{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T12:29:56Z","timestamp":1780057796732,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,2]],"date-time":"2011-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1299024000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Evolving Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12530-011-9030-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,3]],"date-time":"2011-03-03T01:04:51Z","timestamp":1299114291000},"page":"145-163","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Neutrality in evolutionary algorithms\u2026 What do we know?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Edgar","family":"Galv\u00e1n-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Poli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Kattan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"O\u2019Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Brabazon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"9030_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00e4ck T, Fogel DB, Michalewicz Z (eds) (1999) Evolutionary computation 1: basic algorithms and operators. IOP Publishing Ltd., Bristol","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420034349"},{"key":"9030_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banzhaf W (1994) Genotype\u2013phenotype-mapping and neutral variation: a case study in genetic programming. In: Davidor Y, Schwefel H-P, Manner R (eds) PPSN III: proceedings of the 3rd international conference on parallel problem solving from nature. Springer, Jerusalem, Israel, pp 322\u2013332","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-58484-6_276"},{"key":"9030_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banzhaf W, Leier A (2006) Evolution on neutral networks in genetic programming. In: Yu T, Riolo R, Worzel B (eds) Genetic programming\u2014theory and applications III. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp 207\u2013221","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-28111-8_14"},{"key":"9030_CR4","volume-title":"Genetic programming: an introduction: on the automatic evolution of computer programs and its applications","author":"W Banzhaf","year":"1998","unstructured":"Banzhaf W, Francone FD, Keller RE, Nordin P (1998) Genetic programming: an introduction: on the automatic evolution of computer programs and its applications. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco"},{"key":"9030_CR5","unstructured":"Barnett L (1998) Ruggedness and neutrality\u2014the NKp family of fitness landscapes. In: Adami C, Belew RK, Kitano H, Taylor CE (eds) Artificial life VI: Proceedings of the sixth international conference on artificial life. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 18\u201327"},{"key":"9030_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barnett L (2001) Netcrawling\u2014optimal evolutionary search with neutral networks. In: Proceedings of the 2001 Congress on evolutionary computation. IEEE Press, Los Alamitos, pp 30\u201337","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2001.934367"},{"key":"9030_CR7","unstructured":"Beaudoin W, Verel S, Collard P, Escazut C (2006) Deceptiveness and neutrality. The ND family of fitness landscapes. In: Keijzer M, Cattolico M, Arnold D, Babovic V, Blum C, Bosman P, Butz MV, Coello Coello CA, Dasgupta D, Ficici SG, Foster J, Hernandez-Aguirre A, Hornby G, Lipson H, McMinn P, Moore J, Raidl G, Rothlauf F, Ryan C, Thierens D (eds) GECCO 2006: Proceedings of the 2006 conference on genetic and evolutionary computation, vol 1. ACM Press, Seattle, 8\u201312 July 2006,\u00a0pp 507\u2013514"},{"key":"9030_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beyer H (2001) The theory of evolution strategies. Springer, Berlin","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-04378-3"},{"key":"9030_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chow R (2004a) Effects of phenotypic feedback and the coupling of genotypic and phenotypic spaces in genetic searches. In: Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Congress on evolutionary computation (CEC-2004), vol 1, IEEE, Portland, pp 242\u2013249","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2004.1330863"},{"key":"9030_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chow R (2004b) Evolving genotype to phenotype mappings with a multiple-chromosome genetic