{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T01:09:57Z","timestamp":1782954597576,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,10]],"date-time":"2016-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470787200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Comput High Educ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12528-016-9120-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,10]],"date-time":"2016-08-10T14:13:25Z","timestamp":1470838405000},"page":"307-325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":158,"title":["Extending the will, skill, tool model of technology integration: adding pedagogy as a new model construct"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Gerald","family":"Knezek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4724-9375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rhonda","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"9120_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2010.08.017","volume":"56","author":"DD Agyei","year":"2011","unstructured":"Agyei, D. D., & Voogt, J. M. (2011). Exploring the potential of the will, skill, tool model in Ghana: Predicting prospective and practicing teachers\u2019 use of technology. Computer & Education, 56, 91\u2013100.","journal-title":"Computer & Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"9120_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.2190\/H1M8-562W-18J1-634P","volume":"37","author":"SE Anderson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Anderson, S. E., & Maninger, R. M. (2007). Preservice teachers\u2019 abilities, beliefs, and intentions regarding technology integration. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 37(2), 151\u2013172.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"issue":"11","key":"9120_CR3","first-page":"4242","volume":"58","author":"R Christensen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Christensen, R. (1997). Effect of technology integration education on the attitudes of teachers and their students. Doctoral dissertation, University of North Texas. Dissertation Abstracts International, 58(11), 4242. UMD # AAT9816134.","journal-title":"Dissertation Abstracts International"},{"issue":"4","key":"9120_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1080\/15391523.2002.10782359","volume":"34","author":"R Christensen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Christensen, R. (2002). Impact of technology integration education on the attitudes of teachers and students. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 34(4), 411\u2013434.","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Technology in Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"9120_CR5","first-page":"25","volume":"11","author":"R Christensen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Christensen, R., & Knezek, G. (1999). Stages of Adoption for technology in education. Computers in New Zealand Schools, 11(4), 25\u201329.","journal-title":"Computers in New Zealand Schools"},{"key":"9120_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-73315-9_21","volume-title":"International handbook of information technology in primary and secondary education","author":"R Christensen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Christensen, R., & Knezek, G. (2008). Self-report measures and findings for information technology attitudes and competencies. In J. Voogt & G. Knezek (Eds.), International handbook of information technology in primary and secondary education (pp. 349\u2013365). New York: Springer."},{"issue":"4","key":"9120_CR7","first-page":"143","volume":"25","author":"RW Christensen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Christensen, R. W., & Knezek, G. A. (2009). Construct validity for the teachers\u2019 attitudes toward computers questionnaire. Journal of Computing in Teacher Education, 25(4), 143\u2013155.","journal-title":"Journal of Computing in Teacher Education"},{"key":"9120_CR8","unstructured":"Christensen, R., & Knezek, G. (2014). The technology proficiency self-assessment (TPSA): Evolution of a self-efficacy measure for technology integration. In Paper presented to IFIP KEYCIT. Germany: Pottsdam. July 2, 2014."},{"key":"9120_CR9","unstructured":"Coughlin, E., & Lemke, C. (1999). Professional competency continuum: Professional skills for the digital age classroom. Santa Monica, CA: Milken Exchange. Available https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/academy\/professional\/files\/milken_pro_competency_continuum-prodevo.pdf ."},{"issue":"1","key":"9120_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1177\/00131640121971068","volume":"61","author":"C DeMars","year":"2001","unstructured":"DeMars, C. (2001). Group differences based on IRT scores: Does the model matter? Educational and Psychological Measurement, 61(1), 60\u201370.","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"9120_CR11","unstructured":"Dwyer, D. C., Ringstaff, C., & Sandholtz, J. H. (1990). Teacher beliefs and practices. Part I: Patterns of change. Retrieved 2-9-2005 from Apple Classrooms Tomorrow http:\/\/images.apple.com\/education\/k12\/leadership\/acot\/pdf\/rpt08.pdf ."