{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T23:43:31Z","timestamp":1772495011978,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689120000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Comput High Educ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12528-023-09373-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T09:02:11Z","timestamp":1689152531000},"page":"702-726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Academic Communities of Engagement: exploring the impact of online and in-person support communities on the academic engagement of online learners"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4395-830X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristian J.","family":"Spring","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8598-2602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles R.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0065-0105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Courtney N.","family":"Hanny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9918-1451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Tuiloma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamal","family":"Badar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"9373_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s12528-011-9043-x","volume":"23","author":"PC Abrami","year":"2011","unstructured":"Abrami, P. C., Bernard, R. M., Bures, E. M., Borokhovski, E., & Tamim, R. M. (2011). Interaction in distance education and online learning: Using evidence and theory to improve practice. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 23(2), 82\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12528-011-9043-x","journal-title":"Journal of Computing in Higher Education"},{"key":"9373_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.15215\/aupress\/9781897425084.01","volume-title":"The theory and practice of online learning","author":"T Anderson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Anderson, T. (2008). Toward a theory of online learning. In T. Anderson (Ed.), The theory and practice of online learning (2nd ed., pp. 33\u201360). Athabasca University Press.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"3","key":"9373_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2022.2051513","volume":"57","author":"L Archambault","year":"2022","unstructured":"Archambault, L., Leary, H., & Rice, K. (2022). Pillars of online pedagogy: A framework for teaching in online learning environments. Educational Psychologist, 57(3), 178\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00461520.2022.2051513","journal-title":"Educational Psychologist"},{"key":"9373_CR58","unstructured":"ASU Online. (2017).ASU Online launches success center. Arizona State University. https:\/\/asuonline.asu.edu\/newsroom\/online-learning-tips\/asu-online-launches-success-center\/."},{"key":"9373_CR4","volume-title":"Social foundations of thought and action","author":"A Bandura","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action. Prentice- Hall Inc."},{"issue":"2","key":"9373_CR5","first-page":"249","volume":"11","author":"J Banna","year":"2015","unstructured":"Banna, J., Lin, M. G., Stewart, M., & Fialkowski, M. K. (2015). Interaction matters: Strategies to promote engaged learning in an online introductory nutrition course. MERLOT Journal of Online Teaching and Learning, 11(2), 249\u2013261.","journal-title":"MERLOT Journal of Online Teaching and Learning"},{"key":"9373_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2018.01.002","volume":"53","author":"A Ben-Eliyahu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ben-Eliyahu, A., Moore, D., Dorph, R., & Schunn, C. D. (2018). Investigating the multidimensionality of engagement: Affective, behavioral, and cognitive engagement across science activities and contexts. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 53, 87\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2018.01.002","journal-title":"Contemporary Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"9373_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654309333844","volume":"79","author":"RM Bernard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bernard, R. M., Abrami, P. C., Borokhovski, E., Wade, C. A., Tamim, R. M., Surkes, M. A., & Bethel, E. C. (2009). A meta-analysis of three types of interaction treatments in distance education. Review of Educational Research, 79(3), 1243\u20131289.","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"key":"9373_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borup, J., Graham, C. R., & Velasquez, A. (2011). The use of asynchronous video communication to improve instructor immediacy and social presence in a blended learning environment. In A. Kitchenham (Ed.), Blended learning across disciplines: Models for implementation (pp. 38\u201357). