{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:25:59Z","timestamp":1777505159511,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008349","name":"Universit\u00e4t Duisburg-Essen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bus Inf Syst Eng"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Organizations introduce virtual assistants (VAs) to support employees with work-related tasks. VAs can increase the success of teamwork and thus become an integral part of the daily work life. However, the effect of VAs on virtual teams remains unclear. While social identity theory describes the identification of employees with team members and the continued existence of a group identity, the concept of the extended self refers to the incorporation of possessions into one\u2019s sense of self. This raises the question of which approach applies to VAs as teammates. The article extends the IS literature by examining the impact of VAs on individuals and teams and updates the knowledge on social identity and the extended self by deploying VAs in a collaborative setting. Using a laboratory experiment with N\u2009=\u200950, two groups were compared in solving a task, where one group was assisted by a VA, while the other was supported by a person. Results highlight that employees who identify VAs as part of their extended self are more likely to identify with team members and vice versa. The two aspects are thus combined into the proposed construct of virtually extended identification explaining the relationships of collaboration with VAs. This study contributes to the understanding on the influence of the extended self and social identity on collaboration with VAs. Practitioners are able to assess how VAs improve collaboration and teamwork in mixed teams in organizations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12599-020-00672-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T11:05:40Z","timestamp":1606820740000},"page":"21-37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Understanding Collaboration with Virtual Assistants \u2013 The Role of Social Identity and the Extended Self"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Milad","family":"Mirbabaie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Stieglitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Br\u00fcnker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lennart","family":"Hofeditz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas R. J.","family":"Frick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"672_CR1","first-page":"10","volume":"21","author":"HP Andres","year":"2019","unstructured":"Andres HP, Shipps BP (2019) Team learning in technology-mediated distributed teams. J Inf Syst Educ 21:10","journal-title":"J Inf Syst Educ"},{"key":"672_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.03.051","volume":"85","author":"T Araujo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Araujo T (2018) Living up to the chatbot hype: the influence of anthropomorphic design cues and communicative agency framing on conversational agent and company perceptions. Comput Hum Behav 85:183\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2018.03.051","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"672_CR3","unstructured":"Aron A, Aron E, Norman C (2003) Self-expansion motivation and including other in the self. In: Fletcher GJO, Clark MS (eds) Blackwell handbook of social psychology: interpersonal processes. Blackwell, Oxford"},{"key":"672_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bajwa D, Lewis L, Pervan G et al (2007) Organizational assimilation of collaborative information technologies: global comparisons. In: 2007 40th annual Hawaii international conference on system sciences","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2007.415"},{"key":"672_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1177\/0893318919837944","volume":"33","author":"J Bartels","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bartels J, van Vuuren M, Ouwerkerk JW (2019) My colleagues are my friends: the role of facebook contacts in employee identification. Manag Commun Q 33:307\u2013328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0893318919837944","journal-title":"Manag Commun Q"},{"key":"672_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1086\/209154","volume":"15","author":"RW Belk","year":"1988","unstructured":"Belk RW (1988) Possessions and the extended self. J Consum Res 15:139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/209154","journal-title":"J Consum Res"},{"key":"672_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1086\/671052","volume":"40","author":"RW Belk","year":"2013","unstructured":"Belk RW (2013) Extended self in a digital world. J Consum Res 40:477\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/671052","journal-title":"J Consum Res"},{"key":"672_CR8","first-page":"900","volume":"17","author":"H Benbya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Benbya H, Leidner D (2018) How Allianz UK used an idea management platform to harness employee innovation. MIS Q Exec 17:900\u2013933","journal-title":"MIS Q Exec"},{"key":"672_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19581-0_12","volume-title":"Natural language processing and information