{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T21:14:50Z","timestamp":1781298890448,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2023S1A5C2A02095547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2023S1A5C2A02095547"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Comput High Educ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12528-025-09434-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T05:32:06Z","timestamp":1740029526000},"page":"285-309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Mobile-based artificial intelligence chatbot for self-regulated learning in a hybrid flipped classroom"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3344-3356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Insook","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyangeun","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seoyeon","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2908-110X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"9434_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/07294360.2014.934336","volume":"34","author":"L Abeysekera","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abeysekera, L., & Dawson, P. (2015). Motivation and cognitive load in the flipped classroom: Definition, rationale and a call for research. Higher Education Research & Development, 34(1), 1\u201314.","journal-title":"Higher Education Research & Development"},{"key":"9434_CR107","unstructured":"Abrami, P. C., Wade, A., Pillay, V., Aslan, O., Bures, E. M., & Bentley, C. (2007). Encouraging self-regulated learning through electronic portfolios. In E-Learn: World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education (pp. 2263\u20132268). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE)."},{"issue":"2","key":"9434_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3233\/IRG-2006-16(2)02","volume":"16","author":"V Aleven","year":"2006","unstructured":"Aleven, V., Mclaren, B., Roll, I., & Koedinger, K. (2006). Toward meta-cognitive tutoring: A model of help seeking with a cognitive tutor. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 16(2), 101\u2013128.","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"issue":"5","key":"9434_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s11251-005-1273-8","volume":"33","author":"R Azevedo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Azevedo, R., Cromley, J. G., Winters, F. I., Moos, D. C., & Greene, J. A. (2005). Adaptive human scaffolding facilitates adolescents\u2019 self-regulated learning with hypermedia. Instructional Science, 33(5), 381\u2013412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11251-005-1273-8","journal-title":"Instructional Science"},{"key":"9434_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.06.006","volume":"78","author":"P Baepler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baepler, P., Walker, J. D., & Driessen, M. (2014). It\u2019s not about seat time: Blending, flipping, and efficiency in active learning classrooms. Computers & Education, 78, 227\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.06.006","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"9434_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.19173\/irrodl.v11i1.769","volume":"11","author":"L Barnard-Brak","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barnard-Brak, L., Paton, V. O., & Lan, W. Y. (2010). Profiles in self-regulated learning in the online learning environment. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 11(1), 61\u201380.","journal-title":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning"},{"key":"9434_CR7","unstructured":"Bates, S., & Galloway, R. (2012). The inverted classroom in a large enrolment introductory physics course: a case study. In: Proceedings of the HEA STEM learning and teaching conference (Vol. 1)."},{"key":"9434_CR8","unstructured":"Beaumont, C., Norton, L., & Tawfik, H. (2011). Intelligent tutoring systems: How well can they guide students in problem-based learning scenarios. In PBL across the disciplines: Research into best practice. Aarlburg."},{"key":"9434_CR9","unstructured":"Bergmann, J., & Sams, A. (2012). Flip your classroom: Reach every student in every class every day. International Society for Technology in Education."},{"key":"9434_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-006-9013-4","volume":"18","author":"M Boekaerts","year":"2006","unstructured":"Boekaerts, M., & Cascallar, E. (2006). How far have we moved toward the integration of theory and practice in self-regulation? Educational Psychology Review, 18, 199\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10648-006-9013-4","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"key":"9434_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012109890-2\/50042-1","volume-title":"Handbook of self-regulation","author":"M Boekaerts","year":"2000","unstructured":"Boekaerts, M., & Niemivirta, M. (2000). Self-regulated learning: Finding a balance between learning goals and ego-protective goals. Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 417\u2013450). Academic Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"9434_CR12","first-page":"33","volume":"6","author":"A Butt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Butt, A. (2014). Student views on the use of a flipped classroom approach: Evidence from Australia. Business Education & Accreditation, 6(1), 33\u201343.","journal-title":"Business Education & Accreditation"},{"issue":"1","key":"9434_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/07380569.2016.1137179","volume":"33","author":"KB Butzler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Butzler, K. B. (2016). The synergistic effects of self-regulation tools and the flipped classroom. Computers in the Schools, 33(1), 11\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07380569.2016.1137179","journal-title":"Computers in the Schools"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"9434_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1108\/ILS-04-2020-0114","volume":"121","author":"RA Carter Jr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carter, R. A., Jr., Rice, M., Yang, S., & Jackson, H. A. (2020). Self-regulated learning in online learning environments: Strategies for remote learning. Information and Learning Sciences, 121(5\u20136), 311\u2013319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ILS-04-2020-0114","journal-title":"Information