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Not only has the quality of AI-based agents\u2019 outcomes increased, but they can now help proactively, and even take over entire work tasks. However, users need to be satisfied with the system to remain motivated to collaborate and engage with AI-based agents. Drawing on self-determination theory, a vignette-based online experiment was conducted that revealed that proactive (vs. reactive) help from AI-based agents leads to a higher loss of users\u2019 competence-based self-esteem and thus reduces users\u2019 system satisfaction. This effect is moderated by the users\u2019 knowledge of AI. Higher (vs. lower) levels of AI knowledge cause a greater loss of competence-based self-esteem through proactive (vs. reactive) help. The findings contribute to a better understanding of help from AI-based agents and provide important implications for managers and designers who seek to enhance human\u2013AI collaboration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12599-024-00918-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T03:07:21Z","timestamp":1735873641000},"page":"259-278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["When AI-Based Agents Are Proactive: Implications for Competence and System Satisfaction in Human\u2013AI Collaboration"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0662-8581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Diebel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7107-9359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Goutier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9369-7203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7294-3097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Benlian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"918_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2022.1171","volume":"34","author":"M Adam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Adam M, Roethke K, Benlian A (2023b) Human versus automated sales agents: how and why customer responses shift across sales stages. 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