algorithm. In: Deb K, Poli R, Banzhaf W, Beyer H-G, Burke EK, Darwen PJ, Dasgupta D, Floreano D, Foster JA, Harman M, Holland O, Lanzi PL, Spector L, Tettamanzi A, Thierens D, Tyrrell AM (eds) GECCO 2004: Proceedings of the 2004 conference on genetic and evolutionary computation, volume 1 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, Seattle, WA, USA, 26\u201330 June 2004, pp 1006\u20131017","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-24854-5_100"},{"key":"9030_CR11","unstructured":"Clergue M, Collard P, Tomassini M, Vanneschi L (2002) Fitness distance correlation and problem difficulty for genetic programming. In: Langdon WB, Cant\u00fa-Paz E, Mathias KE, Roy R, Davis D, Poli R, Balakrishnan K, Honavar V, Rudolph G, Wegener J, Bull L, Potter MA, Schultz AC, Miller JF, Burke EK, Jonoska N (eds) Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference, GECCO 2002, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, New York, 9\u201313 July 2002, pp 724\u2013732"},{"key":"9030_CR12","unstructured":"Collins M (2005) Finding needles in haystacks is harder with neutrality. In: Beyer H-G, O\u2019Reilly U-M, Arnold DV, Banzhaf W, Blum C, Bonabeau EW, Cantu-Paz E, Dasgupta D, Deb K, Foster JA, de Jong ED, Lipson H, Llora X, Mancoridis S, Pelikan M, Raidl GR, Soule T, Tyrrell AM, Watson J-P, Zitzler E (eds) GECCO 2005: Proceedings of the 2005 conference on genetic and evolutionary computation, vol 2. ACM Press, Washington DC, USA, 25\u201329 June 2005, pp 1613\u20131618"},{"key":"9030_CR13","volume-title":"The Age of Lamarck Evolutionary Theories in France","author":"P Corsi","year":"1988","unstructured":"Corsi P (1988) The age of lamarck evolutionary theories in France. University of California Press, USA"},{"key":"9030_CR14","unstructured":"Darwin C (1859) On the origin of species by means of natural selection. John Murray, London"},{"key":"9030_CR15","unstructured":"Dasgupta D, McGregor DR (1992) Nonstationary function optimization using the structured genetic algorithm. In: Manner R, Manderick B (eds) PPSN II: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on parallel problem solving from nature. Elsevier, Brussels, Belgium, pp 145\u2013154"},{"key":"9030_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doerr B, Gnewuch M, Hebbinghaus N, Neumann F (2007) A rigorous view on neutrality. In: IEEE Congress on evolutionary computation, IEEE, pp 2591\u20132597","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2007.4424797"},{"key":"9030_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Downing RM (2005) Evolving binary decision diagrams using implicit neutrality. In: Proceedings of congress on evolutionary computation (CEC 2005), vol 3, IEEE Press, Edinburgh, Scotland, pp 2107\u20132113","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2005.1554955"},{"key":"9030_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebner M (1999) On the search space of genetic programming and its relation to nature\u2019s search space. In: Proceedings of the 1999 Congress on evolutionary computation, 1999, CEC 99, 1999","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.1999.782609"},{"key":"9030_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebner M, Langguth P, Albert J, Shackleton M, Shipman R (2001a) On neutral networks and evolvability. In: Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE Congress on evolutionary computation, IEEE Press, 27\u201330 May 2001,\u00a0pp 1\u20138","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2001.934363"},{"issue":"2","key":"9030_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/cplx.10021","volume":"7","author":"M Ebner","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ebner M, Shackleton M, Shipman R (2001b) How neutral networks influence evolvability. Complexity 7(2):19\u201333","journal-title":"Complexity"},{"issue":"2","key":"9030_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1109\/4235.771166","volume":"3","author":"AE Eiben","year":"1999","unstructured":"Eiben AE, Hinterding R, Michalewicz Z (1999) Parameter control in evolutionary algorithms. IEEE Trans Evol Comput 3(2):124\u2013141","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Evolutionary Computation"},{"key":"9030_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eiben AE, Smith JE (2003) Introduction to evolutionary