and Learning Sciences"},{"key":"9434_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-021-10071-y","volume":"70","author":"CY Chang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chang, C. Y., Panjaburee, P., Lin, H. C., Lai, C. L., & Hwang, G. H. (2022). Effects of online strategies on students\u2019 learning performance, self-efficacy, self-regulation and critical thinking in university online courses. Educational Technology Research and Development, 70, 185\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11423-021-10071-y","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"key":"9434_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021101","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1021101","volume":"13","author":"J Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen, J. (2022). The effectiveness of self-regulated learning (SRL) interventions on L2 learning achievement, strategic employment and self-efficacy: A meta-analytic study. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1021101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1021101","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"9434_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.07.004","volume":"79","author":"Y Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Wang, Y., & Chen, N. S. (2014). Is FLIP enough? Or should we use the FLIPPED model instead? Computers & Education, 79, 16\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.07.004","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"9434_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2017.07.003","volume":"114","author":"SD Craig","year":"2017","unstructured":"Craig, S. D., & Schroeder, N. L. (2017). Reconsidering the voice effect when learning from a virtual human. Computers & Education, 114, 193\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2017.07.003","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"9434_CR106","volume-title":"Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches","author":"JW Creswell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage."},{"issue":"4","key":"9434_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13050","DOI":"10.2196\/13050","volume":"21","author":"BL Curtis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Curtis, B. L., Ashford, R. D., Magnuson, K. I., & Ryan-Pettes, S. R. (2019). Comparison of smartphone ownership, social media use, and willingness to use digital interventions between generation Z and millennials in the treatment of substance use: Cross-sectional questionnaire study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(4), e13050. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/13050","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"9434_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1002\/tesj.213","volume":"7","author":"SM Daniel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Daniel, S. M., Martin-Beltr\u00e1n, M., Peercy, M. M., & Silverman, R. (2016). Moving beyond yes or no: Shifting from over-scaffolding to contingent scaffolding in literacy instruction with emergent bilingual students. TESOL Journal, 7(2), 393\u2013420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tesj.213","journal-title":"TESOL Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"9434_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-013-9305-6","volume":"61","author":"RS Davies","year":"2013","unstructured":"Davies, R. S., Dean, D. L., & Ball, N. (2013). Flipping the classroom and instructional technology integration in a college-level information systems spreadsheet course. Educational Technology Research and Development, 61(4), 563\u2013580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11423-013-9305-6","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"key":"9434_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-015-9356-9","volume":"29","author":"SJ DeLozier","year":"2017","unstructured":"DeLozier, S. J., & Rhodes, M. G. (2017). Flipped classrooms: A review of key ideas and recommendations for practice. Educational Psychology Review, 29, 141\u2013151.","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"key":"9434_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s11251-012-9206-9","volume":"41","author":"NC DiDonato","year":"2013","unstructured":"DiDonato, N. C. (2013). Effective self-and co-regulation in collaborative learning groups: An analysis of how students regulate problem solving of authentic interdisciplinary tasks. Instructional Science, 41, 25\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11251-012-9206-9","journal-title":"Instructional Science"},{"key":"9434_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, J., Huang, W., & Hew, K. F. (2021). Supporting students goal setting process using chatbot: Implementation in a fully online course. In: 2021 IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology & Education (TALE), pp 35\u201341. IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/TALE52509.2021.9678564"},{"issue":"6","key":"9434_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s11528-013-0698-1","volume":"57","author":"J Enfield","year":"2013","unstructured":"Enfield, J. (2013). Looking at the impact of flipped classroom model of instruction on undergraduate multimedia students at CSUN. TechTrends, 57(6), 14\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11528-013-0698-1","journal-title":"TechTrends"},{"issue":"1","key":"9434_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-022-00362-6","volume":"19","author":"HB Essel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Essel, H. B., Vlachopoulos, D., Tachie-Menson, A., Johnson, E. E., & Baah, P. K. (2022). The impact of a virtual teaching assistant (chatbot) on students\u2019 learning in Ghanaian higher education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 19(1), 1\u201319.","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"key":"9434_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-11639-2","author":"M Fidan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fidan, M. (2023). The effects of microlearning-supported flipped classroom on pre-service teachers\u2019 learning performance, motivation and engagement. Education and Information Technologies. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-023-11639-2","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"8","key":"9434_CR27","first-page":"12","volume":"39","author":"K Fulton","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fulton, K. (2012). Upside down and inside out: Flip your classroom to improve student learning. Learning & Leading with Technology, 39(8), 12\u201317.","journal-title":"Learning & Leading with Technology"},{"key":"9434_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2014.10.001","volume":"24","author":"DR Garrison","year":"2015","unstructured":"Garrison, D. R., & Akyol, Z. (2015). Toward the development of a metacognition construct for communities of inquiry. The Internet and Higher Education, 24, 66\u201371.","journal-title":"The Internet and Higher Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"9434_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1177\/016146811111300204","volume":"113","author":"A Hadwin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hadwin, A., & Oshige, M. (2011). Self-regulation, coregulation, and socially shared regulation: Exploring perspectives of social in self-regulated learning theory. Teachers College Record, 113(2), 240\u2013264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/016146811111300204","journal-title":"Teachers College Record"},{"key":"9434_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001202","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1001202","volume":"13","author":"F Han","year":"2022","unstructured":"Han, F., Vacul\u00edkov\u00e1, J., & Juklov\u00e1, K. (2022). The relations between Czech undergraduates\u2019 motivation and emotion in self-regulated learning, learning engagement, and academic success in blended course designs: Consistency between theory-driven and data-driven approaches. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1001202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1001202","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9434_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s12528-022-09338-x","volume":"35","author":"KF Hew","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hew, K. F., Huang, W., Du, J., & Jia, C. (2023). Using chatbots to support student goal setting and social presence in fully online activities: learner engagement and perceptions. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 35(1), 40\u201368.","journal-title":"Journal of Computing in Higher Education"},{"key":"9434_CR100","unstructured":"Hodges, C. B., Moore, S., Lockee, B. B., Trust, T., & Bond, M. A. (2020). The difference between emergency remote teaching and online learning. Educause Review. https:\/\/er.educause.edu\/articles\/2020\/3\/the-difference-between-emergency-remote-teaching-and-online-learning"},{"issue":"6","key":"9434_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.5430\/ijhe.v11n6p154","volume":"11","author":"K Huber","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huber, K., Lewalter, D., Biermann, A., & Bannert, M. (2022). Supporting the flipped classroom approach to higher education through a computer-based learning environment. International Journal of Higher Education, 11(6), 154\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5430\/ijhe.v11n6p154","journal-title":"International Journal of Higher Education"},{"key":"9434_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huh, Y., & Reigeluth, C. M. (2016). Designing instruction for self-regulated learning. In: C. M. Reigeluth, B. J. Beatty, & R. D. Myers (Eds.), Instructional-design theories and models, Volume IV: The learner-centered paradigm of education. Routledge, pp 243\u2013267.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315795478"},{"issue":"1","key":"9434_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2014.967701","volume":"28","author":"HT Hung","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hung, H. T. (2015). Flipping the classroom for English language learners to foster active learning. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 28(1), 81\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09588221.2014.967701","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Language Learning"},{"issue":"6","key":"9434_CR34","first-page":"45","volume":"11","author":"H Hussein","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hussein, H., Elmogy, M., & Guirguis, S. (2014). Automatic English question generation system based on template driven scheme. International Journal of Computer Science Issues (IJCSI), 11(6), 45\u201353.","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Science Issues (IJCSI)"},{"key":"9434_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103771","volume":"146","author":"RS Jansen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jansen, R. S., van Leeuwen, A., Janssen, J., Conijn, R., & Kester, L. (2020). Supporting learners\u2019 self-regulated learning in massive open online courses. Computers & Education, 146, 103771. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103771","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"9434_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-014-9358-1","volume":"63","author":"S J\u00e4rvel\u00e4","year":"2015","unstructured":"J\u00e4rvel\u00e4, S., Kirschner, P. A., Panadero, E., Malmberg, J., Phielix, C., Jaspers, J., Koivuniemi, M., & J\u00e4rvenoja, H. (2015). Enhancing socially shared regulation in collaborative learning groups: Designing for CSCL regulation tools. Educational Technology Research and Development, 63, 125\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11423-014-9358-1","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"9434_CR3","first-page":"67","volume":"36","author":"H Ji","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ji, H. & Han, I. (2024). Mobile-based chatbot to scaffold foreign language learners\u2019 self-regulated learning. The Korean Journal of Educational Methodology Studies, 36(1), 67\u201388. Retrieved February 18, 2025, from https:\/\/www.kci.go.kr\/kciportal\/ci\/sereArticleSearch\/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART003059978","journal-title":"The Korean Journal of Educational Methodology Studies"},{"key":"9434_CR102","unstructured":"Johnson, L., & Renner, J. (2012). Effect of the flipped classroom model on a secondary computer applications course: Student and teacher perceptions, questions and student achievement. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky."},{"issue":"1","key":"9434_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2014.04.003","volume":"22","author":"MK Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim, M. K., Kim, S. M., Khera, O., & Getman, J. (2014). The experience of three flipped classrooms in an urban university: An exploration of design principles. Internet and Higher Education, 22(1), 37\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iheduc.2014.04.003","journal-title":"Internet and Higher Education"},{"key":"9434_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2021.2018615","author":"S Korkmaz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Korkmaz, S., & Mirici, \u0130H. (2021). Converting a conventional flipped class into a synchronous online flipped class during COVID-19: University students\u2019 self-regulation skills and anxiety. Interactive Learning Environments. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2021.2018615","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"key":"9434_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2016.05.006","volume":"100","author":"CL Lai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lai, C. L., & Hwang, G. J. (2016). A self-regulated flipped classroom approach to improving students\u2019 learning performance in a mathematics course. Computers & Education, 100, 126\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2016.05.006","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"9434_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/info13010014","volume":"13","author":"P Lameras","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lameras, P., & Arnab, S. (2021). Power to the teachers: An exploratory review on artificial intelligence in education. Information, 13(1), 14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info13010014","journal-title":"Information"},{"issue":"2","key":"9434_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12618","volume":"50","author":"J Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee, J., & Choi, H. (2019). Rethinking the flipped learning pre-class: Its influence on the success of flipped learning and related factors. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(2), 934\u2013945. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.12618","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"9434_CR42","first-page":"49","volume":"15","author":"DY Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee, D. Y., & Yang, Y. C. (2014). The effect of co-regulated learning activities on the improvement of self-regulated learning skills in collaborative learning environments. Educational Technology International, 15(2), 49\u201369.","journal-title":"Educational Technology International"},{"key":"9434_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100167","volume":"5","author":"MPC Lin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lin, M. P. C., & Chang, D. (2023). CHAT-ACTS: A pedagogical framework for personalized chatbot to enhance active learning and self-regulated learning. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 5, 100167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100167","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"2","key":"9434_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1097\/acm.0000000000000086","volume":"89","author":"JE McLaughlin","year":"2014","unstructured":"McLaughlin, J. E., Roth, M. T., Glatt, D. M., Gharkholonarehe, N., Davidson, C. A., Griffin, L. M., Esserman, D. A., & Mumper, R. J. (2014). The flipped classroom: A course redesign to foster learning and engagement in a health professions school. Academic Medicine, 89(2), 236\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/acm.0000000000000086","journal-title":"Academic Medicine"},{"key":"9434_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-015-9269-1","volume":"21","author":"DC Moos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moos, D. C., & Bonde, C. (2016). Flipping the classroom: Embedding self-regulated learning prompts in videos. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 21, 225\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10758-015-9269-1","journal-title":"Technology, Knowledge and Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"9434_CR45","first-page":"209","volume":"47","author":"DS Murphree","year":"2014","unstructured":"Murphree, D. S. (2014). \u201c Writing wasn\u2019t really stressed, accurate historical analysis was stressed\u201d: Student perceptions of in-class writing in the inverted, general education, university history survey course. The History Teacher, 47(2), 209\u2013219.","journal-title":"The History Teacher"},{"issue":"4","key":"9434_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13454","volume":"55","author":"DTK Ng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ng, D. T. K., Tan, C. W., & Leung, J. K. L. (2024). Empowering student self-regulated learning and science education through ChatGPT: A pioneering pilot study. British Journal of Educational Technology, 55(4), 1328\u20131353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.13454","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"5","key":"9434_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5311","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-021-10535-x","volume":"26","author":"SS Oyelere","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oyelere, S. S., Olaleye, S. A., Balogun, O. S., & Tomczyk, \u0141. (2021). Do teamwork experience and self-regulated learning determine the performance of students in an online educational technology course? Education and Information Technologies, 26(5), 5311\u20135335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-021-10535-x","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"9434_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2017.08.004","volume":"22","author":"E Panadero","year":"2017","unstructured":"Panadero, E., Jonsson, A., & Botella, J. (2017). Effects of self-assessment on self-regulated learning and self-efficacy: Four meta-analyses. Educational Research Review, 22, 74\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.edurev.2017.08.004","journal-title":"Educational Research Review"},{"key":"9434_CR48","unstructured":"Pande, C., Witschel, H. F., Martin, A., & Montecchiari, D. (2021). Hybrid conversational AI for intelligent tutoring systems. In: AAAI Spring Symposium: Combining Machine Learning with Knowledge Engineering."