systems","author":"MM Berg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Berg MM (2015) NADIA: a simplified approach towards the development of natural dialogue systems. In: Biemann C, Handschuh S, Freitas A et al (eds) Natural language processing and information systems. Springer, Cham, pp 144\u2013150"},{"key":"672_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bittner E, Oeste-Rei\u00df S, Leimeister JM (2019) Where is the bot in our team? Toward a taxonomy of design option combinations for conversational agents in collaborative work. In: Proceedings of the 52nd Hawaii international conference on system sciences","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2019.035"},{"key":"672_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10257-020-00471-7","volume":"18","author":"F Brachten","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brachten F, Br\u00fcnker F, Frick NRJ et al (2020) On the ability of virtual agents to decrease cognitive load: an experimental study. Inf Syst E-Bus Manag 18:187\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10257-020-00471-7","journal-title":"Inf Syst E-Bus Manag"},{"key":"672_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-0992(200011\/12)30:6<745::AID-EJSP24>3.0.CO;2-O","volume":"30","author":"R Brown","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brown R (2000) Social identity theory: past achievements, current problems and future challenges. Eur J Soc Psychol 30:745\u2013778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1099-0992(200011\/12)30:6%3c745::AID-EJSP24%3e3.0.CO;2-O","journal-title":"Eur J Soc Psychol"},{"key":"672_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/019027250606900106","volume":"69","author":"P Burke","year":"2006","unstructured":"Burke P (2006) Identity change. Soc Psychol Q 69:81\u201396","journal-title":"Soc Psychol Q"},{"key":"672_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195388275.001.0001","volume-title":"Identity theory","author":"PJ Burke","year":"2009","unstructured":"Burke PJ, Stets JE (2009) Identity theory. Oxford University Press, New York"},{"key":"672_CR15","unstructured":"Canonico M, Russis LD (2018) A comparison and critique of natural language understanding tools. In: The Ninth International Conference on Cloud Computing, GRIDs, and Virtualization"},{"key":"672_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.1.113","volume":"41","author":"A Cao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cao A, Chintamani KK, Pandya AK, Ellis RD (2009) NASA TLX: software for assessing subjective mental workload. Behav Res Methods 41:113\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BRM.41.1.113","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"672_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2015\/39.4.9","volume":"39","author":"M Carter","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carter M, Grover V (2015) Me, my self, and I(T): conceptualizing information technology identity and its implications. MIS Q 39:931\u2013957. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25300\/MISQ\/2015\/39.4.9","journal-title":"MIS Q"},{"key":"672_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2015\/39.4.9","volume":"39","author":"M Carter","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carter M, Grover V, Clemson University (2015) Me, my self, and I(T): conceptualizing information technology identity and its implications. MIS Q 39:931\u2013957. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25300\/MISQ\/2015\/39.4.9","journal-title":"MIS Q"},{"key":"672_CR19","volume-title":"Strategy, adoption, and competitive advantage of mobile services in the global economy","author":"M Carter","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carter M, Grover V, Thatcher JB (2012) Mobile devices and the self: developing the concept of mobile phone identity. In: Lee I (ed) Strategy, adoption, and competitive advantage of mobile services in the global economy. IGI Global, Hershey"},{"key":"672_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-05931-6_8","volume-title":"Precision assembly in the digital age","author":"A Changizi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Changizi A, Lanz M (2019) The comfort zone concept in a human\u2013robot cooperative task. In: Ratchev S (ed) Precision assembly in the digital age. Springer, Cham, pp 82\u201391"},{"key":"672_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2017.3571053","volume":"50","author":"H Chung","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chung H, Iorga M, Voas J, Lee S (2017) Alexa, can i trust you? Comput 50:100\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MC.2017.3571053","journal-title":"Comput"},{"key":"672_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/jcc4.12109","volume":"20","author":"RB Clayton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Clayton RB, Leshner G, Almond A (2015) The extended iSelf: the impact of iphone separation on cognition, emotion, and physiology. J Comput-Mediat Commun 20:119\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcc4.12109","journal-title":"J Comput-Mediat Commun"},{"key":"672_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1037\/h0040957","volume":"52","author":"LJ Cronbach","year":"1955","unstructured":"Cronbach LJ, Meehl PE (1955) Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychol Bull 52:281\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0040957","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"672_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1002\/job.2194","volume":"38","author":"JJ Dahling","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dahling JJ, Gutworth MB (2017) Loyal rebels? A test of the normative conflict model of constructive deviance. J Organ Behav 38:1167\u20131182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/job.2194","journal-title":"J Organ Behav"},{"key":"672_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/11781.001.0001","volume-title":"The AI advantage how to put the artificial intelligence revolution to work","author":"T Davenport","year":"2018","unstructured":"Davenport T (2018) The AI advantage how to put the artificial intelligence revolution to work, 1st edn. MIT Press, Cambridge","edition":"1"},{"key":"672_CR26","unstructured":"de Vreede G-J, Briggs RO (2005) Collaboration engineering: designing repeatable processes for high-value collaborative tasks. In: Proceedings of the 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences \u2013 2005"},{"key":"672_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2020.102436","volume":"140","author":"M Demir","year":"2020","unstructured":"Demir M, McNeese NJ, Cooke NJ (2020) Understanding human\u2013robot teams in light of all-human teams: aspects of team interaction and shared cognition. Int J Hum Comput Stud 140:102436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2020.102436","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Stud"},{"key":"672_CR28","unstructured":"Dias M, Pan S, Tim Y (2019) Knowledge embodiment of human and machine interactions: robotic-process-automation at the Finland government. In: Proceedings of the 27th European Conference on Information Systems"},{"key":"672_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s12599-020-00639-y","volume":"62","author":"S Diederich","year":"2020","unstructured":"Diederich S, Brendel AB, Kolbe LM (2020) Designing anthropomorphic enterprise conversational agents. Bus Inf Syst Eng 62:193\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12599-020-00639-y","journal-title":"Bus Inf Syst Eng"},{"key":"672_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-7988-9_31","volume-title":"Handbook of identity theory and research","author":"H Dittmar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dittmar H (2011) Material and consumer identities. In: Schwartz SJ, Luyckx K, Vignoles VL (eds) Handbook of identity theory and research. Springer, New York, pp 745\u2013769"},{"key":"672_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.08.027","volume":"3","author":"C Edwards","year":"2019","unstructured":"Edwards C, Edwards A, Stoll B et al (2019) Evaluations of an artificial intelligence instructor\u2019s voice: social Identity Theory in human\u2013robot interactions. Comput Hum Behav 3:357\u2013362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2018.08.027","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"672_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2004.13670967","volume":"29","author":"N Ellemers","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ellemers N (2004) Motivating individuals and groups at work: a social identity perspective on leadership and group performance. Acad Manage Rev 29:459\u2013478","journal-title":"Acad Manage Rev"},{"key":"672_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2019.07.009","volume":"132","author":"J Feine","year":"2019","unstructured":"Feine J, Gnewuch U, Morana S, Maedche A (2019) A taxonomy of social cues for conversational agents. Int J Hum Comput Stud 132:138\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2019.07.009","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Stud"},{"key":"672_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2753\/MIS0742-1222260104","volume":"26","author":"K Franceschi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Franceschi K, Lee RM, Zanakis SH, Hinds D (2009) Engaging group e-learning in virtual worlds. J Manag Inf Syst 26:73\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2753\/MIS0742-1222260104","journal-title":"J Manag Inf Syst"},{"key":"672_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5167\/uzh-61366","author":"D Frohberg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Frohberg D, Schwabe G (2006) Skills and motivation in ad-hoc-collaboration. Collect Collab Electron Commer Technol Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5167\/uzh-61366","journal-title":"Collect Collab Electron Commer Technol Res"},{"key":"672_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2011.09.023","volume":"83","author":"E Galy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Galy E, Cariou M, M\u00e9lan C (2012) What is the relationship between mental workload factors and cognitive load types? Int J Psychophysiol 83:269\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2011.09.023","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"672_CR37","unstructured":"Gnewuch U, Morana S, Maedche A (2017) Towards designing cooperative and social conversational agents