computing. Springer, Berlin","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-05094-1"},{"key":"9030_CR101","unstructured":"Finding Needles in Haystacks is not Hard with Neutrality. In: Foster JA, Lutton E, Miller JF, Ryan C, Tettamanzi A (eds) Genetic programming. Proceedings of the 5th European conference, EuroGP 2002, volume 2278 of LNCS, Springer, Kinsale, Ireland, 3\u20135 April 2002, pp 13\u201325"},{"key":"9030_CR23","unstructured":"Fisher RA (1922) On the dominance ratio. In: Proceedings of the royal society of Edinburgh, vol 42, pp 321\u2013341"},{"key":"9030_CR24","unstructured":"Fonseca C, Correia M (2005) Developing redudant binary representations for genetic search. In: Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Congress on evolutionary computation (CEC 2005), IEEE, Edinburgh, 2\u20134 September 2005, pp 372\u2013379"},{"key":"9030_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5368.1451","volume":"280","author":"W Fontana","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fontana W, Schuster P (1998) Continuity in evolution: On the nature of transitions. Science 280:1431\u20131452","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9030_CR26","unstructured":"Galv\u00e1n-L\u00f3pez E (2007) Effects of neutrality on evolutionary search. In: EvoPhD\u2014second European Graduate Student Workshop on Evolutionary Computation, Valencia, Spain, 11\u201313 April 2007"},{"key":"9030_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galv\u00e1n-L\u00f3pez E, Dignum S, Poli R (2008) The effects of constant neutrality on performance and problem hardness in GP. In: ONeill M, Vanneschi L, Gustafson S, Esparcia Alcazar AI, De Falco I, Della Cioppa A, Tarantino E (eds) EuroGP 2008\u201411th European conference on genetic programming, volume 4971 of LNCS, Springer, Napoli, Italy, 26\u201328 March 2008, pp 312\u2013324","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-78671-9_27"},{"key":"9030_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galv\u00e1n-L\u00f3pez E, McDermott J, O\u2019Neill M, Brabazon A (2010a) Defining locality in problem hardness in genetic programming. Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines","DOI":"10.1007\/s10710-011-9136-3"},{"key":"9030_CR28","unstructured":"Galv\u00e1n-L\u00f3pez E, McDermott J, O\u2019Neill M, Brabazon A (2010b) Defining locality in genetic programming to predict performance. In: 2010 IEEE World Congress on computational intelligence, IEEE Computational Intelligence Society, Barcelona, Spain, 18\u201323 July 2010, pp 1828\u20131835"},{"key":"9030_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galv\u00e1n-L\u00f3pez E, McDermott J, O\u2019Neill M, Brabazon A (2010c) Towards an understanding of locality in genetic programming. In: GECCO \u201910: Proceedings of the 12th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation, ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp 901\u2013908","DOI":"10.1145\/1830483.1830646"},{"key":"9030_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galv\u00e1n-L\u00f3pez E, Poli R (2006a) An empirical investigation of how and why neutrality affects evolutionary search. In: Keijzer M, Cattolico M, Arnold D, Babovic V, Blum C, Bosman P, Butz MV, Coello Coello CA, Dasgupta D, Ficici SG, Foster J, Hernandez-Aguirre A, Hornby G, Lipson H, McMinn P, Moore J, Raidl G, Rothlauf F, Ryan C, Thierens D (eds) GECCO 2006: Proceedings of the 2006 conference on genetic and evolutionary computation. ACM Press, Seattle, WA, USA, 8\u201312 July 2006, pp 1149\u20131156","DOI":"10.1145\/1143997.1144180"},{"key":"9030_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galv\u00e1n-L\u00f3pez E, Poli R (2006b) Some steps towards understanding how neutrality affects evolutionary search. In: Runarsson TP, Beyer H.-G., Burke E, Merelo-Guerv\u00f3s JJ, Whitley LD, Yao X (eds) Parallel problem solving from nature (PPSN IX). 