J Becker","year":"2010","unstructured":"Becker, J., Beverungen, D. F., & Knackstedt, R. (2010). The challenge of conceptual modeling for product\u2013service systems: Status-quo and perspectives for reference models and modeling languages. Information Systems and E-Business Management, 8(1), 33\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10257-008-0108-y","journal-title":"Information Systems and E-Business Management"},{"key":"889_CR18","volume-title":"Brain of the firm: The managerial cybernetics of organization","author":"S Beer","year":"1972","unstructured":"Beer, S. (1972). Brain of the firm: The managerial cybernetics of organization. Allen Lane the Penguin Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"889_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1057\/jors.1984.2","volume":"35","author":"S Beer","year":"1984","unstructured":"Beer, S. (1984). The viable system model: Its provenance, development, methodology and pathology. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 35(1), 7\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/jors.1984.2","journal-title":"Journal of the Operational Research Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"889_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-017-0270-5","volume":"29","author":"D Beverungen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beverungen, D., M\u00fcller, O., Matzner, M., Mendling, J., & vom Brocke, J. (2019). Conceptualizing smart service systems. Electronic Markets, 29(1), 7\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12525-017-0270-5","journal-title":"Electronic Markets"},{"issue":"2","key":"889_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-022-00553-z","volume":"32","author":"D Beverungen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Beverungen, D., Hess, T., K\u00f6ster, A., & Lehrer, C. (2022). From private digital platforms to public dataspaces: Implications for the digital transformation. Electronic Markets, 32(2), 493\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12525-022-00553-z","journal-title":"Electronic Markets"},{"issue":"1","key":"889_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2022.0440","volume":"50","author":"B Blagoev","year":"2025","unstructured":"Blagoev, B., & Schrey\u00f6gg, G. (2025). Eigenzeit: A new lens on temporal complexity. The Academy of Management Review, 50(1), 93\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5465\/amr.2022.0440","journal-title":"The Academy of Management Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"889_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s12599-014-0314-8","volume":"6","author":"T B\u00f6hmann","year":"2014","unstructured":"B\u00f6hmann, T., Leimeister, J. M., & M\u00f6slein, K. (2014). Service systems engineering. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 6(2), 73\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12599-014-0314-8","journal-title":"Business & Information Systems Engineering"},{"key":"889_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"B\u00f6hmann, T, Roth, A., Satzger, G., Benz, C., Beverungen, D., Boes, A., Breidbach, C., Gersch, M., Gudergan, G., Hogreve, J., Kurtz, C., Langes, B., Leimeister, J. M., Lewandowski, T., Meiren, T., N\u00e4gele, R., Paluch, S., Peters, C., Poeppelbuss, J., \u2026 W\u00fcnderlich, N. V. (2025). Continuous value shaping: A boundary concept for innovating service innovation approaches. Electronic Markets, 35, 27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12525-025-00771-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-025-00771-1"},{"issue":"4","key":"889_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2307\/249019","volume":"1","author":"RP Bostrom","year":"1977","unstructured":"Bostrom, R. P., & Heinen, J. S. (1977). MIS problems and failures: A socio-technical perspective, Part II: The application of socio-technical theory. MIS Quarterly, 1(4), 11\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/249019","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"3","key":"889_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2.3.197","volume":"2","author":"KE Boulding","year":"1956","unstructured":"Boulding, K. E. (1956). General systems theory\u2014The skeleton of science. Management Science, 2(3), 197\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/mnsc.2.3.197","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"889_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1108\/JSTP-04-2016-0071","volume":"27","author":"C Breidbach","year":"2017","unstructured":"Breidbach, C., & Brodie, R. (2017). Engagement platforms in the sharing economy. Journal of Service Theory and Practice, 27(4), 761\u2013777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JSTP-04-2016-0071","journal-title":"Journal of Service Theory and Practice"},{"issue":"3","key":"889_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1177\/1094670512470869","volume":"16","author":"C Breidbach","year":"2013","unstructured":"Breidbach, C., Kolb, D. G., & Srinivasan, A. (2013). Connectivity in service systems. Journal of Service Research, 16(3), 428\u2013441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1094670512470869","journal-title":"Journal of Service Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"889_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1108\/MSQ-08-2013-0158","volume":"24","author":"C Breidbach","year":"2014","unstructured":"Breidbach, C., Brodie, R., & Hollebeek, L. (2014). Beyond virtuality: From engagement platforms to engagement ecosystems. Journal of Service Theory and Practice, 24(6), 592\u2013611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/MSQ-08-2013-0158","journal-title":"Journal of Service Theory and Practice"},{"key":"889_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Breidbach, C., Casper Ferm, L.-E., Maglio, P. P., Beverungen, D., Wirtz, J., & Twigg, A. (2025). Conscious artificial intelligence in service. Journal of Service Management, 1\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JOSM-12-2024-0536","DOI":"10.1108\/JOSM-12-2024-0536"},{"issue":"5","key":"889_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emj.2012.06.004","volume":"30","author":"G Briscoe","year":"2012","unstructured":"Briscoe, G., Ker\u00e4nen, K., & Parry, G. (2012). Understanding complex service systems through different lenses: An overview. European Management Journal, 30(5), 418\u2013426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.emj.2012.06.004","journal-title":"European Management Journal"},{"key":"889_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/ijmr.12287","volume":"12287","author":"D Brozovi\u0107","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brozovi\u0107, D., & Tregua, M. (2022). The evolution of service systems to service ecosystems: A literature review. International Journal of Management Reviews, Article IJMR, 12287, 1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijmr.12287","journal-title":"International Journal of Management Reviews, Article Ijmr"},{"key":"889_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2019.05.007","volume":"103","author":"HL Bruce","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bruce, H. L., Wilson, H. N., Macdonald, E. K., & Clarke, B. (2019). Resource integration, value creation and value destruction in collective consumption contexts. Journal of Business Research, 103, 173\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2019.05.007","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"key":"889_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Castells, M. (2010). The Rise of the Network Society. John Wiley & Sons. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781444319514","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444319514"},{"issue":"4","key":"889_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2012.02.006","volume":"63","author":"S Cavalieri","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cavalieri, S., & Pezzotta, G. (2012). Product\u2013service systems engineering: State of the art and research challenges. Computers in Industry, 63(4), 278\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compind.2012.02.006","journal-title":"Computers in Industry"},{"issue":"1","key":"889_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1177\/1470593110393713","volume":"11","author":"JD Chandler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chandler, J. D., & Vargo, S. L. (2011). Contextualization and value-in-context: How context frames exchange. Marketing Theory, 11(1), 35\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1470593110393713","journal-title":"Marketing Theory"},{"issue":"1","key":"889_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1177\/1094670518797479","volume":"22","author":"JD Chandler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chandler, J. D., Danatzis, I., Wernicke, C., Akaka, M. A., & Reynolds, D. (2019). How does innovation emerge in a service ecosystem? Journal of Service Research, 22(1), 75\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1094670518797479","journal-title":"Journal of Service Research"},{"key":"889_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198775331.003.0004","volume-title":"Rethinking management information systems: An interdisciplinary perspective","author":"P Checkland","year":"1999","unstructured":"Checkland, P. (1999). Systems thinking. In R. Galliers & W. Currie (Eds.), Rethinking management information systems: An interdisciplinary perspective (pp. 45\u201356). Oxford University. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oso\/9780198775331.003.0004"},{"issue":"7","key":"889_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1145\/1139922.1139945","volume":"49","author":"H Chesbrough","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chesbrough, H., & Spohrer, J. (2006). A research manifesto for services science. Communications of theACM, 49(7), 35\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1139922.1139945","journal-title":"Communications of theACM"},{"issue":"1","key":"889_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1108\/09593840910937508","volume":"22","author":"W Currie","year":"2009","unstructured":"Currie, W. (2009). Contextualising the IT artefact: Towards a wider research agenda for IS using institutional theory. Information Technology & People, 22(1), 63\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/09593840910937508","journal-title":"Information Technology & People"},{"key":"889_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1007\/11762256_43","volume-title":"The web service modeling language WSML: An overview","author":"J de Bruijn","year":"2006","unstructured":"de Bruijn, J., Lausen, H., Polleres, A., & Fensel, D. (2006). The web service modeling language WSML: An overview (pp. 590\u2013604). Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/11762256_43"},{"issue":"10","key":"889_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00514","volume":"19","author":"DS Demetis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Demetis, D. S., & Lee, A. S. (2018). When humans using the it artifact becomes it using the human artifact. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 19(10), 929\u2013952. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17705\/1jais.00514","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Information Systems"},{"key":"889_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-8270-4_1","volume-title":"The science of service systems. Service science: Research and innovations in the service economy","author":"H Demirkan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Demirkan, H., Spohrer, J. C., & Krishna, V. (2011). Introduction of the science of service systems. In H. Demirkan, J. Spohrer, & V. Krishna (Eds.), The science of service systems. Service science: Research and innovations in the service economy. Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4419-8270-4_1"},{"issue":"3","key":"889_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1177\/1470593111408181","volume":"11","author":"P Echeverri","year":"2011","unstructured":"Echeverri, P., & Sk\u00e5l\u00e9n, P. (2011). Co-creation and co-destruction: A practice-theory based study of interactive value formation. Marketing Theory, 11(3), 351\u2013373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1470593111408181","journal-title":"Marketing Theory"},{"issue":"1","key":"889_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1108\/09564230510587177","volume":"16","author":"B Edvardsson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Edvardsson, B., Gustafsson, A., & Roos, I. (2005). Service portraits in service research: A critical review. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 16(1), 107\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/09564230510587177","journal-title":"International Journal of Service Industry Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"889_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-010-0200-y","volume":"39","author":"B Edvardsson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Edvardsson, B., Tronvoll, B., & Gruber, T. (2011). Expanding understanding of service exchange and value co-creation: A social construction approach. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 39(2), 327\u2013339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11747-010-0200-y","journal-title":"Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science"},{"key":"889_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1108\/S1548-6435(2012)0000009008","volume-title":"Review of marketing research. Special Issue \u2013Toward a better understanding of the role of value in markets and marketing 9","author":"B Edvardsson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Edvardsson, B., Sk\u00e5l\u00e9n, P., & Tronvoll, B. (2012). Service systems as a foundation for resource integrationand value co-creation. In S. L. Vargo & R. F. Lusch (Eds.), Review of marketing research. Special Issue \u2013Toward a better understanding of the role of value in markets and marketing (Vol. 9, pp. 79\u2013126). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/S1548-6435(2012)0000009008"},{"key":"889_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indmarman.2018.01.018","volume":"69","author":"A Eggert","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eggert, A., Ulaga, W., Frow, P., & Payne, A. (2018). Conceptualizing and communicating value in business markets: From value in exchange to value in use. Industrial Marketing Management, 69, 80\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.indmarman.2018.01.018","journal-title":"Industrial Marketing Management"},{"key":"889_CR49","volume-title":"The emergence of a new paradigm of work","author":"FE Emery","year":"1978","unstructured":"Emery, F. E., Bucklow, M., & Thorsrud, E. (1978). The emergence of a new paradigm of work. Centre for Continuing Education, Australian National University."},{"issue":"1","key":"889_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1177\/10946705231188670","volume":"27","author":"JA Fehrer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fehrer, J. A., Kemper, J. A., & Baker, J. J. (2024). Shaping circular service ecosystems. Journal of Service Research, 27(1), 49\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10946705231188670","journal-title":"Journal of Service Research"},{"key":"889_CR51","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Wissen und Gewissen: Versucheiner Br\u00fccke","author":"H Foerster","year":"1993","unstructured":"Foerster, H., & v. (1993). Wissen und Gewissen. In S. J. Schmidt & W. K. K\u00f6ck (Eds.), Wissen und Gewissen: Versucheiner Br\u00fccke (pp. 25\u2013396). Suhrkamp."