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-60960-479-0.ch003"},{"issue":"4","key":"9373_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.24059\/olj.v23i4.1565","volume":"23","author":"J Borup","year":"2019","unstructured":"Borup, J., Chambers, C., & Stimson, R. (2019). K-12 student perceptions of online teacher and on-site facilitator support in supplemental online courses. Online Learning, 23(4), 253\u2013280.","journal-title":"Online Learning"},{"issue":"5","key":"9373_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12089","volume":"45","author":"J Borup","year":"2014","unstructured":"Borup, J., Graham, C. R., & Drysdale, J. S. (2014). The nature of teacher engagement at an online high school. British Journal of Educational Technology, 45(5), 793\u2013806.","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"9373_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-020-09744-x","author":"J Borup","year":"2020","unstructured":"Borup, J., Graham, C. R., West, R. E., Archambault, L., & Spring, K. J. (2020). Academic communities of engagement: An expansive lens for examining support structures in blended and online learning. Educational Technology Research and Development. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11423-020-09744-x","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"issue":"5","key":"9373_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.24059\/olj.v19i5.699","volume":"19","author":"J Borup","year":"2015","unstructured":"Borup, J., Stevens, M. A., & Waters, L. H. (2015). Parent and student perceptions of parent engagement at a cyber charter high school. Online Learning, 19(5), 69\u201391.","journal-title":"Online Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"9373_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/08923647.2019.1554984","volume":"33","author":"J Borup","year":"2019","unstructured":"Borup, J., & Stimson, R. (2019). Online teachers\u2019 and on-site facilitators\u2019 shared responsibilities at a supplemental virtual secondary school. American Journal of Distance Education, 33(1), 29\u201345.","journal-title":"American Journal of Distance Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"9373_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2011.11.001","volume":"15","author":"J Borup","year":"2012","unstructured":"Borup, J., West, R. E., & Graham, C. R. (2012). Improving online social presence through asynchronous video. Internet and Higher Education, 15(3), 195\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iheduc.2011.11.001","journal-title":"Internet and Higher Education"},{"key":"9373_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1080\/01587919.2013.770427","volume":"34","author":"J Borup","year":"2013","unstructured":"Borup, J., West, R. E., & Graham, C. R. (2013). The influence of asynchronous video communication on learner social presence: A narrative analysis of four cases. Distance Education, 34, 48\u201363.","journal-title":"Distance Education"},{"key":"9373_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2016.05.001","volume":"31","author":"MG Brown","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brown, M. G. (2016). Blended instructional practice: A review of the empirical literature on instructors\u2019 adoption and use of online tools in face-to-face teaching. Internet and Higher Education, 31, 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iheduc.2016.05.001","journal-title":"Internet and Higher Education"},{"key":"9373_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carrington, P. & Scott, J. (2014). Introduction. In The SAGE handbook of social network analysis (pp. 1\u20138). SAGE Publications Ltd, https:\/\/www-doi-org.erl.lib.byu.edu\/10.4135\/9781446294413","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446294413.n1"},{"key":"9373_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-2018-7","volume-title":"Handbook of research on student engagement","author":"SL Christenson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Christenson, S. L., Reschly, A. L., & Wylie, C. (2012). Handbook of research on student engagement. Springer Science & Business Media."},{"issue":"1","key":"9373_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","volume":"112","author":"J Cohen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"9373_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.17718\/tojde.522378","volume":"20","author":"K Collins","year":"2019","unstructured":"Collins, K., Groff, S., Mathena, C., & Kupczynski, L. (2019). Asynchronous video and the development of instructor social presence and student engagement. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 20(1), 53\u201370.","journal-title":"Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"9373_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1080\/01587919.2015.955259","volume":"35","author":"C de la Varre","year":"2014","unstructured":"de la Varre, C., Irvin, M. J., Jordan, A. W., Hannum, W. H., & Farmer, T. W. (2014). Reasons for student dropout in an online course in a rural K\u201312 setting. Distance Education, 35(3), 324\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01587919.2015.955259","journal-title":"Distance Education"},{"key":"9373_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-017-0087-5","author":"C Dziuban","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dziuban, C., Graham, C. R., Moskal, P., Norberg, A., & Sicilia, N. (2018). Blended learning: The new normal and emerging technologies. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41239-017-0087-5","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"9373_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/15391523.2011.10782569","volume":"43","author":"G Falloon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Falloon, G. (2011). Making the connection: Moore\u2019s theory of transactional distance and its relevance to the use of a virtual classroom in postgraduate online teacher education. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 43(3), 187\u2013209.","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Technology in Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"9373_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543074001059","volume":"74","author":"JA Fredricks","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., & Paris, A. H. (2004). School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence. Review of Educational Research, 74(1), 59\u2013109.","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"key":"9373_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03340899","volume":"8","author":"MJ Furlong","year":"2003","unstructured":"Furlong, M. J., Whipple, A. D., St. Jean, G., Simental, J., Soliz, A., & Punthuna, S. (2003). Multiple contexts of school engagement: Moving toward a unifying framework for educational research and practice. The California School Psychologist, 8, 99\u2013113.","journal-title":"The California School Psychologist"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"9373_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-7516(00)00016-6","volume":"2","author":"DR Garrison","year":"2000","unstructured":"Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2000). Critical inquiry in a text-based environment: Computer conferencing in higher education. The Internet and Higher Education, 2(2\u20133), 87\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1096-7516(00)00016-6","journal-title":"The Internet and Higher Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"9373_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2007.04.001","volume":"10","author":"DR Garrison","year":"2007","unstructured":"Garrison, D. R., & Arbaugh, J. B. (2007). Researching the community of inquiry framework: Review, issues, and future directions. The Internet and Higher Education, 10(3), 157\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iheduc.2007.04.001","journal-title":"The Internet and Higher Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"9373_CR28","first-page":"93","volume":"23","author":"R Garrison","year":"2009","unstructured":"Garrison, R. (2009). Implications of online learning for the conceptual development and practice of distance education. Journal of Distance Education, 23(2), 93\u2013104.","journal-title":"Journal of Distance Education"},{"key":"9373_CR29","unstructured":"Gill, B., Walsh, L., Wulsin, C. S., Matulewicz, H., Severn, V., Grau, E., Lee, A, & Kerwin, T. (2015). Inside online charter schools. Walton Family Foundation and Mathematica Policy Research. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.mathematica-mpr.com\/~\/media\/publications\/pdfs\/education\/inside_online_charter_schools.pdf"},{"key":"9373_CR30","first-page":"3","volume-title":"The handbook of blended learning: Global perspectives, local designs","author":"CR Graham","year":"2006","unstructured":"Graham, C. R. (2006). Blended learning systems: Definition, current trends, and future directions. In C. J. Bonk & C. R. Graham (Eds.), The handbook of blended learning: Global perspectives, local designs (pp. 3\u201321). Pfeiffer Publishing."},{"issue":"3","key":"9373_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2022.2090364","volume":"57","author":"C Greenhow","year":"2022","unstructured":"Greenhow, C., Graham, C. R., & Koehler, M. J. (2022). Foundations of online learning: Challenges and opportunities. Educational Psychologist, 57(3), 131\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00461520.2022.2090364","journal-title":"Educational Psychologist"},{"issue":"3","key":"9373_CR32","first-page":"65","volume":"6","author":"ME Griffiths","year":"2009","unstructured":"Griffiths, M. E., & Graham, C. R. (2009). Using asynchronous video in online classes: Results from a pilot study. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, 6(3), 65\u201376.","journal-title":"International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"9373_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.24059\/olj.v23i2.1481","volume":"23","author":"LR Halverson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Halverson, L. R., & Graham, C. R. (2019). Learner engagement in blended learning environments: A conceptual framework. Online Learning, 23(2), 145\u2013178.","journal-title":"Online Learning"},{"key":"9373_CR34","unstructured":"Hanneman, R. A., & Riddle, M. (2005). Introduction to social network methods. University of California, Riverside. http:\/\/faculty.ucr.edu\/~hanneman\/nettext\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"9373_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.19173\/irrodl.v24i1.6664","volume":"24","author":"CN Hanny","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hanny, C. N., Graham, C. R., West, R. E., & Borup, J. (2023). \u201cSomeone in their corner\u201d: Parental support in online secondary education. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 24(1), 85\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19173\/irrodl.v24i1.6664","journal-title":"International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning"},{"issue":"6265","key":"9373_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab3782","volume":"350","author":"JD Hansen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hansen, J. D., & Reich, J. (2015). Democratizing education? Examining access and usage patterns in massive open online courses. Science, 350(6265), 1245\u20131248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aab3782","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"9373_CR36","first-page":"17","volume":"16","author":"CM Harms","year":"2006","unstructured":"Harms, C. M., Niederhauser, D. S., Davis, N. E., Roblyer, M. D., & Gilbert, S. B. (2006). Educating educators for virtual schooling: Communicating roles and responsibilities. Journal of Communication, 16(1), 17\u201324.","journal-title":"Journal of Communication"},{"key":"9373_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2015.09.005","volume":"90","author":"CR Henrie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Henrie, C. R., Halverson, L. R., & Graham, C. R. (2015). Measuring student engagement in technology-mediated learning: A review. Computers & Education, 90, 36\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2015.09.005","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"9373_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s11218-007-9047-6","volume":"11","author":"S J\u00e4rvel\u00e4","year":"2008","unstructured":"J\u00e4rvel\u00e4, S., Veermans, M., & Leinonen, P. (2008). Investigating student engagement in computer-supported inquiry: A process-oriented analysis. Social Psychology of Education, 11(3), 299\u2013322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11218-007-9047-6","journal-title":"Social Psychology of Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"9373_CR39","first-page":"24","volume":"37","author":"D Johnstone","year":"2005","unstructured":"Johnstone, D. (2005). A competency alternative: Western Governors University. Change: the Magazine of Higher Learning, 37(4), 24.","journal-title":"Change: the Magazine of Higher Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"9373_CR40","first-page":"176","volume":"20","author":"R Kimmons","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kimmons, R., Graham, C. R., & West, R. E. (2020). The PICRAT model for technology integration in teacher preparation. Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 20(1), 176\u2013198.","journal-title":"Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education"},{"issue":"10","key":"9373_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239766","volume":"15","author":"RF Kizilcec","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kizilcec, R. F., & Kambhampaty, A. (2020). Identifying course characteristics associated with sociodemographic variation in enrollments across 159 online courses from 20 institutions. PLoS ONE, 15(10), 1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0239766","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"9373_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1080\/00221546.2008.11772116","volume":"79","author":"GD Kuh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kuh, G. D., Cruce, T. M., Shoup, R., Kinzie, J., & Gonyea, R. M. (2008). Unmasking the effects of student engagement on first-year college grades and persistence. Journal of Higher Education, 79(5), 540\u2013563.","journal-title":"Journal of Higher Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"9373_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.7054","volume":"46","author":"H Lei","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lei, H., Cui, Y., & Zhou, W. (2018). Relationships between student engagement and academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 46(3), 517\u2013528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2224\/sbp.7054","journal-title":"Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal"},{"key":"9373_CR44","first-page":"75","volume-title":"Computers as cognitive tools Technology in education","author":"MR Lepper","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lepper, M. R., Woolverton, M., Mumme, D. L., & Gurtner, J.-L. (1993). Motivational techniques of expert human tutors: Lessons for the design of computer-based tutors. In S. P. Lajoie & S. J. Derry (Eds.), Computers as cognitive tools Technology in education (pp. 75\u2013105). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc."},{"issue":"3","key":"9373_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/01587919.2022.2088479","volume":"43","author":"PR Lowenthal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lowenthal, P. R. (2022). Exploring student perceptions of asynchronous video in online courses. Distance Education, 43(3), 369\u2013387.","journal-title":"Distance Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"9373_CR46","first-page":"383","volume":"28","author":"P Lowenthal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lowenthal, P., Borup, J., West, R., & Archambault, L. (2020). Thinking beyond Zoom: Using asynchronous video to maintain connection and engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education., 28(2), 383\u2013391.","journal-title":"Journal of Technology and Teacher Education."