9th International Conference, volume 4193 of LNCS, Springer, Reykjavik, Iceland, 9\u201313 September 2006, pp 778\u2013787","DOI":"10.1007\/11844297_79"},{"key":"9030_CR33","unstructured":"Galv\u00e1n-L\u00f3pez E, Poli R (2010) The effects of constant and bit-wise neutrality on problem hardness, fitness distance correlation and phenotypic mutation rates. IEEE Trans Evol Comput 4(1):1\u201315"},{"key":"9030_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geard N, Wiles J, Hallinan J, Tonkes B, Skellett B (2002) A Comparison of neutral landscapes\u2014NK, NKp and NKq. In: Fogel DB, El-Sharkawi MA, Yao X, Greenwood G, Iba H, Marrow P, Shackleton M (eds) Proceedings of Congress on evolutionary computation (CEC 2002), vol 1, IEEE Press, pp 205\u2013210","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2002.1006234"},{"issue":"1","key":"9030_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01530779","volume":"5","author":"DE Goldberg","year":"1992","unstructured":"Goldberg DE (1992) Construction of high-order deceptive functions using low-order Walsh coefficients. Ann Math Artif Intell 5(1):35\u201347","journal-title":"Ann Math Artif Intell"},{"key":"9030_CR36","unstructured":"Goldberg DE, Deb K, Horn J (1992) Massive multimodality, deception, genetic algorithms. In: M\u00e4nner R, Manderick B (eds) PPSN II: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on parallel problem solving from nature. Elsevier Science Publishers, B. V., Amsterdam, pp 37\u201348"},{"key":"9030_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02984069","volume":"55","author":"JBS Haldane","year":"1957","unstructured":"Haldane JBS (1957) The cost of natural selection. J Genet 55:511\u2013524","journal-title":"J Genet"},{"key":"9030_CR38","unstructured":"Harvey I, Thompson A (1996) Through the labyrinth evolution finds a way: a silicon ridge. In: Higuchi T, Iwata M, Liu W (eds) Proceedings of the first international conference on evolvable systems: from biology to hardware, vol 1259, Springer, Berlin, pp 406\u2013422"},{"key":"9030_CR39","volume-title":"Adaptation in natural and artificial systems","author":"JH Holland","year":"1975","unstructured":"Holland JH (1975) Adaptation in natural and artificial systems. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor"},{"key":"9030_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02338823","volume":"43","author":"MA Huynen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Huynen MA (1996) Exploring phenotype space through neutral evolution. Mol Evol 43:165\u2013169","journal-title":"Molecular Evolution"},{"key":"9030_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.1.397","volume":"93","author":"M Huynen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Huynen M, Stadler P, Fontana W (1996) Smoothness Within ruggedness: the role of neutrality in adaptation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:397\u2013401","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"9030_CR42","unstructured":"Jones T (1995) Evolutionary algorithms, fitness landscapes and search. PhD thesis, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque"},{"key":"9030_CR43","unstructured":"Kargupta H, Deb K, Goldberg D (1992) Ordering genetic algorithms and deception. In M\u00e4nner R, Manderick B (eds) PPSN II: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on parallel problem solving from nature. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 49\u201358"},{"key":"9030_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katada Y, Ohkura K (2006) Estimating the degree of neutrality in fitness landscapes by the nei\u2019s standard genetic distance\u2014an application to evolutionary robotics. In: Yen GG, Lucas SM, Fogel G, Kendall G, Salomon R, Zhang B-T, Coello Coello CA, Runarsson TP (eds) Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Congress on evolutionary computation, IEEE Press, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 16\u201321 July 2006, pp 483\u2013490","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2006.1688349"},{"key":"9030_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katada Y, Ohkura K (2009) Analysis on topologies of fitness landscapes with both neutrality and ruggedness based on neutral networks. In: Proceedings of the 11th annual conference on genetic and evolutionary computation, ACM, GECCO \u201909, New York, NY, USA, pp 1855\u20131856","DOI":"10.1145\/1569901.1570201"},{"key":"9030_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katada Y, Ohkura K, Ueda K (2004) An approach to evolutionary robotics using a genetic algorithm with a variable mutation rate strategy. In: Yao X, Burke EK, Lozano JA, Smith J, Merelo Guerv\u00f3s JJ, Bullinaria JA, Rowe JE, Ti\u00f1o P, Kab\u00e1n A, Schwefel H-P (eds) PPSN, volume 3242 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, Berlin. pp 