},{"key":"889_CR52","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 56th annual conference, international society for the systems sciences (ISSS)","author":"L Friendshuh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Friendshuh, L., & Troncale, L. R. (2012). Identifying fundamental systems processes for a general theory of systems. In Proceedings of the 56th annual conference, international society for the systems sciences (ISSS) (pp. 15\u201320). San Jose State University https:\/\/lentroncale.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/len_troncale_media_library\/science_papers\/id-sysproc-for-gst-spti.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"889_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1287\/serv.2017.0180","volume":"9","author":"R Frost","year":"2017","unstructured":"Frost, R., & Lyons, K. (2017). Service systems analysis methods and components: A systematic literature review. Service Science, 9(3), 219\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/serv.2017.0180","journal-title":"Service Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"889_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1177\/1470593114534346","volume":"14","author":"P Frow","year":"2014","unstructured":"Frow, P., McColl-Kennedy, J. R., Hilton, T., Davidson, A., Payne, A., & Brozovic, D. (2014). Value propositions: A service ecosystems perspective. Marketing Theory, 14(3), 327\u2013351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1470593114534346","journal-title":"Marketing Theory"},{"key":"889_CR55","first-page":"17","volume-title":"SFI studies in the science of complexity. complexity: metaphors, models, and reality (XIX)","author":"M Gell-Mann","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gell-Mann, M. (1994). Complex adaptive systems. In G. Cowan, D. Pines, & D. E. Meltzer (Eds.), SFI studies in the science of complexity. complexity: metaphors, models, and reality (XIX) (pp. 17\u201345). Adison-Wesley."},{"key":"889_CR56","volume-title":"The constitution of society","author":"A Giddens","year":"1984","unstructured":"Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society. Polity Press."},{"key":"889_CR57","volume-title":"The consequences of modernity","author":"A Giddens","year":"1991","unstructured":"Giddens, A. (1991). The consequences of modernity. Polity Press."},{"key":"889_CR58","volume-title":"Conversations with Anthony Giddens: Making sense of modernity","author":"A Giddens","year":"1998","unstructured":"Giddens, A., & Pierson, C. (1998). Conversations with Anthony Giddens: Making sense of modernity. Stanford University http:\/\/www.loc.gov\/catdir\/enhancements\/fy0710\/98060918-b.html"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"889_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1287\/serv.2.1_2.92","volume":"2","author":"P Godsiff","year":"2010","unstructured":"Godsiff, P. (2010). Service systems and requisite variety. Service Science, 2(1\/2), 92\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/serv.2.1_2.92","journal-title":"Service Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"889_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1108\/08876040310467899","volume":"17","author":"SJ Grove","year":"2003","unstructured":"Grove, S. J., Fisk, R. P., & John, J. (2003). The future of services marketing: Forecasts from ten services experts. Journal of Services Marketing, 17(2), 107\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/08876040310467899","journal-title":"Journal of Services Marketing"},{"key":"889_CR61","volume-title":"ECIS 2024 proceedings","author":"P Hansmeier","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hansmeier, P., zur Heiden, P., & Beverungen, D. (2024). Modeling customer journeys in digital data ecosystems: A domain-specific modeling language. In ECIS 2024 proceedings https:\/\/aisel.aisnet.org\/ecis2024\/track10_dmds_ecosystems\/track10_dmds_ecosystems\/8\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"889_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4991.1977.tb00021.x","volume":"23","author":"P Hill","year":"1977","unstructured":"Hill, P. (1977). On goods and services. Review of Income and Wealth, 23(4), 315\u2013338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1475-4991.1977.tb00021.x","journal-title":"Review of Income and Wealth"},{"issue":"2","key":"889_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.2307\/136430","volume":"32","author":"P Hill","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hill, P. (1999). Tangibles, intangibles and services: A new taxonomy for the classification of output. The Canadian Journal of Economics, 32(2), 426\u2013446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/136430","journal-title":"The Canadian Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"889_CR64","first-page":"17","volume":"121","author":"JH Holland","year":"1992","unstructured":"Holland, J. H. (1992). Complex adaptive systems. Daedalus, 121(1), 17\u201330 https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/20025416","journal-title":"Daedalus"},{"issue":"1","key":"889_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11424-006-0001-z","volume":"19","author":"JH Holland","year":"2006","unstructured":"Holland, J. H. (2006). Studying complex adaptive systems. Journal of Systems Science and Complexity, 19(1), 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11424-006-0001-z","journal-title":"Journal of Systems Science and Complexity"},{"key":"889_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huotari, K., & Hamari, J. (2012). Defining gamification: A service marketing perspective. In Proceeding of the 16th international academic MindTrek conference (pp. 17\u201322). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2393132.2393137","DOI":"10.1145\/2393132.2393137"},{"key":"889_CR67","unstructured":"IBM. (2011). The invention of service science: IBM 100 icons of progress: Celebrating IBM\u2019s Centennial. https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/ibm\/history\/ibm100\/us\/en\/icons\/servicescience\/"},{"key":"889_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s11761-015-0175-0","volume":"10","author":"A Immonen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Immonen, A., Ovaska, E., Kalaoja, J., & Pakkala, D. (2016). A service requirements engineering method for a digital service ecosystem. Service Oriented Computing and Applications, 10, 151\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11761-015-0175-0","journal-title":"Service Oriented Computing and Applications"},{"key":"889_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Joly, M. P., Teixeira, J. G., Patr\u00edcio, L., & Sangiorgi, D. (2019). Leveraging service design as a multidisciplinary approach to service innovation. Journal of Service Management, 30(6), 681\u2013715. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JOSM-07-2017-0178","DOI":"10.1108\/JOSM-07-2017-0178"},{"issue":"2","key":"889_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-954X.00419","volume":"51","author":"M King","year":"2003","unstructured":"King, M., & Thornhill, C. (2003). \u2018Will the real Niklas Luhmann stand up, please\u2019. A reply to John Mingers. The Sociological Review, 51(2), 276\u2013285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-954X.00419","journal-title":"The Sociological Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"889_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1177\/14705931231207327","volume":"24","author":"M Kleinaltenkamp","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kleinaltenkamp, M., Kleinaltenkamp, M. J., & Karpen, I. O. (2024). Resource entanglement and indeterminacy: Advancing the service-dominant logic through the philosophy of Karen Barad. Marketing Theory, 24(4), 611\u2013641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14705931231207327","journal-title":"Marketing Theory"},{"issue":"1","key":"889_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/isj.12193","volume":"29","author":"R Kohli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kohli, R., & Melville, N. P. (2019). Digital Innovation: A Review and Synthesis. Information Systems Journal, 29(1), 200\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/isj.12193","journal-title":"Information Systems Journal"},{"key":"889_CR73","unstructured":"Langan, C. M. (2002). The cognitive-theoretic model of the universe: A new kind of reality theory.