{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T15:55:14Z","timestamp":1772726114493,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746144000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Comput High Educ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12528-025-09438-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T21:42:40Z","timestamp":1746135760000},"page":"386-412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["More competition, less interaction: gamifying lectures using a leaderboard reduces female students\u2019 social engagement"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6065-8061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Michinov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5872-2450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estelle","family":"Michinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"9438_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alabbasi, D. (2017). Exploring graduate students\u2019 perspectives towards using gamification techniques in online learning. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 180\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17718\/tojde.328951","DOI":"10.17718\/tojde.328951"},{"key":"9438_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2018.03.065","volume":"141","author":"MM Alhammad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alhammad, M. M., & Moreno, A. M. (2018). Gamification in software engineering education: A systematic mapping. Journal of Systems and Software, 141, 131\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jss.2018.03.065","journal-title":"Journal of Systems and Software"},{"key":"9438_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2022.107142","volume":"156","author":"C Almeida","year":"2023","unstructured":"Almeida, C., Kalinowski, M., Uch\u00f4a, A., & Feij\u00f3, B. (2023). Negative effects of gamification in education software: Systematic mapping and practitioner perceptions. Information and Software Technology, 156, 107142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.infsof.2022.107142","journal-title":"Information and Software Technology"},{"key":"9438_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1145\/3196709.3196799","volume":"453","author":"M Altmeyer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Altmeyer, M., Lessel, P., & Kr\u00fcger, A. (2018). Investigating gamification for seniors aged 75+. Proceedings of the 2018 Designing Interactive Systems Conference, 453, 458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3196709.3196799","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 Designing Interactive Systems Conference"},{"issue":"9","key":"9438_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5115","DOI":"10.3390\/su14095115","volume":"14","author":"V Arufe Gir\u00e1ldez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arufe Gir\u00e1ldez, V., Sanmiguel-Rodr\u00edguez, A., Ramos \u00c1lvarez, O., & Navarro-Pat\u00f3n, R. (2022). Can gamification influence the academic performance of students? Sustainability, 14(9), 5115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su14095115","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"9438_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2019.03.005","volume":"70","author":"C Astorne-Figari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Astorne-Figari, C., & Speer, J. D. (2019). Are changes of major major changes? The roles of grades, gender, and preferences in college major switching. Economics of Education Review, 70, 75\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.econedurev.2019.03.005","journal-title":"Economics of Education Review"},{"key":"9438_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2020.101880","volume":"62","author":"CL Bae","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bae, C. L., DeBusk-Lane, M. L., & Lester, A. M. (2020). Engagement profiles of elementary students in urban schools. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 62, 101880. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2020.101880","journal-title":"Contemporary Educational Psychology"},{"key":"9438_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2020.100322","volume":"30","author":"S Bai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bai, S., Hew, K. F., & Huang, B. (2020). Does gamification improve student learning outcome? Evidence from a meta-analysis and synthesis of qualitative data in educational contexts. Educational Research Review, 30, 100322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.edurev.2020.100322","journal-title":"Educational Research Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"9438_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8669","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-10983-z","volume":"27","author":"S Balci","year":"2022","unstructured":"Balci, S., Secaur, J. M., & Morris, B. J. (2022). Comparing the effectiveness of badges and leaderboards on academic performance and motivation of students in fully versus partially gamified online physics classes. Education and Information Technologies, 27(6), 8669\u20138704. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-022-10983-z","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"9438_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barata, G., Gama, S., Jorge, J., & Gon\u00e7alves, D. (2013). So fun it hurts \u2013 gamifying an engineering course. In D. D. Schmorrow, & C. M. Fidopiastis (Eds.), Foundations of augmented cognition (Vol. 8027, pp. 639\u2013648). Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-39454-6_68","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39454-6_68"},{"issue":"3","key":"9438_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.2.14587.80166","volume":"8","author":"N Bergdahl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bergdahl, N., & Hietaj\u00e4rvi, L. (2022). Social engagement in distance, remote, and hybrid learning. Journal of Online Learning Research, 8(3), 315\u2013412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.14587.80166","journal-title":"Journal of Online Learning Research"},{"issue":"02","key":"9438_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3991\/ijet.v13i02.7467","volume":"13","author":"H Bicen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bicen, H., & Kocakoyun, S. (2018). Perceptions of students for gamification approach: Kahoot as a case study. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 13(02), 72. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3991\/ijet.v13i02.7467","journal-title":"International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET)"},{"key":"9438_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bond, M., & Bergdahl, N. (2022). Student engagement in open, distance, and digital education. In Handbook of open, distance and digital education (pp. 1\u201316). Springer Nature Singapore. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-19-0351-9_79-1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-0351-9_79-1"},{"issue":"2","key":"9438_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2011.07.018","volume":"81","author":"A Booth","year":"2012","unstructured":"Booth, A., & Nolen, P. (2012). Choosing to compete: How different are girls and boys? Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 81(2), 542\u2013555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jebo.2011.07.018","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization"},{"key":"9438_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Booth, A., & Nolen, P. (2022). Gender and psychological pressure in competitive environments: A laboratory-based experiment. Economica, 89(S1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ecca.12417","DOI":"10.1111\/ecca.12417"},{"issue":"6","key":"9438_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1080\/03075079.2019.1672647","volume":"46","author":"JLH Bowden","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bowden, J. L. H., Tickle, L., & Naumann, K. (2021). The four pillars of tertiary student engagement and success: A holistic measurement approach. Studies in Higher Education, 46(6), 1207\u20131224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03075079.2019.1672647","journal-title":"Studies in Higher Education"},{"key":"9438_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2015.04.001","volume":"87","author":"NE Cagiltay","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cagiltay, N. E., Ozcelik, E., & Ozcelik, N. S. (2015). The effect of competition on learning in games. Computers & Education, 87, 35\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2015.04.001","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"9438_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.12.018","volume":"69","author":"\u00dc \u00c7ak\u0131ro\u011flu","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u00c7ak\u0131ro\u011flu, \u00dc., Ba\u015f\u0131b\u00fcy\u00fck, B., G\u00fcler, M., Atabay, M., & Y\u0131lmaz Memi\u015f, B. (2017). Gamifying an ICT course: Influences on engagement and academic performance. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 98\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2016.12.018","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"9438_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107477","volume":"138","author":"Y Cao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cao, Y., Gong, S. Y., Wang, Y. Q., Zheng, Q., & Wang, Z. (2023). How to provide competitors in educational gamification: The roles of competitor level and autonomous choice. Computers in Human Behavior, 138, 107477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107477","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"9438_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2010.01068.x","volume":"42","author":"D Charles","year":"2011","unstructured":"Charles, D., Charles, T., McNeill, M., Bustard, D., & Black, M. (2011). Game-based feedback for educational multi-user virtual environments: Game-based feedback for educational MUVEs. British Journal of Educational Technology, 42(4), 638\u2013654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2010.01068.x","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"9438_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.05.005","volume":"78","author":"KR Christy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Christy, K. R., & Fox, J. (2014). Leaderboards in a virtual classroom: A test of stereotype threat and social comparison explanations for women\u2019s math performance. Computers & Education, 78, 66\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.05.005","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"9438_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12845-2","author":"H Cigdem","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cigdem, H., Ozturk, M., Karabacak, Y., Atik, N., G\u00fcrkan, S., & Aldemir, M. H. (2024). Unlocking student engagement and achievement: The impact of leaderboard gamification in online formative assessment for engineering education. Education and Information Technologies. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12845-2","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"1","key":"9438_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12810","volume":"51","author":"R Deng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Deng, R., Benckendorff, P., & Gannaway, D. (2020). Learner engagement in MOOCs: Scale development and validation. British Journal of Educational Technology, 51(1), 245\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.12810","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"9438_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Deterding, S., Dixon, D., Khaled, R., & Nacke, L. (2011). From game design elements to gamefulness: Defining gamification. In Proceedings of the 15th International Academic MindTrek Conference: Envisioning Future Media Environments (pp. 9\u201315). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2181037.2181040","DOI":"10.1145\/2181037.2181040"},{"issue":"1","key":"9438_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-017-0042-5","volume":"14","author":"C Dichev","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dichev, C., & Dicheva, D. (2017). Gamifying education: What is known, what is believed and what remains uncertain: A critical review. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 14(1), 9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41239-017-0042-5","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"9438_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12977","volume":"52","author":"M Dindar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dindar, M., Ren, L., & J\u00e4rvenoja, H. (2021). An experimental study on the effects of gamified Cooperation and competition on english vocabulary learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, 52(1), 142\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.12977","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"9438_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.02.007","volume":"120","author":"L Ding","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ding, L., Er, E., & Orey, M. (2018). An exploratory study of student engagement in gamified online discussions. Computers & Education, 120, 213\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.02.007","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"9438_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2012.12.020","volume":"63","author":"A Dom\u00ednguez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dom\u00ednguez, A., Saenz-de-Navarrete, J., de-Marcos, L., Fern\u00e1ndez-Sanz, L., Pag\u00e9s, C., & Mart\u00ednez-Herr\u00e1iz, J. J. (2013). Gamifying learning experiences: Practical implications and outcomes. Computers & Education, 63, 380\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2012.12.020","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"9438_CR32","unstructured":"Eagly, A. H. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. Erlbaum."},{"key":"9438_CR33","unstructured":"Eagly, A. H., Wood, W., & Diekman, A. B. (2000). Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: A current appraisal. In T. Eckes, & H. M. Trautner (Eds.), The developmental social psychology of gender (pp. 123\u2013174). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates."},{"key":"9438_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.53850\/joltida.1020044","author":"K Ertan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ertan, K., & Ark\u00fcn Kocadere, S. (2022). Gamification design to increase motivation in online learning environments: A systematic review. Journal of Learning and Teaching in Digital Age. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53850\/joltida.1020044","journal-title":"Journal of Learning and Teaching in Digital Age"},{"issue":"2","key":"9438_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1177\/001872675400700202","volume":"7","author":"L Festinger","year":"1954","unstructured":"Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/001872675400700202","journal-title":"Human Relations"},{"key":"9438_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Finn, J. D., & Zimmer, K. S. (2012). Student engagement: What is it? Why does it matter? In S. L. Christenson, A. L. Reschly, & C. Wylie (Eds.), Handbook of research on student engagement (pp. 97\u2013131). Springer US. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4614-2018-7_5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-2018-7_5"},{"issue":"1","key":"9438_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543074001059","volume":"74","author":"JA Fredricks","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., & Paris, A. H. (2004). School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence. Review of Educational Research, 74(1), 59\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/00346543074001059","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"key":"9438_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fredricks, J. A., Reschly, A. L., & Christenson (2019). Handbook of student engagement interventions. Elsevier. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/C2016-0-04519-9","DOI":"10.1016\/C2016-0-04519-9"},{"issue":"4","key":"9438_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1080\/02602938.2014.938019","volume":"40","author":"S Gunuc","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gunuc, S., & Kuzu, A. (2015). Student engagement scale: Development, reliability and validity. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 40(4), 587\u2013610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02602938.2014.938019","journal-title":"Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education"},{"issue":"6","key":"9438_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1037\/h0020046","volume":"58","author":"DB Haines","year":"1967","unstructured":"Haines, D. B., & McKeachie, W. J. (1967). Cooperative versus competitive discussion methods in teaching introductory psychology. Journal of Educational Psychology, 58(6), 386\u2013390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0020046","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"9438_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.08.019","volume":"80","author":"MD Hanus","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hanus, M. D., & Fox, J. (2015). Assessing the effects of gamification in the classroom: A longitudinal study on intrinsic motivation, social comparison, satisfaction, effort, and academic performance. Computers & Education, 80, 152\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.08.019","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"9438_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7202\/1081043ar","volume":"43","author":"G Heilporn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Heilporn, G., Lakhal, S., B\u00e9lisle, M., & St-Onge, C. (2021). Engagement des \u00e9tudiants: Une \u00c9chelle de mesure multidimensionnelle appliqu\u00e9e \u00e0 des modalit\u00e9s de cours hybrides universitaires [Student engagement: A multidimensional measurement scale applied to the modalities of university hybrid courses]. Mesure Et \u00c9valuation En \u00c9ducation, 43(2), 1\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7202\/1081043ar","journal-title":"Mesure Et \u00c9valuation En \u00c9ducation"},{"key":"9438_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssaho.2023.100794","volume":"9","author":"G Heilporn","year":"2024","unstructured":"Heilporn, G., Raynault, A., & Frenette, \u00c9. (2024). Student engagement in a higher education course: A multidimensional scale for different course modalities. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 9, 100794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssaho.2023.100794","journal-title":"Social Sciences & Humanities Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"9438_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12551","volume":"37","author":"VN Hoi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hoi, V.N, & Le Hang, H. (2021). The structure of student engagement in online learning: A bi-factor exploratory structural equation modelling approach. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 37(4), 1141\u20131153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcal.12551","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"key":"9438_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2018.10.046","volume":"106","author":"CE H\u00f6llig","year":"2020","unstructured":"H\u00f6llig, C.E, Tumasjan, A., & Welpe, I.M. (2020). Individualizing gamified systems: The role of trait competitiveness and leaderboard design. Journal of Business Research, 106, 288\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2018.10.046","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"9438_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2018.1495653","volume":"27","author":"B Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang, B., Hew, K.F., & Lo, C.K. (2019). Investigating the effects of gamification-enhanced flipped learning on undergraduate students\u2019 behavioral and cognitive engagement. Interactive Learning Environments, 27(8), 1106\u20131126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2018.1495653","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"key":"9438_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hutain, J., & Michinov, N. (2022a). Collective feedback based on quizzes in online learning: A \u201cdouble-edged sword\u201d effect on attitude to courses, emotions, and academic behaviors. Interactive Learning Environments, 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2022.2131831","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2022.2131831"},{"key":"9438_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hutain, J., & Michinov, N. (2022b). Improving student engagement duringin-person classes by using functionalities of a digital learning environment.Computers & Education, 183, 104496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104496"},{"key":"9438_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jent, S., & Janneck, M. (2018). Using gamification to enhance user motivation: The influence of gender and age. In L. E. Freund & W. Cellary (Eds.), Advances in the human side of service engineering (Vol. 601, pp. 3\u201310). Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-60486-2_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-60486-2_1"},{"key":"9438_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jia, Y., Liu, Y., Yu, X., & Voida, S. (2017). Designing leaderboards for gamification: Perceived differences based on user ranking, application domain, and personality traits. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1949\u20131960). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3025453.3025826","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025826"},{"key":"9438_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapp, K. M. (2012). The gamification of learning and instruction: Game-based methods and strategies for training and education. Wiley.","DOI":"10.1145\/2207270.2211316"},{"key":"9438_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2020.102495","volume":"144","author":"ACT Klock","year":"2020","unstructured":"Klock, A. C. T, Gasparini, I., Pimenta, M. S., & Hamari, J. (2020). Tailored gamification: A review of literature. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 144, 102495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2020.102495","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"},{"key":"9438_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Koivisto, J., & Hamari, J. (2014). Demographic differences in perceived benefits from gamification. Computers in Human Behavior, 35, 179\u2013188.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2014.03.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.03.007"},{"key":"9438_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2018.10.013","volume":"45","author":"J Koivisto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Koivisto, J., & Hamari, J. (2019). The rise of motivational information systems: A review of gamification research. International Journal of Information Management, 45, 191\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2018.10.013","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Management"},{"key":"9438_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Krath, J., Sch\u00fcrmann, L., & von Korflesch, H. F. O. (2021). Revealing the theoretical basis of gamification: A systematic review and analysis of theory in research on gamification, serious games and game-based learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 125, 106963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2021.106963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.106963"},{"issue":"6","key":"9438_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1177\/1046878114563662","volume":"45","author":"RN Landers","year":"2015","unstructured":"Landers, R. N., & Landers, A. K. (2015). An empirical test of the theory of gamified learning: The effect of leaderboards on time-on-task and academic performance. Simulation & Gaming, 45(6), 769\u2013785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1046878114563662","journal-title":"Simulation & Gaming"},{"key":"9438_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Le H\u00e9naff, B., Michinov, N., Le Bohec, O., & Delaval, M. (2015). Social gaming is inSIDE: Impact of anonymity and group identity on performance in a team game-based learning environment. Computers & Education, 82,84\u201395.