for customer service. In: International conference on information systems, p 15"},{"key":"672_CR38","unstructured":"Gnewuch U, Yu M, Maedche A (2020) The effect of perceived similarity in dominance on customer self-disclosure to chatbots in conversational commerce. In: 28th European conference on information systems"},{"key":"672_CR39","first-page":"18","volume":"9","author":"J Goodbody","year":"2005","unstructured":"Goodbody J (2005) Critical success factors for global virtual teams. Strateg Commun Manag 9:18\u201321","journal-title":"Strateg Commun Manag"},{"key":"672_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.08.043","volume":"77","author":"J Guegan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guegan J, Segonds F, Barr\u00e9 J et al (2017) Social identity cues to improve creativity and identification in face-to-face and virtual groups. Comput Hum Behav 77:140\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2017.08.043","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"#cr-split#-672_CR41.1","unstructured":"Hart SG (2006) Nasa-task load index (NASA-TLX)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-672_CR41.2","unstructured":"20 years later. In: Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society 50th annual meeting - 2006, p 5"},{"key":"672_CR42","unstructured":"Hart SG, Staveland LE (1988) Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): results of empirical and theoretical research. In: Hancock PA, Meshkati N (eds) Advances in psychology. Elsevier, North-Holland, pp 139\u2013183"},{"key":"672_CR43","volume-title":"Psychology in organizations: the social identity approach","author":"A Haslam","year":"2004","unstructured":"Haslam A (2004) Psychology in organizations: the social identity approach, 2nd edn. SAGE, London","edition":"2"},{"key":"672_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.03.039","volume":"73","author":"MD Hassell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hassell MD, Cotton JL (2017) Some things are better left unseen: toward more effective communication and team performance in video-mediated interactions. Comput Hum Behav 73:200\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2017.03.039","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"672_CR45","unstructured":"Hofeditz L, Ehnis C, Bunker D et al (2019) Meaningful use of social bots? possible applications in crisis communication during disasters. In: Proceedings of the 27th European conference on information systems"},{"key":"672_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.06.006","volume":"75","author":"M Hu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hu M, Zhang M, Wang Y (2017) Why do audiences choose to keep watching on live video streaming platforms? An explanation of dual identification framework. Comput Hum Behav 75:594\u2013606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2017.06.006","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"672_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1177\/0018726712464075","volume":"66","author":"EJ Kenny","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kenny EJ, Briner RB (2013) Increases in salience of ethnic identity at work: the roles of ethnic assignation and ethnic identification. Hum Relat 66:725\u2013748. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018726712464075","journal-title":"Hum Relat"},{"key":"672_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869-018-9601-6","volume":"34","author":"M Klimchak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Klimchak M, Ward A-K, Matthews M et al (2019) When does what other people think matter? The influence of age on the motivators of organizational identification. J Bus Psychol 34:879\u2013891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10869-018-9601-6","journal-title":"J Bus Psychol"},{"key":"672_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2963106","volume":"6","author":"BP Knijnenburg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Knijnenburg BP, Willemsen MC (2016) Inferring capabilities of intelligent agents from their external traits. ACM Trans Interact Intell Syst 6:1\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2963106","journal-title":"ACM Trans Interact Intell Syst"},{"key":"672_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knote R, Janson A, S\u00f6llner M, Leimeister JM (2019) Classifying smart personal assistants: an empirical cluster analysis. In: Proceedings of the 52nd Hawaii international conference on system sciences","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2019.245"},{"key":"672_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.2307\/23042808","volume":"35","author":"F Kohler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kohler F, Matzler, et al (2011) Co-creation in virtual worlds: the design of the user experience. MIS Q 35:773. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/23042808","journal-title":"MIS Q"},{"key":"672_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamericanmind0607-54","volume":"18","author":"S Kozlowski","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kozlowski S, Ilgen D (2007) The science of team success. Sci Am Mind 18:54\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/scientificamericanmind0607-54","journal-title":"Sci Am Mind"},{"key":"672_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamontagne L, Laviolette F, Khoury R, Bergeron-Guyard A (2014) A framework for building adaptive intelligent virtual assistants. In: Software engineering\/811: parallel and distributed computing and networks\/816: artificial intelligence and applications. ACTAPRESS, Innsbruck, Austria","DOI":"10.2316\/P.2014.816-018"},{"key":"672_CR54","volume-title":"Handbook of self and identity","author":"MR Leary","year":"2011","unstructured":"Leary MR, Tangney JP (2011) Handbook of self and identity, 2nd edn. Guilford Press, New York","edition":"2"},{"key":"672_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2009.01.008","volume":"51","author":"C Lee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee C, Jung S, Kim S, Lee GG (2009) Example-based dialog modeling for practical multi-domain dialog system. Speech Commun 51:466\u2013484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.specom.2009.01.008","journal-title":"Speech Commun"},{"key":"672_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2015.05.017","volume":"98","author":"C-P Lin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lin C-P (2015) Predicating team performance in technology industry: theoretical aspects of social identity and self-regulation. Technol Forecast Soc Change 98:13\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.techfore.2015.05.017","journal-title":"Technol Forecast Soc Change"},{"key":"672_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luger E, Sellen A (2016) \u201cLike having a really bad pa\u201d: the gulf between user expectation and experience of conversational agents. In: Proceedings of the 2016 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858288"},{"key":"672_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s12599-019-00600-8","volume":"61","author":"A Maedche","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maedche A, Legner C, Benlian A et al (2019) AI-based digital assistants: opportunities, threats, and research perspectives. Bus Inf Syst Eng 61:535\u2013544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12599-019-00600-8","journal-title":"Bus Inf Syst Eng"},{"key":"672_CR59","unstructured":"Maniscalco U, Messina A, Storniolo P (2020) The human\u2013robot interaction in robot-aided medical care. In: Zimmermann A, Howlett RJ, Jain LC (eds) Smart innovation, systems and technologies. Springer, Split, pp 233\u2013242"},{"key":"672_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282916682909","volume":"36","author":"P Maras","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maras P, Thompson T, Gridley N, Moon A (2018) The \u201cabout me\u201d questionnaire: factorial structure and measurement invariance. J Psychoeduc Assess 36:379\u2013391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0734282916682909","journal-title":"J Psychoeduc Assess"},{"key":"672_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.2003.11045742","volume":"19","author":"AP Massey","year":"2003","unstructured":"Massey AP, Montoya-Weiss MM, Hung Y-T (2003) Because time matters: temporal coordination in global virtual project teams. J Manag Inf Syst 19:129\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07421222.2003.11045742","journal-title":"J Manag Inf Syst"},{"key":"672_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1145\/3186591","volume":"61","author":"D McDuff","year":"2018","unstructured":"McDuff D, Czerwinski M (2018) Designing emotionally sentient agents. Commun ACM 61:4\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3186591","journal-title":"Commun ACM"},{"key":"672_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McTear MF (2017) The rise of the conversational interface: a new kid on the block? In: Future and emerging trends in language technology. Machine learning and big data. Springer, Seville","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-69365-1_3"},{"key":"672_CR64","first-page":"422","volume":"45","author":"LC Mechling","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mechling LC, Gast DL, Seid NH (2010) Evaluation of a personal digital assistant as a self-prompting device for increasing multi-step task completion by students with moderate intellectual disabilities. Educ Train Autism Dev Disabil 45:422\u2013439","journal-title":"Educ Train Autism Dev Disabil"},{"key":"672_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532690XCI1902_02","volume":"19","author":"R Moreno","year":"2001","unstructured":"Moreno R, Mayer RE, Spires HA, Lester JC (2001) The case for social agency in computer-based teaching: do students learn more deeply when they interact with animated pedagogical agents? Cogn Instr 19:177\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S1532690XCI1902_02","journal-title":"Cogn Instr"},{"key":"672_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39330-3_10","volume-title":"Human\u2013computer interaction. Interaction modalities and techniques","author":"K Morrissey","year":"2013","unstructured":"Morrissey K, Kirakowski J (2013) \u2018Realness\u2019 in chatbots: establishing quantifiable criteria. In: Kurosu M (ed) Human\u2013computer interaction. Interaction modalities and techniques. Springer, Berlin, pp 