952\u2013961","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30217-9_96"},{"key":"9030_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195079517.001.0001","volume-title":"The origins of order\u2014organization and selection in evolution","author":"SA Kauffman","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kauffman SA (1993) The origins of order\u2014organization and selection in evolution. Oxford University Press, New York"},{"key":"9030_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kimura M (1968) Evolutionary rate at the molecular level. In: Nature, vol 217, pp 624\u2013626","DOI":"10.1038\/217624a0"},{"key":"9030_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511623486","volume-title":"The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution","author":"M Kimura","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kimura M (1983) The neutral theory of molecular evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"9030_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1126\/science.164.3881.788","volume":"164","author":"JL King","year":"1969","unstructured":"King JL, Jukes TH (1969) Non-Darwinian evolution. Science 164:788\u2013798","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9030_CR51","unstructured":"Knowles JD, Watson RA (2002) On the utility of redundant encodings in mutation-based evolutionary search. In: Guerv\u00f3s JM, Adamidis P, Beyer H-G, F-Villaca\u00f1as Mart\u00edn JL, Schwefel H-P (eds) Parallel problem solving from nature\u2014 PPSN VII: 7th international conference, Springer, Granada, Spain, pp 88\u201398"},{"key":"9030_CR52","unstructured":"Koza JR (1992) Genetic programming: on the programming of computers by means of natural selection. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts"},{"key":"9030_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langdon WB, Poli R (2002) Foundations of genetic programming. Springer, Berlin","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-04726-2"},{"key":"9030_CR54","unstructured":"Lehre PK, Haddow PC (2005) Accessibility between neutral networks in indirect genotype\u2013phenotype mappings. In: The 2005 IEEE Congress on evolutionary computation (CEC 2005), vol 1, IEEE Press, Edinburgh, UK, pp 419\u2013426"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"9030_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2006.09.018","volume":"87","author":"PK Lehre","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lehre PK, Haddow PC (2006) Phenotypic complexity and local variations in neutral degree. BioSystems 87(2\u20133):233\u201342","journal-title":"BioSystems"},{"key":"9030_CR56","unstructured":"Lobo J, Miller JH, Fontana W (2004) Neutrality in technological landscapes. In: Santa Fe Working Paper"},{"key":"9030_CR57","unstructured":"Miller JF (1999) An empirical study of the efficiency of learning Boolean functions using a Cartesian genetic approach. In: Banzhaf W, Daida JM, Eiben AE, Garzon MH, Honavar V, Jakiela MJ, Smith RE (eds) Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference GECCO\u201999, vol 2, Morgan Kaufmann, Orlando, Florida, 13\u201317 July 1999, pp 1135\u20131142"},{"issue":"2","key":"9030_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2006.871253","volume":"10","author":"JF Miller","year":"2006","unstructured":"Miller JF, Smith SL (2006) Redundancy and computational efficiency in cartesian genetic programming. IEEE Trans Evol Comput 10(2):167\u2013174","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Evol Comput"},{"key":"9030_CR59","unstructured":"Miller JF, Thomson P (2000) Cartesian genetic programming. In: Poli R, Banzhaf W, Langdon W, Miller J, Nordin P, Fogarty T (eds) Third European conference on genetic programming EuroGP 2000, volume 1802 of LNCS, Springer, Edinburgh, 15\u201316 April 2000, pp 121\u2013132"},{"key":"9030_CR60","unstructured":"Mitchell M, Forrest S, Holland JH (1992) The royal road for genetic algorithms: fitness landscapes and GA performance. In: Varela FJ, Bourgine P (eds) Towards a practice of autonomous systems: Proceedings of the first European conference on artificial life. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 245\u2013254"},{"key":"9030_CR61","volume-title":"Machine learning","author":"TM Mitchell","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mitchell TM (1996) Machine learning. McGraw Hill, New York"},{"key":"9030_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newman M, Engelhardt R (1998a) Effects of selective neutrality on the evolution of molecular species. Proc R Soc Lond 265(1403):1333\u20131338","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0438"},{"key":"9030_CR63","unstructured":"Newman MEJ, Engelhardt R (1998b) Effects of neutral selection on the evolution of molecular species. Working Papers 98-01-001, Santa Fe Institute, January 1998"},{"key":"9030_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poli R, Galv\u00e1n-L\u00f3pez E (2007) On the effects of bit-wise neutrality on fitness distance correlation, phenotypic mutation rates and problem hardness. In: Stephens CR, Toussaint M, Whitley D, Stadler PF (eds) Foundations of genetic Algorithms IX, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, Mexico City, Mexico, 8\u201311 January 2007, pp 138\u2013164","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-73482-6_9"},{"key":"9030_CR67","unstructured":"Poli R, Langdon WB, McPhee NF (2008) A field guide to genetic programming. Published via and freely available at http:\/\/www.gp-field-guide.org.uk (with contributions by J. R. Koza)"},{"key":"9030_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poli R, Vanneschi L (2007) Fitness-proportional negative slope coefficient as a hardness measure for genetic algorithms. In: Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation, GECCO \u201907, ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp 1335\u20131342","DOI":"10.1145\/1276958.1277209"},{"key":"9030_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02462007","volume":"59","author":"C Reidys","year":"1997","unstructured":"Reidys C, Stadler PF, Schuster P (1997) Generic properties of combinatory maps\u2014neutral networks of RNA secondary structures. Bull Math Biol 59:339\u2013397","journal-title":"Bull Math Biol"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"9030_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0096-3003(99)00166-6","volume":"117","author":"CM Reidys","year":"2001","unstructured":"Reidys CM, Stadler PF (2001) Neutrality in fitness landscapes. Appl Math Comput 117(2\u20133):321\u2013350","journal-title":"Appl Math Comput"},{"key":"9030_CR71","unstructured":"Ridley M (2003) Evolution. Blackwell publishing, Hoboken"},{"key":"9030_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rothlauf F, Goldberg D (2003) Redundant representations in evolutionary algorithms. Evol Comput 11(4):381\u2013415","DOI":"10.1162\/106365603322519288"},{"key":"9030_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1994.0040","volume":"255","author":"P Schuster","year":"1994","unstructured":"Schuster P, Fontana W, Stadler PF, Hofacker IL (1994) From sequences to shapes and back: a case study in RNA secondary structures. R Soc Lond Proc Ser B 255:279\u2013284","journal-title":"R Soc Lond Proc Ser B"},{"key":"9030_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schuster P (1997) Genotypes with phenotypes: adventures in an RNA toy world. Biophys Chem 66(2):75\u2013110","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-4622(97)00058-6"},{"key":"9030_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shackleton MA, Shipman R, Ebner M (2000) An investigation of redundant genotype\u2013phenotype mappings and their role in evolutionary search. In: Zalzala A, Fonseca C, Kim JH, Smith A (eds) Proceedings of the international congress on evolutionary computation (CEC 2000), IEEE Press, pp 493\u2013500","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2000.870337"},{"key":"9030_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shipman R (1999) Genetic redundancy: Desirable or problematic for evolutionary adaptation. In: Dobnikar A, Steele NC, Pearson DW, Albrecht RF (eds) 4th international conference on artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms (ICANNGA\u201999), Springer, Berlin, pp 337\u2013344","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6384-9_57"},{"key":"9030_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shipman R, Shackleton M, Ebner M, Watson R (2000) Neutral search spaces for artificial evolution: a lesson from life. In: Bedau M, Rasmussen S, McCaskill J, Packard N (eds) Artificial life: Proceedings of the seventh international conference on artificial life, MIT Press, pp 162\u2013169","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1432.003.0023"},{"key":"9030_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith T, Husbands P, Layzell P, O\u2019Shea M (2001a) Neutral networks and evolvability with complex genotype\u2013phenotype mapping. In: ECAL \u201901: Proceedings of the 6th European conference on advances in artificial life, Springer, London, UK, pp 272\u2013281","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-44811-X_29"},{"key":"9030_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith T, Husbands P, Layzell P, O\u2019Shea M (2001b) Neutral networks in an evolutionary robotics search space. In: Proceedings on evolutionary computation 2001, IEEE Press, pp 136\u2013145","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2001.934382"},{"key":"9030_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith T, Husbands P, Layzell P, O\u2019Shea M (2002) Fitness landscapes and evolvability. Evol Comput 10:1\u201334","DOI":"10.1162\/106365602317301754"},{"key":"9030_CR81","unstructured":"Toussaint M (2003) On the evolution of phenotypic exploration distributions. In: De Jong KA, Poli R, Rowe J (eds) Foundations of genetic algorithms 7 (FOGA 2003), Morgan Kaufmann, pp 169\u2013182"},{"key":"9030_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toussaint M, Igel C (2002) Neutrality: a necessity for self-adaptation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Congress on evolutionary computation (CEC 2002), pp 1354\u20131359","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2002.1004440"},{"issue":"17","key":"9030_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9716","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.17.9716","volume":"96","author":"E Van Nimwegen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Van Nimwegen E, Crutchfield JP, Huynen M (1999a) Neutral evolution of mutational robustness. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96(17):9716\u20139720","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"9030_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Nimwegen E, Crutchfield JP, Mitchell M (1999b) Statistical dynamics of the royal road genetic algorithm. Theor Comput Sci 229:41\u2013102","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3975(99)00119-X"},{"key":"9030_CR84","unstructured":"Vanneschi L (2004) Theory and practice for efficient genetic programming. PhD thesis, Faculty of Science, University of Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"key":"9030_CR85","unstructured":"Vanneschi L (2007) Investigating problem hardness of real life applications. In: Riolo et\u00a0al. (ed) Genetic programming theory and practive V, chapter\u00a07, Springer US, pp 107\u2013124"},{"key":"9030_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanneschi L (2009) Fitness landscapes and problem hardness in genetic programming. In: Proceedings of the 11th annual conference companion on genetic and evolutionary computation conference: late breaking papers, GECCO \u201909, ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp 3657\u20133684","DOI":"10.1145\/1570256.1570432"},{"key":"9030_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanneschi L, Clergue M, Collard P, Tomassini M, Verel S (2004) Fitness clouds and problem hardness in genetic programming. In: EuroGP, LNCS, Springer, pp 690\u2013701","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-24855-2_76"},{"key":"9030_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanneschi L, Tomassini M, Collard P, Clergue M (2003) Fitness distance correlation in structural mutation genetic programming (2003) In: Ryan C, Soule T, Keijzer M, Tsang EPK, Poli R, Costa E (eds) Proceedings of the sixth European conference on genetic programming, EuroGP 2003, volume 2610 of LNCS, Springer, Essex, 14\u201316 April 2003, pp 455\u2013464","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-36599-0_43"},{"key":"9030_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanneschi L, Pirola Y, Collard P, Tomassini M, Verel S, Mauri G (2006) A quantitative study of neutrality in GP Boolean landscapes. In: Keijzer M, Cattolico M, Arnold D, Babovic V, Blum C, Bosman P, Butz M-V, Coello Coello CA, Dasgupta D, Ficici SG, Foster J, Hernandez-Aguirre A, Hornby G, Lipson H, McMinn P, Moore J, Raidl G, Rothlauf F, Ryan C, Thierens D (eds) GECCO 2006: Proceedings of the 2006 conference on genetic and evolutionary computation, vol 1, ACM Press, Seattle, WA, USA, 8-12 July 2006, pp 