{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T08:41:12Z","timestamp":1780994472426,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001348","name":"Spencer Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Comput High Educ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12528-025-09465-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T15:46:29Z","timestamp":1755099989000},"page":"831-870","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Profiles of students\u2019 behavioral engagement and their associations to academic motivation in online learning"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7173-4859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kui","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zilu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiwei","family":"Men","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zilong","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingwen","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"9465_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2729.2007.00258.x","volume":"24","author":"AR Artino","year":"2008","unstructured":"Artino, A. R. (2008). Motivational beliefs and perceptions of instructional quality: Predicting satisfaction with online training. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 24(3), 260\u2013270.","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"9465_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.2.191","volume":"84","author":"A Bandura","year":"1977","unstructured":"Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191\u2013215.","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"9465_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iree.2022.100253","volume":"41","author":"L Barile","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barile, L., Elliott, C., & McCann, M. (2022). Which online learning resources do undergraduate economics students\u2019 value and does their use improve academic attainment? A comparison and revealed preferences from before and during the Covid pandemic. International Review of Economics Education, 41, Article 100253.","journal-title":"International Review of Economics Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"9465_CR4","first-page":"518","volume":"51","author":"RL Bradley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bradley, R. L., Browne, B. L., & Kelley, H. M. (2017). Examining the influence of self-efficacy and self-regulation in online learning. College Student Journal, 51(4), 518\u2013530.","journal-title":"College Student Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"9465_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13276","volume":"54","author":"O Bulut","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bulut, O., Gorgun, G., Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N., Wongvorachan, T., Daniels, L. M., Gao, Y., Lai, Ka Wing, & Shin, J. (2023). Standing on the shoulders of giants: Online formative assessments as the foundation for predictive learning analytics models. British Journal of Educational Technology, 54(1), 19\u201339.","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"9465_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2022.840947","volume":"7","author":"S Caspari-Sadeghi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Caspari-Sadeghi, S. (2022). Applying learning analytics in online environments: Measuring learners\u2019 engagement unobtrusively. Frontiers in Education, 7, Article 840947. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feduc.2022.840947","journal-title":"Frontiers in Education"},{"key":"9465_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2021.100807","volume":"50","author":"SL Cheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cheng, S. L., & Xie, K. (2021). Why college students procrastinate in online courses: A self-regulated learning perspective. The Internet and Higher Education, 50, Article 100807.","journal-title":"The Internet and Higher Education"},{"key":"9465_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dawson, S. P., McWilliam, E. & Tan, J. (2008). Teaching smarter: how mining ICT data can inform and improve learning and teaching practice. Annual Conference of the Australasian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education (pp. 221-230). Melbourne, Australia: Deakin University.","DOI":"10.14742\/apubs.2008.2428"},{"issue":"3","key":"9465_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12130","volume":"32","author":"PG de Barba","year":"2016","unstructured":"de Barba, P. G., Kennedy, G. E., & Ainley, M. D. (2016). The role of students\u2019 motivation and participation in predicting performance in a MOOC. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 32(3), 218\u2013231.","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"9465_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-6566(85)90023-6","volume":"19","author":"EL Deci","year":"1985","unstructured":"Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 19(2), 109\u2013134.","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Personality"},{"key":"9465_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.98.2.382","volume":"98","author":"AM Durik","year":"2006","unstructured":"Durik, A. M., Vida, M., & Eccles, J. S. (2006). Task values and ability beliefs as predictors of high school literacy choices: A developmental analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 98, 382\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0663.98.2.382","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9465_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.53.100901.135153","volume":"53","author":"JS Eccles","year":"2002","unstructured":"Eccles, J. S., & Wigfield, A. (2002). Motivational beliefs, values, and goals. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 109\u2013132.