{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T20:47:06Z","timestamp":1765486026321,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,2]],"date-time":"2016-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472774400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Vis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12650-016-0389-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,2]],"date-time":"2016-09-02T03:23:23Z","timestamp":1472786603000},"page":"139-150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Airborne visualization of helicopter blade tip vortices"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4076-780X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Bauknecht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph B.","family":"Merz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Raffel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"389_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bauknecht A, Ewers B, Wolf C, Leopold F, Yin J, Raffel M (2014a) Three-dimensional reconstruction of helicopter blade-tip vortices using a multi-camera BOS system. Exp Fluids 56(1):1\u201313. doi: 10.1007\/s00348-014-1866-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s00348-014-1866-6"},{"key":"389_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bauknecht A, Merz CB, Raffel M, Landolt A, Meier AH (2014b) Blade-tip vortex detection in maneuvering flight using the background-oriented schlieren technique. J Aircr 51(6):2005\u20132014. doi: 10.2514\/1.C032672","DOI":"10.2514\/1.C032672"},{"key":"389_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1007\/s003480050391","volume":"28","author":"SB Dalziel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dalziel SB, Hughes GO, Sutherland BR (2000) Whole-field density measurements by \u2018synthetic schlieren\u2019. Exp Fluids 28:322\u2013335. doi: 10.1007\/s003480050391","journal-title":"Exp Fluids"},{"issue":"2","key":"389_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.2514\/3.45428","volume":"24","author":"JC Hardin","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hardin JC, Lamkin SL (1987) Concepts for reduction of blade\/vortex interaction noise. J Aircr 24(2):120\u2013125","journal-title":"J Aircr"},{"issue":"1","key":"389_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s00348-009-0709-3","volume":"48","author":"MJ Hargather","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hargather MJ, Settles GS (2010) Natural-background-oriented schlieren imaging. Exp Fluids 48(1):59\u201368. doi: 10.1007\/s00348-009-0709-3","journal-title":"Exp Fluids"},{"key":"389_CR5","unstructured":"Heineck JT, Kushner LK, Schairer ET, Walker LA (2010) Retroreflective background oriented schlieren (RBOS) as applied to full-scale UH-60 blade tip vortices. In: Proceedings of the American Helicopter Society Aeromechanics Specialists\u2019 Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"389_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00348-007-0328-9","volume":"43","author":"K Kindler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kindler K, Goldhahn E, Leopold F, Raffel M (2007) Recent developments in background oriented schlieren methods for rotor blade tip vortex measurements. Exp Fluids 43(2\u20133):233\u2013240. doi: 10.1007\/s00348-007-0328-9","journal-title":"Exp Fluids"},{"issue":"6","key":"389_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1007\/s00348-010-1016-8","volume":"50","author":"K Kindler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kindler K, Mulleners K, van der Wall BG, Richard H, Raffel M (2011) Aperiodicity in the near field of full-scale rotor blade tip vortices. Exp Fluids 50(6):1601\u20131610","journal-title":"Exp Fluids"},{"key":"389_CR8","unstructured":"Klinge F, Hecklau M, Raffel M, Kompenhans J, G\u00f6hmann U (2006) Measurement of the position of rotor blade vortices generated by a helicopter in free flight by means of stereoscopic Background Oriented Schlieren Method (BOS). In: Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Applications of Laser Techniques to Fluid Mechanics, Lisbon, Portugal"},{"issue":"4","key":"389_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4050\/JAHS.17.3","volume":"17","author":"AJ Landgrebe","year":"1972","unstructured":"Landgrebe AJ (1972) The wake geometry of a hovering helicopter rotor an its influence on rotor performance. J Am Helicopter Soc 17(4):3\u201315. doi: 10.4050\/JAHS.17.3","journal-title":"J Am Helicopter Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"389_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.4050\/JAHS.37.23","volume":"37","author":"JS Light","year":"1992","unstructured":"Light JS, Swanson AA, Norman TR (1992) Application of the wide-field shadowgraph technique to helicopters in forward flight. J Am Helicopter Soc 37(2):23\u201328","journal-title":"J Am Helicopter Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"389_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.4050\/JAHS.32.40","volume":"32","author":"T Norman","year":"1987","unstructured":"Norman T, Light J (1987) Rotor tip vortex geometry measurements using the wide-field shadowgraph technique. J Am Helicopter Soc 32(2):40\u201350","journal-title":"J Am Helicopter Soc"},{"key":"389_CR12","unstructured":"Politz C, Lawson NJ, Konrath R, Agocs J, Schr\u00f6der A (2010) In-flight flow visualisation using particle image velocimetry. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Applications of Laser Techniques to Fluid Mechanics, Lisbon, Portugal"},{"key":"389_CR13","unstructured":"Potsdam M, Jayaraman B (2014) UH-60A rotor tip vortex prediction and comparison to full-scale wind tunnel measurements. In: Proceedings of the American Helicopter Society 70th Annual Forum, Montreal, Canada"},{"key":"389_CR14","unstructured":"Raffel M, Meier GEA (2000) Verfahren zur Detektion r\u00e4umlicher Dichtegradienten. German patent: DE 100 10 045 C2"},{"key":"389_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Raffel M, Richard H, Meier GEA (2000a) On the applicability of background oriented optical tomography for large scale aerodynamic investigations. Exp Fluids 28(5):477\u2013481. doi: 10.1007\/s003480050408","DOI":"10.1007\/s003480050408"},{"key":"389_CR16","unstructured":"Raffel M, Tung C, Richard H, Yu Y, Meier GEA (2000b) Background oriented stereoscopic schlieren (BOSS) for full scale helicopter vortex characterization. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Flow Visualization, Edinburgh, UK"},{"key":"389_CR17","unstructured":"Raffel M, Richard H, Agocs J, Otter D, Mattner H, G\u00f6hmann U (2001) Experimental aspects of PIV applied to a Bo105 helicopter in hover-flight condition. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Particle Image Velocimetry, G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"issue":"1","key":"389_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4050\/JAHS.59.012002","volume":"59","author":"M Raffel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Raffel M, Heineck JT, Schairer E, Leopold F, Kindler K (2014) Background-oriented schlieren imaging for full-scale and in-flight testing. J Am Helicopter Soc 59(1):1\u20139. doi: 10.4050\/JAHS.59.012002","journal-title":"J Am Helicopter Soc"},{"key":"389_CR19","unstructured":"Rauleder J, Leishman JG (2013) Turbulence modifications and phase couplings in ground effect under simulated brownout conditions. In: Proceedings of the American Helicopter Society 69th Annal Forum"},{"issue":"9","key":"389_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/12\/9\/325","volume":"12","author":"H Richard","year":"2001","unstructured":"Richard H, Raffel M (2001) Principle and applications of the background oriented schlieren (BOS) method. Meas Sci Technol 12(9):1576\u20131585. doi: 10.1088\/0957-0233\/12\/9\/325","journal-title":"Meas Sci Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"389_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00348-004-0807-1","volume":"37","author":"L Venkatakrishnan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Venkatakrishnan L, Meier GEA (2004) Density measurements using the background oriented schlieren technique. Exp Fluids 37(2):237\u2013247. doi: 10.1007\/s00348-004-0807-1","journal-title":"Exp Fluids"},{"key":"389_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wadcock AJ, Yamauchi GK, Solis E, Pete AE (2011) PIV measurements in the wake of a full-scale rotor in forward flight. In: Proceedings of the AIAA 29th Applied Aerodynamics Conference, Honolulu, HI, USA","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2011-3370"},{"key":"389_CR23","unstructured":"Yin J (2012) Main rotor and tail rotor blade vortex interaction noise under the influence of the fuselage. In: Proceedings of the 38th European Rotorcraft Forum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"container-title":["Journal of Visualization"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12650-016-0389-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12650-016-0389-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12650-016-0389-z","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12650-016-0389-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,24]],"date-time":"2017-06-24T17:50:11Z","timestamp":1498326611000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12650-016-0389-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,2]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}},"alternative-id":["389"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12650-016-0389-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1343-8875","1875-8975"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1343-8875"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1875-8975"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,2]]}}}