},{"key":"9120_CR12","volume-title":"Measuring levels of use of the innovation: A manual for trainers, interviewers, and raters","author":"GE Hall","year":"1975","unstructured":"Hall, G. E., Loucks, S. F., Rutherford, W. L., & Newlove, B. W. (1975). Levels of use of the innovation: A framework for analyzing innovation adoption. In S. F. Loucks, B. W. Newlove, & J. E. Hall (Eds.), Measuring levels of use of the innovation: A manual for trainers, interviewers, and raters. Austin, TX: Southwest Educational Developement Laboratory."},{"issue":"1","key":"9120_CR13","first-page":"15","volume":"24","author":"R Hancock","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hancock, R., Knezek, G., & Christensen, R. (2007). Cross-validating measures of technology integration: A first step toward examining potential relationships between technology integration and student achievement. Journal of Computing in Teacher Education, 24(1), 15\u201321.","journal-title":"Journal of Computing in Teacher Education"},{"key":"9120_CR14","volume-title":"LISREL8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language","author":"KG Joreskog","year":"1993","unstructured":"Joreskog, K. G., & Sorbom, D. (1993). LISREL8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Chicago, IL: Scientific Software International."},{"key":"9120_CR15","volume-title":"Learning and human abilities: Educational psychology","author":"HJ Klausmeir","year":"1975","unstructured":"Klausmeir, H. J., & Goodwin, W. (1975). Learning and human abilities: Educational psychology (4th ed.). New York: Harper & Row Publishers.","edition":"4"},{"key":"9120_CR16","first-page":"321","volume-title":"International handbook of information technology in primary and secondary information","author":"G Knezek","year":"2008","unstructured":"Knezek, G., & Christensen, R. (2008). The importance of information technology attitudes and competencies in primary and secondary education. In J. Voogt & G. Knezek (Eds.). International handbook of information technology in primary and secondary information (pp. 321\u2013331). New York: Springer."},{"key":"9120_CR17","first-page":"84","volume-title":"Proceedings of the cognition and exploratory learning in digital age, 2015","author":"G Knezek","year":"2015","unstructured":"Knezek, G., & Christensen, R. (2015). The will, skill, tool model of technology integration: Adding pedagogy as a new model construct. In D. G. Sampson, J. M. Spector, D. Ifenthaler, & P. Isaias (Eds.), Proceedings of the cognition and exploratory learning in digital age, 2015 (pp. 84\u201391). Ireland: Maynooth."},{"key":"9120_CR18","unstructured":"Knezek, G., Christensen, R., & Fluke, R. (2003). Testing a will, skill, tool model of technology integration. In Paper presented to the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (AERA). Chicago, IL."},{"key":"9120_CR19","unstructured":"Knezek, G., Christensen, R., Hancock, R., & Shoho, A. (2000). Toward a structural model of technology integration. In A paper presented to the Hawaii Educational Research Association Annual Conference. Honolulu, HI."},{"key":"9120_CR20","volume-title":"Instruments for assessing educator progress toward technology integration","author":"G Knezek","year":"2000","unstructured":"Knezek, G., Christensen, R., Miyashita, K., & Ropp, M. (2000b). Instruments for assessing educator progress toward technology integration. Denton, TX: The Institute for the Integration of Technology into Teaching and Learning."},{"key":"9120_CR21","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Handbook of technological pedagogical content knowledge for educators","author":"MJ Koehler","year":"2008","unstructured":"Koehler, M. J., & Mishra, P. (2008). Introducing TPCK. In J. A. Colbert, K. E. Boyd, K. A. Clark, S. Guan, J. B. Harris, M. A. Kelly, & A. D. Thompson (Eds.), Handbook of technological pedagogical content knowledge for educators (pp. 1\u201329). New York: Routledge."},{"issue":"6","key":"9120_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9620.2006.00684.x","volume":"108","author":"P Mishra","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mishra, P., & Koehler, M. J. (2006). Technological pedagogical content knowledge: A framework for teacher knowledge. Teachers College Record, 108(6), 1017\u20131054.","journal-title":"Teachers College Record"},{"key":"9120_CR23","unstructured":"Morales, C. (2006). Cross-cultural validation of the will, skill, tool model of technology integration. Doctoral dissertation, University of North Texas. Available http:\/\/digital.library.unt.edu\/ark:\/67531\/metadc5256\/m2\/1\/high_res_d\/dissertation.pdf ."},{"key":"9120_CR24","unstructured":"Morales, C., & Knezek, G. (2007). Testing a predictive model of technology integration in Mexico and the United States. In Paper presented to the American Educational Research Association Annual Conference. Ill: Chicago."},{"key":"9120_CR25","unstructured":"Morales, C., Knezek, G., Christensen, R., & Avila, P. (Eds.) (2005). The will, skill, tool model of technology integration. A conceptual approach to teaching and learning with technology. Mexico City, Mexico: ICLE."