87\u201396"},{"key":"672_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/isj.12223","volume":"29","author":"SK Mueller","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mueller SK, Mendling J, Bernroider EWN (2019) The roles of social identity and dynamic salient group formations for ERP program management success in a postmerger context. Inf Syst J 29:609\u2013640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/isj.12223","journal-title":"Inf Syst J"},{"key":"672_CR68","unstructured":"Nasirian F, Ahmadian M (2017) AI-based voice assistant systems: evaluating from the interaction and trust perspectives. In: Americas conference on information systems. p 10"},{"key":"672_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1080\/08956308.2017.1255051","volume":"60","author":"D Norman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Norman D (2017) Design, business models, and human-technology teamwork: as automation and artificial intelligence technologies develop, we need to think less about human\u2013machine interfaces and more about human\u2013machine teamwork. Res Technol Manag 60:26\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08956308.2017.1255051","journal-title":"Res Technol Manag"},{"key":"672_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130701235232","volume":"50","author":"JM Noyes","year":"2007","unstructured":"Noyes JM, Bruneau DPJ (2007) A self-analysis of the NASA-TLX workload measure. Ergonomics 50:514\u2013519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00140130701235232","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"672_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2307\/41304605","volume":"28","author":"JF Nunamaker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nunamaker JF, Derrick DC, Elkins AC et al (2011) Embodied conversational agent-based kiosk for automated interviewing. J Manag Inf Syst 28:17\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/41304605","journal-title":"J Manag Inf Syst"},{"key":"672_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6963(98)00020-5","volume":"16","author":"SW O\u2019Leary-Kelly","year":"1998","unstructured":"O\u2019Leary-Kelly SW, Vokurka RJ (1998) The empirical assessment of construct validity. J Oper Manag 16:387\u2013405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0272-6963(98)00020-5","journal-title":"J Oper Manag"},{"key":"672_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1177\/1555343419881563","volume":"14","author":"AR Panganiban","year":"2020","unstructured":"Panganiban AR, Matthews G, Long MD (2020) Transparency in autonomous teammates: intention to support as teaming information. J Cogn Eng Decis Mak 14:174\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1555343419881563","journal-title":"J Cogn Eng Decis Mak"},{"key":"672_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1108\/JMP-04-2019-0232","volume":"34","author":"DG Pepple","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pepple DG, Davies EMM (2019) Co-worker social support and organisational identification: does ethnic self-identification matter? J Manag Psychol 34:573\u2013586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JMP-04-2019-0232","journal-title":"J Manag Psychol"},{"key":"672_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/h47fv","volume":"16","author":"G-JY Peters","year":"2018","unstructured":"Peters G-JY (2018) The alpha and the omega of scale reliability and validity: why and how to abandon Cronbach\u2019s alpha and the route towards more comprehensive assessment of scale quality. Eur Health Psychol 16:56\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/h47fv","journal-title":"Eur Health Psychol"},{"key":"672_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2308\/isys-50561","volume":"27","author":"MD Pickard","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pickard MD, Burns MB, Moffitt KC (2013) A theoretical justification for using embodied conversational agents (ECAs) to augment accounting-related interviews. J Inf Syst 27:159\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2308\/isys-50561","journal-title":"J Inf Syst"},{"key":"672_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1109\/TPC.2016.2583258","volume":"59","author":"L Plotnick","year":"2016","unstructured":"Plotnick L, Hiltz SR, Privman R (2016) Ingroup dynamics and perceived effectiveness of partially distributed teams. IEEE Trans Prof Commun 59:203\u2013229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TPC.2016.2583258","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Prof Commun"},{"key":"672_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2017.0466","volume":"62","author":"JP Porck","year":"2019","unstructured":"Porck JP, Matta FK, Hollenbeck JR et al (2019) Social identification in multiteam systems: the role of depletion and task complexity. Acad Manage J 62:1137\u20131162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5465\/amj.2017.0466","journal-title":"Acad Manage J"},{"key":"672_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00287-018-1094-1","volume":"41","author":"S Quarteroni","year":"2018","unstructured":"Quarteroni S (2018) Natural language processing for industry: ELCA\u2019s experience. Inform Spektrum 