\u00a0Mega Foundation Press."},{"issue":"4","key":"889_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1287\/serv.2016.0140","volume":"8","author":"RC Larson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Larson, R. C. (2016). Commentary\u2014Smart service systems: Bridging the Silos. Service Science, 8(4), 359\u2013367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/serv.2016.0140","journal-title":"Service Science"},{"key":"889_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the social: An introduction to actor-network-theory. Oxford University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oso\/9780199256044.001.0001","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199256044.001.0001"},{"issue":"4","key":"889_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aim.2010.10.009","volume":"226","author":"T Leinster","year":"2011","unstructured":"Leinster, T. (2011). A general theory of self-similarity. Advances in Mathematics, 226(4), 2935\u20133017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aim.2010.10.009","journal-title":"Advances in Mathematics"},{"issue":"5","key":"889_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1108\/JOSM-04-2015-0133","volume":"26","author":"SB Letaifa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Letaifa, S. B., & Reynoso, J. (2015). Toward a service ecosystem perspective at the base of the pyramid. Journal of Service Management, 26(5), 684\u2013705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JOSM-04-2015-0133","journal-title":"Journal of Service Management"},{"key":"889_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.15358\/9783800652433","volume-title":"Handbuch Dienstleistungsmanagement","author":"H L\u00f6bler","year":"2016","unstructured":"L\u00f6bler, H. (2016). Service-Systeme und Service-\u00d6kosysteme aus systemtheoretischer Sicht. In H. Corsten & S. Roth (Eds.), Handbuch Dienstleistungsmanagement (pp. 121\u2013138). Franz Vahlen. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15358\/9783800652433"},{"issue":"1","key":"889_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1177\/1094670504266131","volume":"7","author":"C Lovelock","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lovelock, C., & Gummesson, E. (2004). Whither services marketing? In search of a new paradigm andfresh perspectives. Journal of Service Research, 7(1), 20\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1094670504266131","journal-title":"Journal of Service Research"},{"key":"889_CR80","volume-title":"Sociocybernetic paradoxes: Observation, control and evolution of self-steering systems","author":"N Luhmann","year":"1986","unstructured":"Luhmann, N. (1986). The autopiesis of social systems. In F. Geyer & J. van der Zouwen (Eds.), Sociocybernetic paradoxes: Observation, control and evolution of self-steering systems (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.","edition":"6"},{"issue":"2","key":"889_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.5840\/gfpj199316227","volume":"16","author":"N Luhmann","year":"1993","unstructured":"Luhmann, N. (1993). Observing Re-Entries. Graduate Faculty Philosophy Journal, 16(2), 485\u2013498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5840\/gfpj199316227","journal-title":"Graduate Faculty Philosophy Journal"},{"key":"889_CR82","unstructured":"Luhmann, N. (1995). Social systems (J. Bednarz & D. Baecker, Trans.). Stanford University. http:\/\/www.loc.gov\/catdir\/description\/cam026\/94046175.html"},{"key":"889_CR83","volume-title":"Einf\u00fchrung in die Systemtheorie (in German)","author":"N Luhmann","year":"2002","unstructured":"Luhmann, N. (2002). In D. Baecker (Ed.), Einf\u00fchrung in die Systemtheorie (in German). Carl-Auer-Systeme-Verlag Heidelberg, Germany."},{"key":"889_CR84","unstructured":"Luhmann, N. (2018). Soziale Systeme: Grundri\u00df einer allgemeinen Theorie. 17. Aufl.(17. Aufl.).Suhrkamp: 666. Suhrkamp."},{"key":"889_CR85","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Introduction to systems theory","author":"N Luhmann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Luhmann, N., Baecker, D., & Gilgen, P. (2013). Introduction to systems theory (p. 63). Polity."},{"issue":"2","key":"889_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1177\/10946705231177504","volume":"27","author":"J Lumivalo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lumivalo, J., Tuunanen, T., & Salo, M. (2024). Value co-destruction: A conceptual review and future research agenda. Journal of Service Research, 27(2), 159\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10946705231177504","journal-title":"Journal of Service Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"889_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2015\/39.1.07","volume":"39","author":"RF Lusch","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lusch, R. F., & Nambisan, S. (2015). Service innovation: a service-dominant logic perspective. MIS Quarterly, 39(1), 155\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25300\/MISQ\/2015\/39.1.07","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"889_CR88","unstructured":"Lusch, R. F., & Vargo, S. L. (2006). Service-dominant logic as a foundation for a general theory. The Service-Dominant Logic of Marketing: Dialog, Debate, and Directions, (32), 406\u2013420."},{"issue":"1","key":"889_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1147\/sj.471.0005","volume":"47","author":"RF Lusch","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lusch, R. F., Vargo, S. L., & Wessels, G. (2008). Toward a conceptual foundation for service science: contributions from service-dominant logic. IBM Systems Journal, 47(1), 5\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1147\/sj.471.0005","journal-title":"IBM Systems Journal"},{"issue":"8","key":"889_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2016.02.028","volume":"69","author":"RF Lusch","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lusch, R. F., Vargo, S. L., & Gustafsson, A. (2016). Fostering a trans-disciplinary perspectives of service ecosystems. Journal of Business Research, 69(8), 2957\u20132963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2016.02.028","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"889_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-007-0058-9","volume":"36","author":"PP Maglio","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maglio, P. P., & Spohrer, J. (2008). Fundamentals of service science. Journal of the Academy of MarketingScience, 36(1), 18\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11747-007-0058-9","journal-title":"Journal of the Academy of MarketingScience"},{"issue":"7","key":"889_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1145\/1139922.1139955","volume":"49","author":"PP Maglio","year":"2006","unstructured":"Maglio, P. P., Srinivasan, S., Kreulen, J. T., & Spohrer, J. (2006). Service systems, service scientists, SSME, and innovation. Communications of the ACM, 49(7), 81\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1139922.1139955","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"issue":"4","key":"889_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s10257-008-0105-1","volume":"7","author":"PP Maglio","year":"2009","unstructured":"Maglio, P. P., Vargo, S. L., Caswell, N., & Spohrer, J. (2009). The service system is the basic abstraction of service science. Information Systems and E-Business Management, 7(4), 395\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10257-008-0105-1","journal-title":"Information Systems and E-Business Management"},{"key":"889_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-98512-1_1","volume-title":"Handbook of service