},{"key":"9434_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pengel, N., Martin, A., Meissner, R., Arndt, T., Neumann, A. T., de Lange, P., & Wollersheim, H. W. (2021). TecCoBot: Technology-aided support for self-regulated learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2111.11881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2111.11881","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2111.11881"},{"issue":"2","key":"9434_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7764\/psykhe.23.2.739","volume":"23","author":"D Pino-Pasternak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pino-Pasternak, D., Basilio, M., & Whitebread, D. (2014). Interventions and classroom contexts that promote self-regulated learning: Two intervention studies in United Kingdom primary classrooms. Psykhe, 23(2), 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7764\/psykhe.23.2.739","journal-title":"Psykhe"},{"key":"9434_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012109890-2\/50043-3","volume-title":"Handbook of self-regulation","author":"PR Pintrich","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pintrich, P. R. (2000). The role of goal orientation in self-regulated learning. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 451\u2013502). Academic Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"9434_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.82.1.33","volume":"82","author":"PR Pintrich","year":"1990","unstructured":"Pintrich, P. R., & De Groot, E. V. (1990). Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom academic performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82(1), 33\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0663.82.1.33","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"9434_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11409-007-9010-0","volume":"2","author":"I Roll","year":"2007","unstructured":"Roll, I., Aleven, V., McLaren, B. M., & Koedinger, K. R. (2007). Designing for metacognition\u2014applying cognitive tutor principles to the tutoring of help seeking. Metacognition and Learning, 2, 125\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11409-007-9010-0","journal-title":"Metacognition and Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"9434_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2010.07.004","volume":"21","author":"I Roll","year":"2011","unstructured":"Roll, I., Aleven, V., McLaren, B. M., & Koedinger, K. R. (2011). Improving students\u2019 help-seeking skills using metacognitive feedback in an intelligent tutoring system. Learning and Instruction, 21(2), 267\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2010.07.004","journal-title":"Learning and Instruction"},{"key":"9434_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Singh, J., Joesph, M. H., & Jabbar, K. B. A. (2019). Rule-based chatbot for student enquiries. In: Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1228(1), 012060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/1228\/1\/012060","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1228\/1\/012060"},{"issue":"2","key":"9434_CR55","first-page":"123","volume":"45","author":"J Smith","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smith, J., & Johnson, L. (2020). The role of personal devices in modern learning environments. Journal of Educational Technology, 45(2), 123\u2013137.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"9434_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Somasundaram, M., Junaid, K. M., & Mangadu, S. (2020). Artificial intelligence (AI) enabled intelligent quality management systems (IQMS) for the personalized learning path. In: Procedia Computer Science, 172, 438\u2013442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2020.05.096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2020.05.096"},{"issue":"3","key":"9434_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/15391523.2020.1767525","volume":"53","author":"D Song","year":"2021","unstructured":"Song, D., & Kim, D. (2021). Effects of self-regulation scaffolding on online participation and learning outcomes. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 53(3), 249\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15391523.2020.1767525","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Technology in Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"9434_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2020.1817761","volume":"31","author":"T Tang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tang, T., Abuhmaid, A. M., Olaimat, M., Oudat, D. M., Aldhaeebi, M., & Bamanger, E. (2023). Efficiency of flipped classroom with online-based teaching under COVID-19. Interactive Learning Environments, 31(2), 1077\u20131088.","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"key":"9434_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thorat, S. A., & Jadhav, V. (2020). A review on implementation issues of rule-based chatbot systems. In: Proceedings of the international conference on innovative computing & communications (ICICC). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3567047","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3567047"},{"key":"9434_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2019.05.003","volume":"28","author":"DC van Alten","year":"2019","unstructured":"van Alten, D. C., Phielix, C., Janssen, J., & Kester, L. (2019). Effects of flipping the classroom on learning outcomes and satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 28, 100281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.edurev.2019.05.003","journal-title":"Educational Research Review"},{"key":"9434_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106318","volume":"108","author":"DC van Alten","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Alten, D. C., Phielix, C., Janssen, J., & Kester, L. (2020a). Effects of self-regulated learning prompts in a flipped history classroom. Computers in Human Behavior, 108, 106318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106318","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"9434_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.104000","volume":"158","author":"DC van Alten","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Alten, D. C., Phielix, C., Janssen, J., & Kester, L. (2020b). Self-regulated learning support in flipped learning videos enhances learning outcomes. Computers & Education, 158, 104000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.104000","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"9434_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106676","volume":"118","author":"DC van Alten","year":"2021","unstructured":"van Alten, D. C., Phielix, C., Janssen, J., & Kester, L. (2021). Secondary students\u2019 online self-regulated learning during flipped learning: A latent profile analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 118, 106676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106676","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"9434_CR109","volume-title":"Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes","author":"LS Vygotsky","year":"1978","unstructured":"Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes (Vol. 86). Harvard University Press."