895\u2013902","DOI":"10.1145\/1143997.1144152"},{"key":"9030_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanneschi L, Tomassini M, Collard P, V\u00e9rel S, Pirola Y, Mauri G (2007) A comprehensive view of fitness landscapes with neutrality and fitness clouds. In: EuroGP\u201907: Proceedings of the 10th European conference on genetic programming, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 241\u2013250","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-71605-1_22"},{"key":"9030_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanneschi L, Valsecchi A, Poli R (2009) Limitations of the fitness-proportional negative slope coefficient as a difficulty measure. In: GECCO \u201909: Proceedings of the 11th annual conference on genetic and evolutionary computation, ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp 1877\u20131878","DOI":"10.1145\/1569901.1570212"},{"key":"9030_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1162\/106365600568095","volume":"8","author":"VK Vassilev","year":"2000","unstructured":"Vassilev VK, Fogarty TC, Miller JF (2000) Information characteristics and the structure of landscapes. Evol Comput 8:31\u201360","journal-title":"Evol Comput"},{"key":"9030_CR93","unstructured":"Vassilev VK, Miller JF (2000) The advantages of landscape neutrality in digital circuit evolution. In: ICES \u201900: Proceedings of the third international conference on evolvable systems, Springer, London, UK, pp 252\u2013263"},{"key":"9030_CR94","unstructured":"V\u00e9rel S, Collard P, Clergue M (2007) Scuba search: when selection meets innovation. CoRR, abs\/0707.0643, 2007"},{"key":"9030_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner A (2005) Robustness, evolvability and neutrality. FEBS Lett 579(8):1772\u20131778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2005.01.063"},{"key":"9030_CR96","unstructured":"Weicker K, Weicker N (2000) Burden and benefits of redundancy. In: Martin W, Spears W (eds) Foundations of genetic algorithms 6, San Francisco, Morgan Kaufmann, pp 313\u2013333"},{"key":"9030_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/35085569","volume":"412","author":"CO Wilke","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wilke CO, Wang JL, Ofria C, Lenski RE, Adami C (2001) Evolution of digital organisms at high mutation rates leads to surviva of the flattest. Nature 412:331\u2013333","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9030_CR98","unstructured":"Wright S (1932) The roles of mutation, inbreeding, crossbreeding and selection in evolution. In: Jones DF (ed) Proceedings of the sixth international Congress on genetics, vol 1, pp 356\u2013366"},{"key":"9030_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu T, Miller J (2001) Neutrality and the evolvability of Boolean function landscape. In: Miller JF, Tomassini M, Lanzi PL, Ryan C, Tettamanzi AGB, Langdon WB (eds) Genetic programming, Proceedings of EuroGP\u20192001, vol 2038, Springer, Lake Como, Italy, 18\u201320, pp 204\u2013217","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45355-5_16"},{"key":"9030_CR100","unstructured":"Yu T, Miller J (2002) The role of neutral and adaptive mutation in an evolutionary search on the OneMax problem. In Langdon WB, Cant\u00fa-Paz E, Mathias KE, Roy R, Davis D, Poli R, Balakrishnan K, Honavar V, Rudolph G, Wegener J, Bull L, Potter MA, Schultz AC, Miller JF, Burke EK, Jonoska N (eds) Late breaking papers at the genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO-2002), Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, New York, 9\u201313 July 2002"}],"container-title":["Evolving Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12530-011-9030-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12530-011-9030-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12530-011-9030-5","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T04:37:48Z","timestamp":1740976668000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12530-011-9030-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,2]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]}},"alternative-id":["9030"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12530-011-9030-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1868-6478","1868-6486"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1868-6478","type":"print"},{"value":"1868-6486","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,2]]}}}