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.11.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.11.002"},{"issue":"3","key":"9438_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijme.2022.100698","volume":"20","author":"BW Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee, B. W., Lee, M. K., & Fredendall, L. (2022). Response to relative performance feedback in simulation games. The International Journal of Management Education, 20(3), 100698. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijme.2022.100698","journal-title":"The International Journal of Management Education"},{"key":"9438_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2021.120725","volume":"167","author":"NZ Legaki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Legaki, N. Z., Karpouzis, K., Assimakopoulos, V., & Hamari, J. (2021). Gamification to avoid cognitive biases: An experiment of Gamifying a forecasting course. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 167, 120725. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.techfore.2021.120725","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"issue":"1","key":"9438_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-012-9857-5","volume":"42","author":"Y Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li, Y., & Lerner, R. M. (2013). Interrelations of behavioral, emotional, and cognitive school engagement in high school students. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(1), 20\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-012-9857-5","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"key":"9438_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, C., Liang, L., Fryer, L. K., & Shum, A. (2024). The use of leaderboards in education: A systematic review of empirical evidence in higher education. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, jcal.13077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcal.13077","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.13077"},{"issue":"1","key":"9438_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2010.09.001","volume":"36","author":"L Linnenbrink-Garcia","year":"2011","unstructured":"Linnenbrink-Garcia, L., Rogat, T. K., & Koskey, K. L. K. (2011). Affect and engagement during small group instruction. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 36(1), 13\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2010.09.001","journal-title":"Contemporary Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"9438_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0173403","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173403","volume":"12","author":"J Looyestyn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Looyestyn, J., Kernot, J., Boshoff, K., Ryan, J., Edney, S., & Maher, C. (2017). Does gamification increase engagement with online programs? A systematic review. PLOS ONE, 12(3), e0173403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0173403","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"9438_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socec.2022.101954","volume":"102","author":"A Lov\u00e1sz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lov\u00e1sz, A., Bat-Erdene, B., Cukrowska-Torzewska, E., Rig\u00f3, M., & Szab\u00f3-Morvai, \u00c1. (2023). Competition, subjective feedback, and gender gaps in performance. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 102, 101954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socec.2022.101954","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics"},{"issue":"4","key":"9438_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2012.680966","volume":"22","author":"J Lu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lu, J., & Churchill, D. (2014). The effect of social interaction on learning engagement in a social networking environment. Interactive Learning Environments, 22(4), 401\u2013417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2012.680966","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"key":"9438_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Luan, L., Hong, J. C., Cao, M., Dong, Y., & Hou, X. (2020). Exploring the role of online EFL learners\u2019 perceived social support in their learning engagement: A structural equation model. Interactive Learning Environments, 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2020.1855211","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2020.1855211"},{"key":"9438_CR62","unstructured":"Majuri, J., Koivisto, J., & Hamari, J. (2018). Gamification of education and learning: A review of empirical literature. In Koivisto & J. Hamari (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd International GamiFIN Conference (Vol. 2186, pp. 11\u201319). CEUR Workshop Proceedings. http:\/\/urn.fi\/urn:nbn:de:0074-2186-5"},{"key":"9438_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.08.048","volume":"71","author":"ED Mekler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mekler, E. D., Br\u00fchlmann, F., Tuch, A. N., & Opwis, K. (2017). Towards Understanding the effects of individual gamification elements on intrinsic motivation and performance. Computers in Human