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9465_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.72.1.218","volume":"72","author":"AJ Elliot","year":"1997","unstructured":"Elliot, A. J., & Church, M. A. (1997). A hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(1), 218.","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9465_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/bjep.12002","volume":"84","author":"W Fan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fan, W., & Wolters, C. A. (2014). School motivation and high school dropout: The mediating role of educational expectation. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 84(1), 22\u201339.","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9465_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2018.2823317","volume":"12","author":"E Fincham","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fincham, E., Ga\u0161evi\u0107, D., Jovanovi\u0107, J., & Pardo, A. (2018). From study tactics to learning strategies: An analytical method for extracting interpretable representations. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 12(1), 59\u201372.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies"},{"issue":"1","key":"9465_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543074001059","volume":"74","author":"JA Fredricks","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., & Paris, A. H. (2004). School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence. Review of Educational Research, 74(1), 59\u2013109.","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"9465_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2012.09.005","volume":"29","author":"B Giesbers","year":"2013","unstructured":"Giesbers, B., Rienties, B., Tempelaar, D., & Gijselaers, W. (2013). Investigating the relations between motivation, tool use, participation, and performance in an e-learning course using web-videoconferencing. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(1), 285\u2013292.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"9465_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-07853-8_3","volume-title":"Handbook of research on student engagement","author":"JR Gladstone","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gladstone, J. R., Wigfield, A., & Eccles, J. S. (2022). Situated Expectancy-Value Theory, Dimensions of Engagement, and Academic Outcomes. Handbook of research on student engagement (pp. 57\u201376). Springer International Publishing."},{"issue":"2","key":"9465_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2729.2009.00336.x","volume":"26","author":"S Graf","year":"2010","unstructured":"Graf, S., Liu, T. C., & Kinshuk. (2010). Analysis of learners\u2019 navigational behaviour and their learning styles in an online course. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 26(2), 116\u2013131.","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"9465_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2014.989230","volume":"50","author":"BA Greene","year":"2015","unstructured":"Greene, B. A. (2015). Measuring cognitive engagement with self-report scales: Reflections from over 20 years of research. Educational Psychologist, 50(1), 14\u201330.","journal-title":"Educational Psychologist"},{"key":"9465_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12528-022-09333-2","author":"F Han","year":"2022","unstructured":"Han, F., & Ellis, R. A. (2022). The relations between self-reported perceptions of learning environment, observational learning strategies, and academic outcome. Journal of Computing in Higher Education. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12528-022-09333-2","journal-title":"Journal of Computing in Higher Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"9465_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02319856","volume":"48","author":"J Herrington","year":"2000","unstructured":"Herrington, J., & Oliver, R. (2000). An instructional design framework for authentic learning environments. Educational Technology Research and Development, 48(3), 23\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02319856","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"key":"9465_CR24","unstructured":"Hsu, J. T.-S. (1998). Value, expectancy, metacognition, resource management, and academic achievement: A structural model of self-regulated learning in a distance education context [ProQuest Information & Learning]. In\u00a0Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences\u00a0(Vol. 59, Issue 5\u2013A, p. 1458)."},{"key":"9465_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, J. B., Huang, A. Y., Lu, O. H., & Yang, S. J. (2021, July). Exploring Learning Strategies by Sequence Clustering and Analysing their Correlation with Student's Engagement and Learning Outcome. In 2021 International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT) (pp. 360-362). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICALT52272.2021.00115"},{"key":"9465_CR68","unstructured":"Jo, Y., Maki, K., & Tomar, G. (2018). Time series analysis of clickstream logs from online courses. arXiv:1809.04177."},{"key":"9465_CR26","unstructured":"Jonassen, D. H. (1999). Designing Constructivist Learning Environments. In C. M. Reigeluth (Ed.), Instructional Design Theories and Models: A New Paradigm of Instructional Theory (Vol. II, pp. 215\u2013239). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates."},{"key":"9465_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kew, S. N., & Tasir, Z. (2022). Learning analytics in online learning environment: A systematic review on the focuses and the types of student-related analytics data. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 1\u201323.