41:105\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00287-018-1094-1","journal-title":"Inform Spektrum"},{"key":"672_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-0597.2004.00161.x","volume":"53","author":"S Rubio","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rubio S, D\u00edaz E, Mart\u00edn J, Puente JM (2004) Evaluation of subjective mental workload: a comparison of SWAT, NASA-TLX, and workload profile methods. Appl Psychol 53:61\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-0597.2004.00161.x","journal-title":"Appl Psychol"},{"key":"672_CR81","volume-title":"Artificial intelligence: a modern approach","author":"S Russel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Russel S, Norvig P (2016) Artificial intelligence: a modern approach. Addison Wesley, Munich"},{"key":"672_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2018.08.011","volume":"114","author":"RM Schuetzler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schuetzler RM, Giboney JS, Grimes GM, Nunamaker JF (2018) The influence of conversational agent embodiment and conversational relevance on socially desirable responding. Decis Support Syst 114:94\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dss.2018.08.011","journal-title":"Decis Support Syst"},{"key":"672_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1057\/jit.2010.25","volume":"25","author":"U Schultze","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schultze U (2010) Embodiment and presence in virtual worlds: a review. J Inf Technol 25:434\u2013449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/jit.2010.25","journal-title":"J Inf Technol"},{"key":"672_CR84","unstructured":"Schwabe G (2003) Growing an application from collaboration to management support: the example of Cupark. doi:10\/gg4ms7"},{"key":"672_CR85","first-page":"100","volume":"3","author":"C Scott","year":"1990","unstructured":"Scott C, Lundstrom WJ (1990) Dimensions of possession satisfactions: a preliminary analysis. J Satisf Dissatisfaction Complain Behav 3:100\u20131004","journal-title":"J Satisf Dissatisfaction Complain Behav"},{"key":"672_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seeber I, Bittner E, Briggs RO, et al (2018) Machines as teammates: a collaboration research agenda. In: Proceedings of the 51st Hawaii international conference on system sciences","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2018.055"},{"key":"672_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2019.103174","volume":"57","author":"I Seeber","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seeber I, Bittner E, Briggs RO et al (2020a) Machines as teammates: a research agenda on AI in team collaboration. Inf Manage 57:103174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.im.2019.103174","journal-title":"Inf Manage"},{"key":"672_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3504587","volume":"30","author":"I Seeber","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seeber I, Waizenegger L, Seidel S et al (2020b) Collaborating with technology-based autonomous agents: issues and research opportunities. Internet Res 30:1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3504587","journal-title":"Internet Res"},{"key":"672_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shamekhi A, Liao QV, Wang D, et al (2018) Face value? Exploring the effects of embodiment for a group facilitation agent. In: Conference on human factors in computing systems","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173965"},{"key":"672_CR90","first-page":"143","volume":"5","author":"E Sivadas","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sivadas E, Machleit KA (1994) A scale to determine the extent of object incorporation in the extended self. Mark Theory Appl 5:143\u2013149","journal-title":"Mark Theory Appl"},{"key":"672_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1609\/aimag.v36i4.2618","volume":"36","author":"J Spohrer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Spohrer J, Banavar G (2015) Cognition as a service: an industry perspective. AI Mag 36:71\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1609\/aimag.v36i4.2618","journal-title":"AI Mag"},{"key":"672_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1467-9558.2003.00196.x","volume":"21","author":"JE Stets","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stets JE, Biga CF (2003) Bringing identity theory into environmental sociology. Soc Theory 21:398\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1467-9558.2003.00196.x","journal-title":"Soc Theory"},{"key":"672_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.2307\/2695870","volume":"63","author":"JE Stets","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stets JE, Burke PJ (2000) Identity theory and social identity theory. Soc Psychol Q 63:224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2695870","journal-title":"Soc Psychol Q"},{"key":"672_CR94","unstructured":"Stieglitz S, Brachten F, Kissmer T (2018) Defining bots in an enterprise context. In: International conference on information systems"},{"key":"672_CR95","unstructured":"Tajfel H, Turner JC (1986) The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In: Austin WG, Worchel S (eds) Psychology of intergroup relation. Hall Publishers, Chicago, pp 