Behavior, 71, 525\u2013534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2015.08.048","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"7","key":"9438_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10207","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-11048-x","volume":"27","author":"S Nadi-Ravandi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nadi-Ravandi, S., & Batooli, Z. (2022). Gamification in education: A scientometric, content and co-occurrence analysis of systematic review and meta-analysis articles. Education and Information Technologies, 27(7), 10207\u201310238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-022-11048-x","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"9438_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nah, F. F. H., Zeng, Q., Telaprolu, V. R., Ayyappa, A. P., & Eschenbrenner, B. (2014). Gamification of education: A review of literature. In F. F.-H. Nah (Ed.), HCI in Business (Vol. 8527, pp. 401\u2013409). Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-07293-7_39","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07293-7_39"},{"issue":"1","key":"9438_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-economics-111809-125122","volume":"3","author":"M Niederle","year":"2011","unstructured":"Niederle, M., & Vesterlund, L. (2011). Gender and competition. Annual Review of Economics, 3(1), 601\u2013630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-economics-111809-125122","journal-title":"Annual Review of Economics"},{"key":"9438_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nystr\u00f6m, T. (2021). Exploring the darkness of gamification: You want it darker? In K. Arai (Ed.), Intelligent computing (Vol. 285, pp. 491\u2013506). Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-80129-8_35","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-80129-8_35"},{"key":"9438_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00779","volume":"9","author":"G Orosz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Orosz, G., T\u00f3th-Kir\u00e1ly, I., B\u00fcki, N., Ivaskevics, K., B\u0151the, B., & F\u00fcl\u00f6p, M. (2018). The four faces of competition: The development of the multidimensional competitive orientation inventory. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 779. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00779","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"9438_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1002\/cae.12116","volume":"27","author":"M Ortiz-Rojas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ortiz-Rojas, M., Chiluiza, K., & Valcke, M. (2019). Gamification through leaderboards: An empirical study in engineering education. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 27(4), 777\u2013788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cae.12116","journal-title":"Computer Applications in Engineering Education"},{"key":"9438_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2024.102565","volume":"116","author":"PM Papadopoulos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Papadopoulos, P. M., Steinr\u00fccke, J., & De Jong, T. (2024). As it unfolds: Exploring the impact of team-based gamification on performance, confidence, and engagement. Learning and Individual Differences, 116, 102565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lindif.2024.102565","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"key":"9438_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pedro, L. Z., Lopes, A. M. Z., Prates, B. G., Vassileva, J., & Isotani, S. (2015). Does gamification work for boys and girls? An exploratory study with a virtual learning environment. Proceedings of the 30th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, 214\u2013219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2695664.2695752","DOI":"10.1145\/2695664.2695752"},{"key":"9438_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peixoto, M. C. Silva (Ed.)(2017), A gamification requirements catalog for educational software: Results from a systematic literature review and a survey with experts. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Applied Computing (pp. 1108-1113). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3019612.3019752.","DOI":"10.1145\/3019612.3019752"},{"key":"9438_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104605","volume":"190","author":"A Philpott","year":"2022","unstructured":"Philpott, A., & Son, J. B. (2022). Leaderboards in an EFL course: Student performance and motivation. Computers & Education, 190, 104605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104605","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"9438_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032688","volume":"105","author":"JL Plass","year":"2013","unstructured":"Plass, J. L., O\u2019Keefe, P. A., Homer, B. D., Case, J., Hayward, E. O., Stein, M., & Perlin, K. (2013). The impact of individual, competitive, and collaborative mathematics game play on learning, performance, and motivation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(4), 1050\u20131066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0032688","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"9438_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13178","volume":"53","author":"S Qiao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qiao, S., Yeung, S. S., Shen, X., & Chu, S. K. W. (2022). The effects of a gamified morphological awareness intervention on students\u2019 cognitive, motivational and affective outcomes. British Journal of Educational Technology, 53(4), 952\u2013976. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.13178","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"9438_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Redmond, P., Heffernan, A., Abawi, L., Brown, A., & Henderson, R. (2018). An online engagement framework for higher education. Online Learning, 22(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24059\/olj.v22i1.1175","DOI":"10.24059\/olj.v22i1.1175"},{"issue":"3","key":"9438_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032690","volume":"105","author":"J Reeve","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reeve, J. (2013). How students create motivationally supportive learning environments for themselves: The concept of agentic engagement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(3), 579\u2013595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0032690","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9438_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037252","volume":"107","author":"SE Rimm-Kaufman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rimm-Kaufman, S. E., Baroody, A. E., Larsen, R. A. A., Curby, T. W., & Abry, T. (2015). To what extent do teacher\u2013student interaction quality and student gender contribute to fifth graders\u2019 engagement in mathematics learning? Journal of Educational Psychology, 107(1), 170\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0037252","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"9438_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.3390\/su15032334","volume":"15","author":"EG Rincon-Flores","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rincon-Flores, E. G., Santos-Guevara, B. N., Martinez-Cardiel, L., Rodriguez-Rodriguez, N. K., Quintana-Cruz, H. A., & Matsuura-Sonoda, A. (2023). Gamit! Icing on the cake for mathematics gamification. Sustainability, 15(3), 2334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su15032334","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"1","key":"9438_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12948","volume":"52","author":"M Sailer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sailer, M., & Sailer, M. (2021). Gamification of in-class activities in flipped classroom lectures. British Journal of Educational Technology, 52(1), 75\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.12948","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"9438_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2017.05.003","volume":"26","author":"J S\u00e1nchez-Mart\u00edn","year":"2017","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Mart\u00edn, J., Ca\u00f1ada-Ca\u00f1ada, F., & D\u00e1vila-Acedo, M. A. (2017). Just a game? Gamifying a general science class at university. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 26, 51\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tsc.2017.05.003","journal-title":"Thinking Skills and Creativity"},{"key":"9438_CR82","first-page":"89","volume":"13","author":"M Sanmugam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sanmugam, M., & Mohamed, H. (2020). Leaderboard: Analysis review behind the usage in gamification. ASM Science Journal, 13, 89\u201393.","journal-title":"ASM Science Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"9438_CR83","first-page":"5","volume":"22","author":"LA Schreiner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schreiner, L. A., & Louis, M. C. (2011). The engaged learning index: Implications for faculty development. Journal on Excellence in College Teaching, 22(1), 5\u201328.","journal-title":"Journal on Excellence in College Teaching"},{"key":"9438_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2014.09.006","volume":"74","author":"K Seaborn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Seaborn, K., & Fels, D. I. (2015). Gamification in theory and action: A survey. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 74, 14\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2014.09.006","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"9438_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/kykl.12202","volume":"72","author":"O Shurchkov","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shurchkov, O., & Geen, A. V. M. (2019). Why female Decision-Makers shy away from promoting competition. Kyklos, 72(2), 297\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/kykl.12202","journal-title":"Kyklos"},{"issue":"2","key":"9438_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2012.06.007","volume":"29","author":"J Sim\u00f5es","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sim\u00f5es, J., Redondo, R. D., & Vilas, A. F. (2013). A social gamification framework for a K-6 learning platform. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(2), 345\u2013353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2012.06.007","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"9438_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1080\/10888691.2021.1947140","volume":"26","author":"AL Sjogren","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sjogren, A. L., Bae, C. L., Deutsch, N. L., Zumbrunn, S., & Broda, M. (2022). Afterschool engagement: A mixed methods approach to Understanding profiles of youth engagement. Applied Developmental Science, 26(4), 638\u2013656. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10888691.2021.1947140","journal-title":"Applied Developmental Science"},{"key":"9438_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.06.049","volume":"64","author":"T Ten\u00f3rio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ten\u00f3rio, T., Bittencourt, I. I., Isotani, S., Pedro, A., & Ospina, P. (2016). A gamified peer assessment model for on-line learning environments in a competitive context. Computers in Human Behavior, 64, 247\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2016.06.049","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"9438_CR89","unstructured":"The Jamovi project (Version 2.3). (2022). [Computer software]. https:\/\/www.jamovi.org"},{"key":"9438_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Toda, A. M., Valle, P. H. D., & Isotani, S. (2018). The dark side of gamification: An overview of negative effects of gamification in education. In A. I. Cristea, I. I. Bittencourt, & F. Lima (Eds.), Higher education for all. From challenges to novel technology-enhanced solutions (Vol. 832, pp. 143\u2013156). Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-97934-2_9","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-97934-2_9"},{"key":"9438_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.01.009","volume":"121","author":"CHH Tsay","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tsay, C. H. H., Kofinas, A., & Luo, J. (2018). Enhancing student learning experience with technology-mediated gamification: An empirical study. Computers & Education, 121, 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.01.009","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"9438_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.08.018","volume":"127","author":"R van Roy","year":"2018","unstructured":"van Roy, R., & Zaman, B. (2018). Need-supporting gamification in education: An assessment of motivational effects over time. Computers & Education, 127, 283\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.08.018","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"6","key":"9438_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-013-9314-5","volume":"61","author":"S Vandercruysse","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vandercruysse, S., Vandewaetere, M., Cornillie, F., & Clarebout, G. (2013). Competition and students\u2019 perceptions in a game-based Language learning environment. Educational Technology Research and Development, 61(6), 927\u2013950. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11423-013-9314-5","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"key":"9438_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2016.01.008","volume":"43","author":"MT Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang, M. T., Fredricks, J. A., Ye, F., Hofkens, T. L., & Linn, J. S. (2016). The math and science engagement scales: Scale development, validation, and psychometric properties. Learning and Instruction, 43, 16\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2016.01.008","journal-title":"Learning and Instruction"},{"key":"9438_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2021.100463","volume":"40","author":"YF Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, Y. F., Hsu, Y. F., & Fang, K. (2022). The key elements of gamification in corporate training \u2013 The Delphi method. Entertainment Computing, 40, 100463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.entcom.2021.100463","journal-title":"Entertainment Computing"},{"key":"9438_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105196","volume":"225","author":"J Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, J., Gong, S., Cao, Y., Guo, X., & Peng, P. (2025). Personalization in educational gamification: Learners with different trait competitiveness benefit differently from rankings on leaderboards. Computers & Education, 225, 105196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105196","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"9438_CR97","unstructured":"Werbach, K., & Hunter, D. (2012). For the win, how game thinking can revolutionize your business. Wharton Digital."},{"issue":"2","key":"9438_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s12528-021-09271-5","volume":"33","author":"L Zahedi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zahedi, L., Batten, J., Ross, M., Potvin, G., Damas, S., Clarke, P., & Davis, D. (2021). Gamification in education: A mixed-methods study of gender on computer science students\u2019 academic performance and identity development. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 33(2), 441\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12528-021-09271-5","journal-title":"Journal of Computing in Higher Education"},{"key":"9438_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2020.100326","volume":"30","author":"Z Zainuddin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zainuddin, Z., Chu, S. K. W., Shujahat, M., & Perera, C. J. (2020). The impact of gamification on learning and instruction: A systematic review of empirical evidence. Educational Research Review, 30, 100326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.edurev.2020.100326","journal-title":"Educational Research Review"},{"key":"9438_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zeybek, N., & Sayg\u0131, E. (2023). Gamification in education: Why, where, when, and how? \u2014 A systematic review. Games and Culture, 155541202311586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15554120231158625","DOI":"10.1177\/15554120231158625"},{"issue":"2","key":"9438_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s11162-018-9510-6","volume":"60","author":"KCH Zhoc","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhoc, K. C. H., Webster, B. J., King, R. B., Li, J. C. H., & Chung, T. S. H. (2019). Higher education student engagement scale (HESES): Development and psychometric evidence. Research in Higher Education, 60(2), 219\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11162-018-9510-6","journal-title":"Research in Higher Education"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computing in Higher Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12528-025-09438-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12528-025-09438-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12528-025-09438-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T02:06:30Z","timestamp":1771898790000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12528-025-09438-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["9438"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12528-025-09438-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-1726","1867-1233"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-1726","type":"print"},{"value":"1867-1233","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 March 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 May 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare, and this research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}