},{"issue":"1","key":"9373_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1057\/s41307-016-0026-4","volume":"30","author":"B Macfarlane","year":"2017","unstructured":"Macfarlane, B., & Tomlinson, M. (2017). Critical and alternative perspectives on student engagement. Higher Education Policy, 30(1), 1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/s41307-016-0026-4","journal-title":"Higher Education Policy"},{"key":"9373_CR48","unstructured":"Martin, F., Polly, D. & Ritzhaupt, A. (2020). Bichronous online learning: Blending asynchronous and synchronous online learning. Educause Review. Retrieved from https:\/\/er.educause.edu\/articles\/2020\/9\/bichronous-online-learning-blending-asynchronous-and-synchronous-online-learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"9373_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.24059\/olj.v22i1.1092","volume":"22","author":"F Martin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martin, F., & Bolliger, D. U. (2018). Engagement matters: Student perceptions on the importance of engagement strategies in the online learning environment. Online Learning, 22(1), 205\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24059\/olj.v22i1.1092","journal-title":"Online Learning"},{"issue":"3","key":"9373_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2022.2089147","volume":"57","author":"F Martin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Martin, F., & Borup, J. (2022). Online learner engagement: Conceptual definitions, research themes, and supportive practices. Educational Psychologist, 57(3), 162\u2013177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00461520.2022.2089147","journal-title":"Educational Psychologist"},{"key":"9373_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2022.100879","volume":"56","author":"F Martin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Martin, F., Kumar, S., Ritzhaupt, A. D., & Polly, D. (2023). Bichronous online learning: Award-winning online instructor practices of blending asynchronous and synchronous online modalities. Internet and Higher Education, 56, 100879. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iheduc.2022.100879","journal-title":"Internet and Higher Education"},{"key":"9373_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2018.01.003","volume":"37","author":"F Martin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martin, F., Wang, C., & Sadaf, A. (2018). Student perception of helpfulness of facilitation strategies that enhance instructor presence, connectedness, engagement and learning in online courses. Internet and Higher Education, 37, 52\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iheduc.2018.01.003","journal-title":"Internet and Higher Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"9373_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/016146811311500307","volume":"115","author":"B Means","year":"2013","unstructured":"Means, B., Toyama, Y., Murphy, R., & Baki, M. (2013). The effectiveness of online and blended learning: A metaanalysis of the empirical literature. Teachers College Record, 115(3), 1\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/016146811311500307","journal-title":"Teachers College Record"},{"key":"9373_CR101","unstructured":"Means, B., Toyama, Y., Murphy, R., Bakia, M., & Jones, K. (2010). Evaluation of evidence-based practices in online learning: A meta-analysis and review of online learning studies. Retrieved from http:\/\/www2.ed.gov\/rschstat\/eval\/tech\/evidence-based-practices\/finalreport.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"9373_CR53","first-page":"55","volume":"7","author":"KA Meyer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Meyer, K. A. (2003). Face-to-face versus threaded discussions: The role of time and higher-order thinking. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 7(3), 55\u201365.","journal-title":"Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks"},{"issue":"4","key":"9373_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2007.03.002","volume":"50","author":"N Michinov","year":"2008","unstructured":"Michinov, N., & Michinov, E. (2008). Face-to-face contact at the midpoint of an online collaboration: Its impact on the patterns of participation, interaction, affect, and behavior over time. Computers and Education, 50(4), 1540\u20131557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2007.03.002","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"key":"9373_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1002\/sce","volume":"91","author":"\ufeffMilne, C., & Otieno, T.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Milne, C., & Otieno, T. (2007). Understanding engagement: Science demonstrations and emotional energy. Science Education, 91, 523\u2013553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sce","journal-title":"Science Education"},{"key":"9373_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203803738","volume-title":"Handbook of distance education","author":"MG Moore","year":"2013","unstructured":"Moore, M. G. (2013). The theory of transactional distance. In M. G. Moore (Ed.), Handbook of distance education (3rd ed., pp. 66\u201385). Routledge.","edition":"3"},{"issue":"3","key":"9373_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1108\/10748121111163913","volume":"19","author":"A Norberg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Norberg, A., Dziuban, C. D., & Moskal, P. D. (2011). A time-based blended learning model. On the Horizon, 19(3), 207\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/10748121111163913","journal-title":"On the Horizon"},{"issue":"1","key":"9373_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.24059\/olj.v22i1.1153","volume":"22","author":"DR