science, volume II. Service science: research and innovations in the service economy","author":"PP Maglio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maglio, P. P., Kieliszewski, C. A., Spohrer, J. C., Lyons, K., Patr\u00edcio, L., & Sawatani, Y. (2019). Introduction: Why another handbook? In P. P. Maglio, C. A. Kieliszewski, J. C. Spohrer, K. Lyons, L. Patr\u00edcio, & Y. Sawatani (Eds.), Handbook of service science, volume II. Service science: research and innovations in the service economy. Springer, Cham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-98512-1_1"},{"key":"889_CR95","unstructured":"Malecic, A. (2016). Footprints of general systems theory. Proceedings of the 60th annual meeting of the ISSS - 2016 Boulder, CO, USA, 1(1). https:\/\/journals.isss.org\/index.php\/proceedings60th\/article\/view\/2988"},{"issue":"2","key":"889_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1108\/JRIM-12-2020-0252","volume":"15","author":"EH Manser Payne","year":"2021","unstructured":"Manser Payne, E. H., Dahl, A. J., & Peltier, J. (2021). Digital servitization value co-creation framework for AI services: A research agenda for digital transformation in financial service ecosystems. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 15(2), 200\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JRIM-12-2020-0252","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing"},{"key":"889_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maturana, H., & Varela, F. (1980). Autopoiesis and cognition. The realization of the living. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 42, 1\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-009-8947-4","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-8947-4"},{"key":"889_CR98","volume-title":"Thinking in systems: A primer","author":"DH Meadows","year":"2009","unstructured":"Meadows, D. H. (2009). Thinking in systems: A primer. Earthscan."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"889_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1287\/serv.2.1_2.126","volume":"2","author":"C Mele","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mele, C., Pels, J., & Polese, F. (2010). A brief review of systems theories and their managerial applications. Service Science, 2(1-2), 126\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/serv.2.1_2.126","journal-title":"Service Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"889_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-954X.00367","volume":"50","author":"J Mingers","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mingers, J. (2002). can social systems be autopoietic? Assessing Luhmann's social theory. The Sociological Review, 50(2), 278\u2013299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-954X.00367","journal-title":"The Sociological Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"889_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.4018\/jisss.2009040103","volume":"1","author":"M Mora","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mora, M., Raisinghani, M. S., O\u2019Connor, R., & Gelman, O. (2009). Toward an integrated conceptualization of the service and service system concepts: A systems approach. International Journal of Information Systems in the Service Sector (IJISSS), 1(2), 36\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/jisss.2009040103","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Systems in the Service Sector (IJISSS)"},{"issue":"4","key":"889_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2012.0099","volume":"40","author":"FP Morgeson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Morgeson, F. P., Mitchell, T. R., & Liu, D. (2015). Event system theory: An event-oriented approach to the organizational sciences. The Academy of Management Review, 40(4), 515\u2013537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5465\/amr.2012.0099","journal-title":"The Academy of Management Review"},{"key":"889_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mustak, M., & Pl\u00e9, L [Lo\u00efc] (2020). A critical analysis of service ecosystems research: Rethinking its premises to move forward. Journal of Services Marketing, 34(3), 399\u2013413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JSM-02-2019-0084","DOI":"10.1108\/JSM-02-2019-0084"},{"key":"889_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nazemi, A., Zamanfashami, P. R., Foroudi, P., Haghighinasab, M., Seyyedamiri, N., & Zare Mehrjardy, M. (2024a). Service Oikos as a complex self-perpetuating system: A bibliometric study of service ecosystems. Journal of Strategy and Management. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/jsma-03-2023-0044","DOI":"10.1108\/jsma-03-2023-0044"},{"issue":"5","key":"889_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emj.2012.06.003","volume":"30","author":"I Ng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ng, I., & Andreu, L. (2012). Research perspectives in the management of complex service systems. European Management Journal, 30(5), 405\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.emj.2012.06.003","journal-title":"European Management Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"889_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emj.2009.05.002","volume":"27","author":"I Ng","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ng, I., Maull, R., & Yip, N. (2009). Outcome-based contracts as a driver for systems thinking and service-dominant logic in service science: Evidence from the defence industry. European Management Journal, 27(6), 377\u2013387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.emj.2009.05.002","journal-title":"European Management Journal"},{"key":"889_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-8270-4_2","volume-title":"The science of service systems. Service science: Research and innovations in the service economy","author":"I Ng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ng, I., Maull, R., & Smith, L. (2011). Embedding the new discipline of service science. In H. Demirkan, J. Spohrer, & V. Krishna (Eds.), The science of service systems. Service science: Research and innovations in the service economy. Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4419-8270-4_2"},{"issue":"2","key":"889_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/10495142.2022.2133063","volume":"36","author":"J Ojasalo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ojasalo, J., & Kauppinen, S. (2024). Public value in public service ecosystems. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 36(2), 179\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10495142.2022.2133063","journal-title":"Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing"},{"key":"889_CR109","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia conference on information systems (PACIS) 2017","author":"MFA Onik","year":"2017","unstructured":"Onik, M. F. A., Fielt, E., & Gable, G. (2017). Complex adaptive systems theory in information systems research: A systematic literature review. In Proceedings of the 21st Pacific Asia conference on information systems (PACIS) 2017 (pp. 1\u201314). Association for Information Systems (AIS), QUT ePrints."},{"key":"889_CR110","unstructured":"Oxford Dictionary. (2025). https:\/\/www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com\/definition\/english\/system?q=system"},{"issue":"4","key":"889_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infoandorg.2008.08.001","volume":"18","author":"BT Pentland","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pentland, B. T., & Feldman, M. S. (2008). Designing routines: On the folly of designing artifacts, while hoping for patterns of action. Information and Organization, 18(4), 235\u2013250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.infoandorg.2008.08.001","journal-title":"Information and Organization"},{"issue":"8","key":"889_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2016.02.033","volume":"69","author":"LD Peters","year":"2016","unstructured":"Peters, L. D. (2016). Heteropathic versus homopathic resource integration and value co-creation in service ecosystems. Journal of Business Research, 69(8), 2999\u20133007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2016.02.033","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"889_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1108\/JBIM-04-2019-0139","volume":"35","author":"LD Peters","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peters, L. D., Nenonen, S., Polese, F., Frow, P., & Payne, A. (2020). Viability mechanisms in market systems: Prerequisites for market shaping. Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, 35(9), 1403\u20131412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JBIM-04-2019-0139","journal-title":"Journal of Business Industrial Marketing"},{"issue":"6","key":"889_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/08876041011072546","volume":"24","author":"L Pl\u00e9","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pl\u00e9, L., & C\u00e1ceres, R. C. (2010). Not always co-creation: Introducing interactional co-destruction of value in service-dominant logic. Journal of Services Marketing, 24(6), Article 24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/08876041011072546","journal-title":"Journal of Services Marketing"},{"issue":"2","key":"889_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-021-00500-4","volume":"32","author":"J Poeppelbuss","year":"2022","unstructured":"Poeppelbuss, J., Ebel, M., & Anke, J. (2022). Iterative uncertainty reduction in multi-actor smart service innovation. Electronic Markets, 32(2), 599\u2013627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12525-021-00500-4","journal-title":"Electronic Markets"},{"issue":"6","key":"889_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1108\/TQM-05-2017-0055","volume":"29","author":"F Polese","year":"2017","unstructured":"Polese, F., Carrubbo, L., Bruni, R., & Maione, G. (2017). The viable system perspective of actors in eco-systems. The TQM Journal, 29(6), 783\u2013799. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/TQM-05-2017-0055","journal-title":"The TQM Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"889_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/dir.20015","volume":"18","author":"CK Prahalad","year":"2004","unstructured":"Prahalad, C. K., & Ramaswamy, V. (2004). Co-creation experiences: The next practice in value creation. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 18(3), 5\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dir.20015","journal-title":"Journal of Interactive Marketing"},{"issue":"4","key":"889_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1177\/1470593116649792","volume":"16","author":"DD Prior","year":"2016","unstructured":"Prior, D. D., & Marcos-Cuevas, J. (2016). Value co-destruction in interfirm relationships: The impact of actor engagement styles. Marketing Theory, 16(4), 533\u2013552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1470593116649792","journal-title":"Marketing Theory"},{"key":"889_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2022.113489","volume":"156","author":"K Razmdoost","year":"2023","unstructured":"Razmdoost, K., Alinaghian, L., Chandler, J. D., & Mele, C. (2023). Service ecosystem boundary and boundary work. Journal of Business Research, 156, Article 113489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2022.113489","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"key":"889_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-41813-7_12","volume-title":"Gestaltung des Wandels im Dienstleistungsmanagement:: Band 1:Innovationsperspektive -Digitalisierungsperspektive -Nachhaltigkeitsperspektive","author":"S Robra-Bissantz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Robra-Bissantz, S., & Schlimbach, R. (2023). Darwinismus digitaler Plattformen\u2013Eine systemtheoretische Betrachtung. In M. Bruhn & K. Hadwich (Eds.), Gestaltung des Wandels im Dienstleistungsmanagement:: Band 1:Innovationsperspektive -Digitalisierungsperspektive -Nachhaltigkeitsperspektive (pp. 355\u2013390). Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-658-41813-7_12"},{"key":"889_CR121","volume-title":"Eine Systemtheorie der Technik: Zur Grundlegung der allgemeinen Technologie","author":"G Ropohl","year":"1979","unstructured":"Ropohl, G. (1979). Eine Systemtheorie der Technik: Zur Grundlegung der allgemeinen Technologie. Carl Hanser Verlag."},{"issue":"4","key":"889_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/03081077708934768","volume":"3","author":"R Rosen","year":"1977","unstructured":"Rosen, R. (1977). Complexity as a system property. International Journal of General System, 3(4), 227\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03081077708934768","journal-title":"International Journal of General System"},{"key":"889_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/inst.12232","volume":"22","author":"D Rousseau","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rousseau, D., & Calvo-Amodio, J. (2019). Systems principles, systems science, and the future of systems engineering. INSIGHT, 22, 13\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/inst.12232","journal-title":"INSIGHT"},{"issue":"1","key":"889_CR124","first-page":"4","volume":"4","author":"D Rousseau","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rousseau, D., Wilby, J., Billingham, J., & Blachfellner, S. (2016). Manifesto for general systems transdisciplinarity. Systema: Connecting matter, life. Culture and Technology, 4(1), 4\u201314.","journal-title":"Culture and Technology"},{"key":"889_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1628-0_7","volume-title":"Handbook of service science. Service science: Research and innovations in the service economy","author":"SE Sampson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sampson, S. E. (2010). The unified service theory. In P. Maglio, C. Kieliszewski, & J. Spohrer (Eds.), Handbook of service science. Service science: Research and innovations in the service economy. Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4419-1628-0_7"},{"issue":"2","key":"889_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1108\/josm-03-2023-0094","volume":"36","author":"D Sarno","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sarno, D., Enquist, B., Polese, F., Sebastiani, R., Petros Sebhatu, S., & Viljakainen, A. M. (2024). A processual view on sustainability transitions in service ecosystems. Journal of Service Management, 36(2), 156\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/josm-03-2023-0094","journal-title":"Journal of Service Management"},{"key":"889_CR127","first-page":"837","volume-title":"A critical review of autopoietic theory and its applications to living, social, organizational and information systems (No. 109)","author":"M Schatten","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schatten, M., & Ba\u010da, M. (2010). A critical review of autopoietic theory and its applications to living, social, organizational and information systems (No. 109) (Vol. 108, pp. 837\u2013852). Dru\u0161tvena Istra\u017eivanja https:\/\/www.ceeol.com\/search\/article-detail?id=188062"},{"issue":"1","key":"889_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.1030.0016","volume":"15","author":"U Schultze","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schultze, U., & Orlikowski, W. J. (2004). A practice perspective on technology-mediated network relations: The use of internet-based self-serve technologies. Information Systems Research, 15(1), 87\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/isre.1030.0016","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"key":"889_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2334-5837.2018.00542.x","volume":"28","author":"H Sillitto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sillitto, H., Griego, R., Arnold, E., Dori, D., Martin, J., McKinney, D., Godfrey, P., Krob, D., & Jackson, S. (2018). What