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-021-09541-2"},{"issue":"3","key":"9465_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.18608\/jla.2015.23.6","volume":"2","author":"V Kovanovic","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kovanovic, V., Ga\u0161evi\u0107, D., Dawson, S., Joksimovic, S., & Baker, R. (2015). Does time-on-task estimation matter? Implications on validity of learning analytics findings. Journal of Learning Analytics, 2(3), 81\u2013110.","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Analytics"},{"key":"9465_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2021.104290","volume":"173","author":"HM Lai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lai, H. M. (2021). Understanding what determines university students\u2019 behavioral engagement in a group-based flipped learning context. Computers and Education, 173, Article 104290.","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"key":"9465_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lakshminarayan, C., Kosuru, R., & Hsu, M. (2016, April). Modeling complex clickstream data by stochastic models: Theory and methods. In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference Companion on World Wide Web (pp. 879\u2013884).","DOI":"10.1145\/2872518.2891070"},{"key":"9465_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.04.043","volume":"86","author":"Y Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee, Y. (2018). Effect of uninterrupted time-on-task on students\u2019 success in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). Computers in Human Behavior, 86, 174\u2013180.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"9465_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.18608\/jla.2015.22.13","volume":"2","author":"S Lowes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lowes, S., Lin, P., & Kinghorn, B. (2015). Exploring the link between online behaviours and course performance in asynchronous online high school courses. Journal of Learning Analytics, 2(2), 169\u2013194.","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Analytics"},{"key":"9465_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.11.011","volume":"80","author":"J Maldonado-Mahauad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maldonado-Mahauad, J., P\u00e9rez-Sanagust\u00edn, M., Kizilcec, R. F., Morales, N., & Munoz-Gama, J. (2018). Mining theory-based patterns from big data: Identifying self-regulated learning strategies in Massive Open Online Courses. Computers in Human Behavior, 80, 179\u2013196.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"9465_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, F., & Borup, J. (2022). Online learner engagement: Conceptual definitions, research themes, and supportive practices. Educational Psychologist, 57(3), 162\u2013177.","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2022.2089147"},{"issue":"2","key":"9465_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2431211.2431218","volume":"45","author":"CH Mooney","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mooney, C. H., & Roddick, J. F. (2013). Sequential pattern mining\u2013approaches and algorithms. Acm Computing Surveys, 45(2), 1\u201339.","journal-title":"Acm Computing Surveys"},{"key":"9465_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moubayed, A., Injadat, M., Shami, A., & Lutfiyya, H. (2018, March). Relationship between student engagement and performance in e-learning environment using association rules. In\u00a02018 IEEE world engineering education conference (EDUNINE)\u00a0(pp. 1\u20136). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/EDUNINE.2018.8451005"},{"issue":"1","key":"9465_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1348\/000709907X203733","volume":"78","author":"M Nummenmaa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nummenmaa, M., & Nummenmaa, L. (2008). University students\u2019 emotions, interest and activities in a web-based learning environment. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 78(1), 163\u2013178.","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"9465_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1108\/QRDE-02-2019-0001","volume":"19","author":"L Peck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Peck, L., Stefaniak, J. E., & Shah, S. J. (2018). The correlation of self-regulation and motivation with retention and attrition in distance education. Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 19(3), 1\u201380.","journal-title":"Quarterly Review of Distance Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"9465_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.82.1.33","volume":"82","author":"PR Pintrich","year":"1990","unstructured":"Pintrich, P. R., & De Groot, E. V. (1990). Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom academic performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82(1), 33.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"9465_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2022.100902","volume":"57","author":"M Saqr","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saqr, M., L\u00f3pez-Pernas, S., Jovanovi\u0107, J., & Ga\u0161evi\u0107, D. (2023). Intense, turbulent, or wallowing in the mire: A longitudinal study of cross-course online tactics, strategies, and trajectories. The Internet and Higher Education, 57, Article 100902.","journal-title":"The Internet and Higher Education"},{"key":"9465_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v074.i04","volume":"74","author":"M Scholz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Scholz, M. (2016). R package clickstream: Analyzing clickstream data with Markov chains. Journal of Statistical Software, 74, 1\u201317.","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"10","key":"9465_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764213498851","volume":"57","author":"G Siemens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Siemens, G. (2013). Learning analytics: The emergence of a discipline. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(10), 1380\u20131400.","journal-title":"American Behavioral Scientist"},{"key":"9465_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.42.1.70","volume":"42","author":"SD Simpkins","year":"2006","unstructured":"Simpkins, S. D., Davis-Kean, P. E., & Eccles, J. S. (2006). Math and science motivation: A longitudinal examination of the links between choice and beliefs. Developmental Psychology, 42, 70\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.42.1.70","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"9465_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skinner, E. A., spsampsps Pitzer, J. R. (2012). Developmental dynamics of student engagement, coping, and everyday resilience. Handbook of Research on Student Engagement, 21\u201344.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-2018-7_2"},{"issue":"3","key":"9465_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164408323233","volume":"69","author":"EA Skinner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Skinner, E. A., Kindermann, T. A., & Furrer, C. J. (2009). A motivational perspective on engagement and disaffection: Conceptualization and assessment of children\u2019s behavioral and emotional participation in academic activities in the classroom. Educational and psychological measurement, 69(3), 493\u2013525.","journal-title":"Educational and psychological measurement"},{"issue":"2","key":"9465_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.24320\/redie.2018.20.2.1689","volume":"20","author":"JM Su\u00e1rez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Su\u00e1rez, J. M., Fern\u00e1ndez, A. P., & Zamora, \u00c1. (2018). Academic goals in relation to motivational self-regulation value strategies. Revista Electr\u00f3nica de Investigaci\u00f3n Educativa, 20(2), 15\u201324.","journal-title":"Revista Electr\u00f3nica de Investigaci\u00f3n Educativa"},{"key":"9465_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2020.100731","volume":"46","author":"Z Sun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sun, Z., & Xie, K. (2020). How do students prepare in the pre-class setting of a flipped undergraduate math course? A latent profile analysis of learning behavior and the impact of achievement goals. The Internet and Higher Education, 46, Article 100731.","journal-title":"The Internet and Higher Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"9465_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2005.06.004","volume":"16","author":"CO Walker","year":"2006","unstructured":"Walker, C. O., Greene, B. A., & Mansell, R. A. (2006). Identification with academics, intrinsic\/extrinsic motivation, and self-efficacy as predictors of cognitive engagement. Learning and Individual Differences, 16(1), 1\u201312.","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"key":"9465_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2023.100711","volume":"34","author":"W Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, W., & Osaragi, T. (2024). Generating and understanding human daily activity sequences using time-varying Markov chain models. Travel Behaviour and Society, 34, Article 100711.","journal-title":"Travel Behaviour and Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"9465_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15391523.2020.1799455","volume":"54","author":"C Wekerle","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wekerle, C., Daumiller, M., & Kollar, I. (2022). Using digital technology to promote higher education learning: The importance of different learning activities and their relations to learning outcomes. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 54(1), 1\u201317.","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Technology in Education"},{"key":"9465_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02209024","volume":"6","author":"A Wigfield","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wigfield, A. (1994). Expectancy-value theory of achievement motivation: A developmental perspective. Educational Psychology Review, 6, 49\u201378.","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"9465_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/0273-2297(92)90011-P","volume":"12","author":"A Wigfield","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wigfield, A., & Eccles, J. S. (1992). The development of achievement task values: A theoretical analysis. Developmental Review, 12(3), 265\u2013310.","journal-title":"Developmental Review"},{"key":"9465_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Winkelmes, M.-A., Boye, A., spsampsps Tapp, S. (Eds.). (2019). Transparent Design in Higher Education Teaching and Leadership: A Guide to Implementing the Transparency Framework Institution-Wide to Improve Learning and Retention (1st ed.). Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781003448396","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003448396"},{"issue":"4","key":"9465_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1521\/scpq.16.4.370.19896","volume":"16","author":"FC Worrell","year":"2001","unstructured":"Worrell, F. C., & Hale, R. L. (2001). The relationship of hope in the future and perceived school climate to school completion. School Psychology Quarterly, 16(4), 370\u2013388.","journal-title":"School Psychology Quarterly"},{"issue":"2","key":"9465_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2012.01291.x","volume":"44","author":"K Xie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xie, K. (2013). What do the numbers say? The influence of motivation and peer feedback on students\u2019 behaviour in online discussions. British Journal of Educational Technology, 44(2), 288\u2013301.","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9465_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2190\/7BAK-EGAH-3MH1-K7C6","volume":"34","author":"K Xie","year":"2006","unstructured":"Xie, K., Debacker, T. K., & Ferguson, C. (2006). Extending the traditional classroom through online discussion: The role of student motivation. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 34(1), 67\u201389.