Oviatt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oviatt, D. R., Graham, C. R., Davies, R. S., & Borup, J. (2018). Online student use of a proximate community of engagement in an independent study program. Online Learning, 22(1), 223\u2013251.","journal-title":"Online Learning"},{"issue":"4","key":"9373_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2010.09.004","volume":"13","author":"M Paechter","year":"2010","unstructured":"Paechter, M., & Maier, B. (2010). Online or face-to-face? Students\u2019 experiences and preferences in e-learning. Internet and Higher Education, 13(4), 292\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iheduc.2010.09.004","journal-title":"Internet and Higher Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"9373_CR61","first-page":"1","volume":"12","author":"B Patterson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Patterson, B., & McFadden, C. (2009). Attrition in online and campus degree programs. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 12(2), 1\u20138.","journal-title":"Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration"},{"key":"9373_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pekrun, R., & Linnenbrink-Garcia, L. (2014). Introduction to emotions in education. In\u00a0International handbook of emotions in education\u00a0(pp. 11\u201320). Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203148211"},{"key":"9373_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-2018-7_17","volume-title":"Handbook of research on student engagement","author":"RC Pianta","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pianta, R. C., Hamre, B. K., & Allen, J. P. (2012). Teacher-student relationships and engagement: Conceptualizing, measuring, and improving the capacity of classroom interactions. In S. L. Christenson, A. L. Reschly, & C. Wylie (Eds.), Handbook of research on student engagement (pp. 365\u2013386). Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4614-2018-7_17"},{"key":"9373_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-2018-7_1","volume-title":"Handbook of research on student engagement","author":"AL Reschly","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reschly, A. L., & Christenson, S. L. (2012). Jingle, jangle, and conceptual haziness: Evolution and future directions of the engagement construct. In S. L. Christenson, A. L. Reschly, & C. Wylie (Eds.), Handbook of research on student engagement (pp. 3\u201319). Springer."},{"issue":"4","key":"9373_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s11162-018-9517-z","volume":"60","author":"J Roksa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Roksa, J., & Kinsley, P. (2019). The role of family support in facilitating academic success of low-income students. Research in Higher Education, 60(4), 415\u2013436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11162-018-9517-z","journal-title":"Research in Higher Education"},{"key":"9373_CR66","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Online, blended, and distance education in schools: Building successful programs","author":"RM Rose","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rose, R. M., Smith, A., Johnson, K., & Glick, D. (2015). Ensuring equitable access in online and blended learning. In T. Clark & M. K. Barbour (Eds.), Online, blended, and distance education in schools: Building successful programs (pp. 71\u201383). Stylus Publishing."},{"key":"9373_CR67","unstructured":"Ross, B., & Gage, K. (2006). Global perspectives on blending learning. In J.C. Bonk & C. R. Graham (Eds.), The handbook of blended learning (pp. 155\u2013168)."},{"key":"9373_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-7516(02)00130-6","volume":"5","author":"AP Rovai","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rovai, A. P. (2002). Sense of community, perceived cognitive learning, and persistence in asynchronous learning networks. The Internet and Higher Education, 5, 319\u2013332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1096-7516(02)00130-6","journal-title":"The Internet and Higher Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"9373_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2022.2089989","volume":"57","author":"P Shea","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shea, P., Richardson, J., & Swan, K. (2022). Building bridges to advance the community of inquiry framework for online learning. Educational Psychologist, 57(3), 148\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00461520.2022.2089989","journal-title":"Educational Psychologist"},{"issue":"1","key":"9373_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2014.1002924","volume":"50","author":"GM Sinatra","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sinatra, G. M., Heddy, B. C., & Lombardi, D. (2015). The challenges of defining and measuring student engagement in science. Educational Psychologist, 50(1), 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00461520.2014.1002924","journal-title":"Educational Psychologist"},{"issue":"4","key":"9373_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012840","volume":"100","author":"E Skinner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Skinner, E., Furrer, C., Marchand, G., & Kindermann, T. (2008). Engagement and disaffection in the classroom: Part of a larger motivational dynamic? Journal of Educational Psychology, 100(4), 765\u2013781. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0012840","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"9373_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-2018-7_2","volume-title":"Handbook of research on student engagement","author":"EA Skinner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Skinner, E. A., & Pitzer, J. R. (2012). Developmental dynamics of student engagement, coping, and everyday resilience. In S. L. Christenson, A. L. Reschly, & C. Wylie (Eds.), Handbook of research on student engagement (pp. 21\u201344). Springer."},{"issue":"3","key":"9373_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s10755-005-1938-x","volume":"29","author":"JJ Summers","year":"2005","unstructured":"Summers, J. J., Waigandt, A., & Whittaker, T. A. (2005). A comparison of student achievement and satisfaction in an online versus a traditional face-to-face statistics class. Innovative Higher Education, 29(3), 233\u2013250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10755-005-1938-x","journal-title":"Innovative Higher Education"},{"key":"9373_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2017.01.003","volume":"33","author":"RA Thomas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thomas, R. A., West, R. E., & Borup, J. (2017). An analysis of instructor social presence in online text and asynchronous video feedback comments. Internet and Higher Education, 33, 61\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iheduc.2017.01.003","journal-title":"Internet and Higher Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"9373_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2190\/4YNU-4TMB-22DJ-AN4W","volume":"8","author":"V Tinto","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tinto, V. (2006). Research and practice of student retention: What next? Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 8(1), 1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2190\/4YNU-4TMB-22DJ-AN4W","journal-title":"Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice"},{"key":"9373_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci12100641","author":"S Tuiloma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tuiloma, S., Graham, C. R., Martinez Arias, A. M., & Parra Caicedo, D. M. (2022). Providing institutional support for academic engagement in online and blended learning programs. Education Sciences. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci12100641","journal-title":"Education Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"9373_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-007-9050-9","volume":"56","author":"JI Tutty","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tutty, J. I., & Klein, J. D. (2008). Computer-mediated instruction: A comparison of online and face-to-face collaboration. Educational Technology Research and Development, 56(2), 101\u2013124.","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"key":"9373_CR77","unstructured":"Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes (M. Cole, Ed.). Harvard University Press."},{"key":"9373_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511815478","author":"S Wasserman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994). Social network analysis: Methods and applications. Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511815478","journal-title":"Cambridge University Press"},{"issue":"5","key":"9373_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1353\/jhe.2014.0028","volume":"85","author":"D Xu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xu, D., & Jaggars, S. S. (2014). Performance gaps between online and face-to-face courses: Differences across types of students and academic subject areas. Journal of Higher Education, 85(5), 633\u2013659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/jhe.2014.0028","journal-title":"Journal of Higher Education"},{"key":"9373_CR80","unstructured":"Western Governors University (2021). You can thrive with individualized faculty support and instruction. https:\/\/www.wgu.edu\/student-experience\/learning\/faculty.html"},{"issue":"2","key":"9373_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1023\/B:RIHE.0000015692.88534.de","volume":"45","author":"C-M Zhao","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zhao, C.-M., & Kuh, G. D. (2004). Adding value: Learning communities and student engagement. Research in Higher Education, 45(2), 115\u2013138.","journal-title":"Research in Higher Education"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computing in Higher Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12528-023-09373-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12528-023-09373-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12528-023-09373-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T13:34:44Z","timestamp":1729085684000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12528-023-09373-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9373"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12528-023-09373-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-1726","1867-1233"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-1726","type":"print"},{"value":"1867-1233","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 April 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 July 2023","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}