},{"key":"9434_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2021.101490","volume":"75","author":"M Wagner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wagner, M., & Urhahne, D. (2021). Disentangling the effects of flipped classroom instruction in EFL secondary education: When is it effective and for whom? Learning and Instruction, 75, 101490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2021.101490","journal-title":"Learning and Instruction"},{"key":"9434_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2017.06.012","volume":"114","author":"FH Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang, F. H. (2017). An exploration of online behaviour engagement and achievement in flipped classroom supported by learning management system. Computers & Education, 114, 79\u201391.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"9434_CR66","volume-title":"Metacognition in educational theory and practice","author":"PH Winne","year":"1998","unstructured":"Winne, P. H., & Hadwin, A. E. (1998). Studying as self-regulated learning. In D. J. Hacker, J. Dublosky, & A. C. Graesser (Eds.), Metacognition in educational theory and practice. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates."},{"key":"9434_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106596","volume":"115","author":"J Wong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wong, J., Baars, M., de Koning, B. B., & Paas, F. (2021). Examining the use of prompts to facilitate self-regulated learning in massive open online courses. Computers in Human Behavior, 115, 106596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106596","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"9434_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13334","volume":"55","author":"R Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu, R., & Yu, Z. (2023). Do AI chatbots improve students learning outcomes? Evidence from a meta-analysis. British Journal of Educational Technology, 55(1), 10\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.13334","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"9434_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77788","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2988252","volume":"8","author":"EHK Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu, E. H. K., Lin, C. H., Ou, Y. Y., Liu, C. Z., Wang, W. K., & Chao, C. Y. (2020). Advantages and constraints of a hybrid model K-12 e-learning assistant chatbot. IEEE Access, 8, 77788\u201377801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2988252","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"9434_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang, J., Tan, Q., Tang, Y., & Bai, C. (2021). Effect of embedding prompts on learning performance and metacognitive monitoring. In: 2021 IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology & Education (TALE), pp 01\u201307. IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TALE52509.2021.9678745","DOI":"10.1109\/TALE52509.2021.9678745"},{"issue":"10","key":"9434_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2286","DOI":"10.35940\/ijitee.J1138.0881019","volume":"8","author":"MMM Zalli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zalli, M. M. M., Nordin, H., & Hashim, R. A. (2019). The role of self-regulated learning strategies on learners\u2019 satisfaction in massive open online course (MOOC): Evidence from Malaysia MOOC. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 8(10), 2286\u20132290.","journal-title":"International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering"},{"key":"9434_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012109890-2\/50031-7","volume-title":"Handbook of self-regulation: Theory, research and applications","author":"BJ Zimmerman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zimmerman, B. J. (2000). Attaining self-regulation: A social cognitive perspective. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation: Theory, research and applications (pp. 13\u201339). Academic Press."},{"issue":"4","key":"9434_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.3102\/00028312023004614","volume":"23","author":"BJ Zimmerman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Zimmerman, B. J., & Martinez-Pons, M. (1986). Development of a structured interview for assessing student use of self-regulated learning strategies. American Educational Research Journal, 23(4), 614\u2013628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/00028312023004614","journal-title":"American Educational Research Journal"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computing in Higher Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12528-025-09434-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12528-025-09434-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12528-025-09434-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T02:06:25Z","timestamp":1771898785000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12528-025-09434-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["9434"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12528-025-09434-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-1726","1867-1233"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-1726","type":"print"},{"value":"1867-1233","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 February 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 February 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study has been approved by the Korea University Institutional Review Board (Approval number: KUIRB-2023-0100-01).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Consent to publish has been obtained from all participants.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}