do we mean by \u201csystem\u201d? \u2013 System beliefs and worldviews in the INCOSE community. INCOSE International Symposium, 28, 1190\u20131206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/j.2334-5837.2018.00542.x","journal-title":"INCOSE International Symposium"},{"issue":"9","key":"889_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1080\/14719037.2024.2418376","volume":"27","author":"P Sk\u00e5l\u00e9n","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sk\u00e5l\u00e9n, P., & Trischler, J. (2024). Public services as practices: towards a framework for understanding co-creation and co-destruction of private and public value. Public Management Review, 27(9), 2194\u20132213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14719037.2024.2418376","journal-title":"Public Management Review"},{"key":"889_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2008.451","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 41st annual Hawaii international conference on system sciences (HICSS)","author":"J Spohrer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Spohrer, J., Vargo, S. L., Caswell, N., & Maglio, P. P. (2008). The service system is the basic abstraction of service science. In Proceedings of the 41st annual Hawaii international conference on system sciences (HICSS) (p. 104). IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/HICSS.2008.451"},{"issue":"3","key":"889_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1177\/030631289019003001","volume":"19","author":"SL Star","year":"1989","unstructured":"Star, S. L., & Griesemer, J. R. (1989). Institutional ecology, \u2018translations\u2019 and boundary objects: Amateurs and professionals in Berkeley\u2019s Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907-39. Social Studies of Science, 19(3), 387\u2013420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/030631289019003001","journal-title":"Social Studies of Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"889_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2016.02.034","volume":"69","author":"K Storbacka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Storbacka, K., Brodie, R. J., B\u00f6hmann, T., Maglio, P. P., & Nenonen, S. (2016). Actor engagement as a microfoundation for value co-creation. Journal of Business Research, 69(8), 3008\u20133017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2016.02.034","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"889_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/1094670519894642","volume":"23","author":"L Sudbury-Riley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sudbury-Riley, L., Hunter-Jones, P., Al-Abdin, A., Lewin, D., & Naraine, M. V. (2020). The trajectory touchpoint technique: A deep dive methodology for service innovation. Journal of Service Research, 23(2), 229\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1094670519894642","journal-title":"Journal of Service Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"889_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.2307\/1289278","volume":"87","author":"G Teubner","year":"1989","unstructured":"Teubner, G. (1989). Autopoietic law: The new science of Niklas Luhmann. Michigan Law Review Association, 87(6), 1647\u20131689 there is no DOI available for this paper, URL: https:\/\/repository.law.umich.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=3397&context=mlr","journal-title":"Michigan Law Review Association"},{"issue":"1","key":"889_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s11518-006-0118-6","volume":"12","author":"JM Tien","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tien, J. M., & Berg, D. (2003). A case for service systems engineering. Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering, 12(1), 13\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11518-006-0118-6","journal-title":"Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"889_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/hfm.20516","volume":"23","author":"S Tracy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tracy, S., & Lyons, K. (2013). Service systems and the social enterprise. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries, 23(1), 28\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hfm.20516","journal-title":"Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries"},{"issue":"3","key":"889_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1002\/sres.2587","volume":"36","author":"K van Assche","year":"2019","unstructured":"van Assche, K., Verschraegen, G., Valentinov, V., & Gruezmacher, M. (2019). The social, the ecological, and the adaptive. Von Bertalanffy\u2019s general systems theory and the adaptive governance of social-ecological systems. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 36(3), 308\u2013321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sres.2587","journal-title":"Systems Research and Behavioral Science"},{"key":"889_CR139","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Luhmann meets Weick: Information interoperability and situational awareness","author":"B van Lier","year":"2013","unstructured":"van Lier, B. (2013). Luhmann meets Weick: Information interoperability and situational awareness. Emergence: Complexity and Organization, 15(1), 71. https:\/\/search.proquest.com\/openview\/eebdba81d0127b7b0671ca6361594014\/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=28203"},{"key":"889_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/03081077508960828","volume":"2","author":"FJ Varela","year":"1975","unstructured":"Varela, F. J. (1975). A calculus for self-reference. International Journal of General Systems, 2, 5\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03081077508960828","journal-title":"International Journal of General Systems"},{"issue":"3","key":"889_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1287\/serv.1120.0019","volume":"4","author":"SL Vargo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vargo, S. L., & Akaka, M. A. (2012). Value co-creation and service systems (Re) formation: A service ecosystems view. Service Science, 4(3), 207\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/serv.1120.0019","journal-title":"Service Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"889_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1509\/jmkg.68.1.1.24036","volume":"68","author":"SL Vargo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vargo, S. L., & Lusch, R. F. (2004a). Evolving to a new dominant logic for marketing. Journal of Marketing, 68(1), 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1509\/jmkg.68.1.1.24036","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing"},{"issue":"4","key":"889_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1177\/1094670503262946","volume":"6","author":"SL Vargo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vargo, S. L., & Lusch, R. F. (2004b). The four service marketing myths. Journal of Service Research, 6(4), 324\u2013335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1094670503262946","journal-title":"Journal of Service Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"889_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-007-0069-6","volume":"36","author":"SL Vargo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vargo, S. L., & Lusch, R. F. (2008). Service-dominant logic: Continuing the evolution. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 36(1), 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11747-007-0069-6","journal-title":"Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"889_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indmarman.2010.06.026","volume":"40","author":"SL Vargo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vargo, S. L., & Lusch, R. F. (2011). It\u2019s all B2B\u2026 and beyond: Toward a systems perspective of the market. Industrial Marketing Management, 40(2), 181\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.indmarman.2010.06.026","journal-title":"Industrial Marketing Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"889_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-015-0456-3","volume":"44","author":"SL Vargo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vargo, S. L., & Lusch, R. F. (2016). Institutions and axioms: An extension and update of service-dominant logic. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 44(1), 5\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11747-015-0456-3","journal-title":"Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"889_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijresmar.2016.11.001","volume":"34","author":"SL Vargo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vargo, S. L., & Lusch, R. F. (2017). Service-dominant logic 2025. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 34(1), 46\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijresmar.2016.11.001","journal-title":"International Journal of Research in Marketing"},{"issue":"3","key":"889_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emj.2008.04.003","volume":"26","author":"SL Vargo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vargo, S. L., Maglio, P. P., & Akaka, M. A. (2008). On value and value co-creation: A service systems and service logic perspective. European Management Journal, 26(3), 145\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.emj.2008.04.003","journal-title":"European Management Journal"},{"key":"889_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2017.03.011","volume":"79","author":"SL Vargo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vargo, S. L., Koskela-Huotari, K., Baron, S., Edvardsson, B., Reynoso, J., & Colurcio, M. (2017). A systems perspective on markets\u2013Toward a research agenda. Journal of Business Research, 79, 260\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2017.03.011","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"889_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-022-00849-8","volume":"51","author":"SL Vargo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vargo, S. L., Peters, L., Kjellberg, H., Koskela-Huotari, K., Nenonen, S., Polese, F., Sarno, D., & Vaughan, C. (2023). Emergence in marketing: An institutional and ecosystem framework. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 51(1), 2\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11747-022-00849-8","journal-title":"Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"889_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1177\/1094670520952537","volume":"24","author":"J Vink","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vink, J., Koskela-Huotari, K., Tronvoll, B., Edvardsson, B., & Wetter-Edman, K. (2021). Service ecosystem design: Propositions, process model, and future research agenda. Journal of Service Research, 24(2), 168\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1094670520952537","journal-title":"Journal of Service Research"},{"key":"889_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1093\/bjps\/i.2.134","volume":"1","author":"von Bertalanff y, L.","year":"1950","unstructured":"von Bertalanff y, L. (1950). An outline of general system theory. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 1, 134\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bjps\/i.2.134","journal-title":"British Journal for the Philosophy of Science"},{"key":"889_CR153","volume-title":"General system theory: Foundations, development, applications","author":"von Bertalanffy, L.","year":"1971","unstructured":"von Bertalanffy, L. (1971). General system theory: Foundations, development, applications. Allen Lane the Penguin Press."},{"key":"889_CR154","volume-title":"An introduction to general systems thinking","author":"GM Weinberg","year":"1975","unstructured":"Weinberg, G. M. (1975). An introduction to general systems thinking (Vol. 304). Wiley."},{"issue":"2","key":"889_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1287\/serv.2014.0068","volume":"6","author":"K Wetter-Edman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wetter-Edman, K., Sangiorgi, D., Edvardsson, B., Holmlid, S., Gr\u00f6nroos, C., & Mattelm\u00e4ki, T. (2014). Design for value co-creation: Exploring synergies between design for service and service logic. Service Science, 6(2), 106\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/serv.2014.0068","journal-title":"Service Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"889_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4018\/jssmet.2012070102","volume":"3","author":"H Wieland","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wieland, H., Polese, F., Vargo, S. L., & Lusch, R. F. (2012). Toward a service (Eco) systems perspective on value creation. International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology (IJSSMET), 3(3), 12\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/jssmet.2012070102","journal-title":"International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology (IJSSMET)"},{"key":"889_CR157","volume-title":"Cybernetics or control and communication in the animal and the machine","author":"N Wiener","year":"1948","unstructured":"Wiener, N. (1948). Cybernetics or control and communication in the animal and the machine. The MIT Press."},{"issue":"2","key":"889_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1743(200003\/04)17:2105::AID-SRES2873.0.CO;2-M","volume":"17","author":"LD Xu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Xu, L. D. (2000). The contribution of systems science to information systems research. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 17(2), 105\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1743(200003\/04)17:2105::AID-SRES2873.0.CO;2-M","journal-title":"Systems Research and Behavioral Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"889_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1177\/002224298504900203","volume":"49","author":"VA Zeithaml","year":"1985","unstructured":"Zeithaml, V. A., Parasuraman, A., & Berry, L. L. (1985). Problems and strategies in services marketing. Journal of Marketing, 49(2), 33\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002224298504900203","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing"},{"issue":"1","key":"889_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1504\/IJMDM.2006.008168","volume":"7","author":"M Zeleny","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zeleny, M. (2006). Knowledge-information autopoietic cycle: Towards the wisdom systems. International Journal of Management and Decision Making, 7(1), 3\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1504\/IJMDM.2006.008168","journal-title":"International Journal of Management and Decision Making"},{"key":"889_CR161","volume-title":"World resources and industries; A functional appraisal of the availability of agricultural and industrial materials","author":"EW Zimmermann","year":"1933","unstructured":"Zimmermann, E. W. (1933). World resources and industries; A functional appraisal of the availability of agricultural and industrial materials. Harper and Brothers."}],"container-title":["Electronic Markets"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12525-026-00889-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12525-026-00889-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12525-026-00889-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T11:52:12Z","timestamp":1776772332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12525-026-00889-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"references-count":161,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["889"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12525-026-00889-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1019-6781","1422-8890"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1019-6781","type":"print"},{"value":"1422-8890","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"37"}}