7\u201324"},{"key":"672_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1086\/432239","volume":"32","author":"K Tian","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tian K, Belk RW (2005) Extended self and possessions in the workplace. J Consum Res 32:297\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/432239","journal-title":"J Consum Res"},{"key":"672_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intman.2017.04.002","volume":"23","author":"P Vahtera","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vahtera P, Buckley PJ, Aliyev M et al (2017) Influence of social identity on negative perceptions in global virtual teams. J Int Manag 23:367\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intman.2017.04.002","journal-title":"J Int Manag"},{"key":"672_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.4018\/IJeC.2016100104","volume":"12","author":"A Van Ostrand","year":"2016","unstructured":"Van Ostrand A, Wolfe S, Arredondo A et al (2016) Creating virtual communities that work: best practices for users and developers of e-collaboration software. Int J E-Collab 12:41\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/IJeC.2016100104","journal-title":"Int J E-Collab"},{"key":"672_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/jcc4.12066","volume":"19","author":"T Verhagen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Verhagen T, van Nes J, Feldberg F, van Dolen W (2014) Virtual customer service agents: using social presence and personalization to shape online service encounters. J Comput Mediat Commun 19:529\u2013545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcc4.12066","journal-title":"J Comput Mediat Commun"},{"key":"672_CR100","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Handbook of identity theory and research","author":"VL Vignoles","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vignoles VL, Schwartz SJ, Luyckx K (2011) Introduction: toward an integrative view of identity. In: Schwartz SJ, Luyckx K, Vignoles VL (eds) Handbook of identity theory and research. Springer, New York, NY, pp 1\u201327"},{"key":"672_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waizenegger L, Seeber I, Dawson G, Desouza KC (2020) Conversational agents \u2013 exploring generative mechanisms and second-hand effects of actualized technology affordances. In: Proceedings of the 53rd Hawaii international conference on system sciences","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2020.636"},{"key":"672_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.11.022","volume":"68","author":"W Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang W (2017) Smartphones as social actors? social dispositional factors in assessing anthropomorphism. Comput Hum Behav 68:334\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2016.11.022","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"672_CR103","unstructured":"Wang W, Siau K (2018) Artificial intelligence: a study on governance, policies, and regulations. In: MWAIS 2018 proceedings"},{"key":"672_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.2018.1481669","volume":"35","author":"JK Yan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yan JK, Leidner DE, Benbya H (2018) Differential innovativeness outcomes of user and employee participation in an online user innovation community. J Manag Inf Syst 35:900\u2013933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07421222.2018.1481669","journal-title":"J Manag Inf Syst"},{"key":"672_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00496","volume":"19","author":"S You","year":"2018","unstructured":"You S, Robert LP Jr (2018) Emotional attachment, performance, and viability in teams collaborating with embodied physical action (EPA) robots. J Assoc Inf Syst 19:377\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17705\/1jais.00496","journal-title":"J Assoc Inf Syst"},{"key":"672_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.08.027","volume":"103","author":"C Young-Jae","year":"2020","unstructured":"Young-Jae C, Baek S, Ahn G et al (2020) Compensating for the loss of human distinctiveness: the use of social creativity under human\u2013machine comparisons. Comput Hum Behav 103:80\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2019.08.027","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"}],"container-title":["Business &amp; Information Systems Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12599-020-00672-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12599-020-00672-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12599-020-00672-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T17:33:17Z","timestamp":1611336797000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12599-020-00672-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["672"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12599-020-00672-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2363-7005","1867-0202"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2363-7005","type":"print"},{"value":"1867-0202","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 May 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 October 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 December 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}