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"9465_CR57","first-page":"17","volume":"7","author":"K Xie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Xie, K., Durrington, V., & Yen, L. L. (2011). Relationship between students\u2019 motivation and their participation in asynchronous online discussions. Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 7(1), 17\u201329.","journal-title":"Journal of Online Learning and Teaching"},{"key":"9465_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.09.020","volume":"128","author":"K Xie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xie, K., Heddy, B. C., & Greene, B. A. (2019). Affordances of using mobile technology to support experience-sampling method in examining college students\u2019 engagement. Computers and Education, 128, 183\u2013198.","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"key":"9465_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2019.101788","volume":"59","author":"K Xie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xie, K., Heddy, B. C., & Vongkulluksn, V. W. (2019). Examining engagement in context using experience-sampling method with mobile technology. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 59, Article 101788.","journal-title":"Contemporary Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"9465_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2190\/EC.50.3.b","volume":"50","author":"K Xie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xie, K., & Huang, K. (2014). The role of beliefs and motivation in asynchronous online learning in college-level classes. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 50(3), 315\u2013341.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"9465_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2010.01140.x","volume":"42","author":"K Xie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Xie, K., & Ke, F. (2011). The role of students\u2019 motivation in peer-moderated asynchronous online discussions. British Journal of Educational Technology, 42(6), 916\u2013930.","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"9465_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2020.101877","volume":"62","author":"K Xie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xie, K., Vongkulluksn, V. W., Lu, L., & Cheng, S. L. (2020). A person-centered approach to examining high-school students\u2019 motivation, engagement and academic performance. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 62, Article 101877.","journal-title":"Contemporary Educational Psychology"},{"key":"9465_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xie, K., Vongkulluksn, V. W., Heddy, B. C., & Jiang, Z. (2024). Experience sampling methodology and technology: An approach for examining situational, longitudinal, and multi-dimensional characteristics of engagement. Educational Technology Research and Development, 72(5), 2585\u20132615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11423-023-10259-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-023-10259-4"},{"key":"9465_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2013.09.003","volume":"20","author":"K Xie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xie, K., Yu, C., & Bradshaw, A. C. (2014). Impacts of role assignment and participation in asynchronous discussions in college-level online classes. The Internet and Higher Education, 20, 10\u201319.","journal-title":"The Internet and Higher Education"},{"key":"9465_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2021.03.005","volume":"24","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Yuan, Q., Yang, C., & Wang, Y. (2021). Who you are determines how you travel: Clustering human activity patterns with a Markov-chain-based mixture model. Travel Behaviour and Society, 24, 102\u2013112.","journal-title":"Travel Behaviour and Society"},{"key":"9465_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zimmerman, B. J., spsampsps Labuhn, A. S. (2012). Self-regulation of learning: Process approaches to personal development. In K. R. Harris, S. Graham, T. Urdan, C. B. McCormick, G. M. Sinatra, spsampsps J. Sweller (Eds.),\u00a0APA educational psychology handbook, Vol. 1. Theories, constructs, and critical issues\u00a0(pp. 399\u2013425). American Psychological Association.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/13273-014","DOI":"10.1037\/13273-014"},{"issue":"2","key":"9465_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1207\/s15430421tip4102_2","volume":"41","author":"BJ Zimmerman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zimmerman, B. J. (2002). Becoming a self-regulated learner: An overview. Theory Into Practice, 41(2), 64\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15430421tip4102_2","journal-title":"Theory Into Practice"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computing in Higher Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12528-025-09465-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12528-025-09465-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12528-025-09465-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T04:17:20Z","timestamp":1779509840000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12528-025-09465-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["9465"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12528-025-09465-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-1726","1867-1233"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-1726","type":"print"},{"value":"1867-1233","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 July 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 August 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Kui Xie declares that he has no conflict of interest. Zilu Jiang declares that she has no conflict of interest. Qiwei Men declares that she has no conflict of interest. Zilong Pan declares that she has no conflict of interest. Jingwen He declares that she has no conflict of interest. Author identifying information is only on the title page that is separate from the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}