},{"issue":"5","key":"9120_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2005.03.006","volume":"21","author":"ML Niess","year":"2005","unstructured":"Niess, M. L. (2005). Preparing teachers to teach science and mathematics with technology: Developing a technology pedagogical content knowledge. Teaching and Teacher Education, 21(5), 509\u2013523.","journal-title":"Teaching and Teacher Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"9120_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.12.013","volume":"58","author":"D Petko","year":"2012","unstructured":"Petko, D. (2012). Teachers\u2019 pedagogical beliefs and their use of digital media in classrooms: Sharpening the focus of the \u2018will, skill, tool\u2019 model and integrating teachers\u2019 constructivist orientations. Computers & Education, 58(4), 1351\u20131359.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"9120_CR28","unstructured":"Rogers, P. L. (1999). Barriers to adopting emerging technologies in education. ERIC Document Reproduction. No. ED429556."},{"issue":"4","key":"9120_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1080\/08886504.1999.10782262","volume":"31","author":"MM Ropp","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ropp, M. M. (1999). Exploring individual characteristics associated to learning to use computers in preservice teacher preparation. Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 31(4), 402\u2013424.","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Computing in Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"9120_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-1315(95)00073-9","volume":"25","author":"AL Russell","year":"1995","unstructured":"Russell, A. L. (1995). Stages in learning new technology: Naive adult email users. Computers in Education, 25(4), 173\u2013178.","journal-title":"Computers in Education"},{"key":"9120_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315749105","volume-title":"A beginner\u2019s guide to structural equation modeling","author":"RE Schumacker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2015). A beginner\u2019s guide to structural equation modeling (4th ed.). New York: Routledge.","edition":"4"},{"issue":"2","key":"9120_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X015002004","volume":"15","author":"LS Shulman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Shulman, L. S. (1986). Those who understand: Knowledge growth in teaching. Educational Researcher, 15(2), 4\u201314.","journal-title":"Educational Researcher"},{"key":"9120_CR33","volume-title":"Educational psychology: Theory and practice","author":"RE Slavin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Slavin, R. E. (2015). Educational psychology: Theory and practice (11th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.","edition":"11"},{"key":"9120_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/10694-000","volume-title":"Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications","author":"B Thompson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Thompson, B. (2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association."},{"issue":"3","key":"9120_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/15391523.2004.10782415","volume":"36","author":"RA Vannatta","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vannatta, R. A., & Fordham, N. (2004). Teacher dispositions as predictors of classroom technology. Journal of Research Technology in Education, 36(3), 253\u2013272.","journal-title":"Journal of Research Technology in Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"9120_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1080\/15391523.2004.10782414","volume":"36","author":"L Wang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wang, L., Ertmer, P. A., & Newby, T. J. (2004). Increasing preservice teachers\u2019 self-efficacy beliefs for technology Integration. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 36(3), 231\u2013250.","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Technology in Education"},{"key":"9120_CR37","volume-title":"Understanding pedagogy and its impact on learning","author":"C Watkins","year":"1999","unstructured":"Watkins, C., & Mortimore, P. (1999). Pedagogy: What do we know? In P. Mortimore (Ed.), Understanding pedagogy and its impact on learning. London: Paul Chapman Publishing."}],"container-title":["Journal of Computing in Higher Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12528-016-9120-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12528-016-9120-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12528-016-9120-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,5]],"date-time":"2022-07-05T18:37:18Z","timestamp":1657046238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12528-016-9120-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,10]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12528-016-9120-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-1726","1867-1233"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-1726","type":"print"},{"value":"1867-1233","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,10]]}}}