{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T04:51:50Z","timestamp":1762145510098,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,12]],"date-time":"2020-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,12]],"date-time":"2020-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003176","name":"Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n, Cultura y Deporte","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CGL 2009\u201013039","FPU2009-3766"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGL 2009\u201013039","FPU2009-3766"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003176","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Vis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Landslides falling into water bodies can generate destructive waves, which can be classified as tsunamis. An experimental facility to study this phenomenon has been set up. It consists of a landslide generator releasing gravel at high-speed into a wave basin. A non-intrusive system has been designed <jats:italic>ad<\/jats:italic>-<jats:italic>hoc<\/jats:italic> to be able to measure the high velocity and the geometry of the landslide as well as the generated waves characteristics. The measurement system employs the treatment of images captured by a high-speed camera which records the launched granular material illuminated by a laser sheet. A grid of laser sheets marks the basin water surface. The water has been filled by a small amount of kaolin to properly reflect the laser light at water surface. Thus, by filming with high definition cameras the perturbed water surface and successively processing the resulting images, it has been possible to measure the generated waves. The measurement framework employs a versatile camera calibration technique which allows accurate measurements in presence of: (1) high lens distortions; (2) pronounced non-parallelism condition between camera sensor and plane of measurement coincident with the laser sheet. The maximum resolution of the measurement tool is 0.01\u00a0mm, while the maximum uncertainty due to systematic error has been estimated to be 15% for the worst-case scenario. This work improves the suitability of image-based measuring systems in granular flows and free surface hydraulics experiments.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphic Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12650-020-00628-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,12]],"date-time":"2020-02-12T02:02:27Z","timestamp":1581472947000},"page":"299-311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Versatile image-based measurements of granular flows and water wave propagation in experiments of tsunamis generated by landslides"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0336-3942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Bregoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5578-3848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicente","family":"Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9980-6554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allen","family":"Bateman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"628_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2010.03.003","volume":"57","author":"S Abadie","year":"2010","unstructured":"Abadie S, Morichon D, Grilli S, Glockner S (2010) Numerical simulation of waves generated by landslides using a multiple-fluid Navier\u2013Stokes model. Coast Eng 57:779\u2013794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2010.03.003","journal-title":"Coast Eng"},{"key":"628_CR2","first-page":"1879","volume-title":"River flow: proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics","author":"A Bateman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bateman A, Granados A, Medina V et al (2006) Experimental procedure to obtain 2D time-space high-speed water surfaces. In: Ferreira RML (ed) River flow: proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Taylor & Francis, Lisbon, pp 1879\u20131888"},{"key":"628_CR3","unstructured":"Bregoli F (2008) Messa a punto di un\u2019apparecchiatura sperimentale e prove preliminari per lo studio della morfodinamica di alvei in ghiaia. Universit\u00e1 degli Studi di Firenze"},{"key":"628_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1080\/00221686.2017.1289259","volume":"55","author":"F Bregoli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bregoli F, Bateman A, Medina V (2017) Tsunamis generated by fast granular landslides: 3D experiments and empirical predictors. J Hydraul Res 55:743\u2013758. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00221686.2017.1289259","journal-title":"J Hydraul Res"},{"key":"628_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-10-2259-2010","volume":"10","author":"C Cecioni","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cecioni C, Bellotti G (2010) Inclusion of landslide tsunamis generation into a depth integrated wave model. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 10:2259\u20132268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/nhess-10-2259-2010","journal-title":"Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci"},{"key":"628_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2004.10.006","volume":"31","author":"LH Erikson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Erikson LH, Hanson H (2005) A method to extract wave tank data using video imagery and its comparison to conventional data collection techniques. Comput Geosci 31:371\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cageo.2004.10.006","journal-title":"Comput Geosci"},{"key":"628_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00348-003-0659-0","volume":"35","author":"HM Fritz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fritz HM, Hager WH, Minor H-E (2003) Landslide generated impulse waves. 1. Instantaneous flow fields. Exp Fluids 35:505\u2013519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00348-003-0659-0","journal-title":"Exp Fluids"},{"key":"628_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w11010050","author":"R Gabl","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gabl R, Steynor J, Forehand DIM et al (2018) Capturing the motion of the free surface of a fluid stored within a floating structure. Water (Switzerland). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w11010050","journal-title":"Water (Switzerland)"},{"key":"628_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2009.06.012","volume":"36","author":"G Iglesias","year":"2009","unstructured":"Iglesias G, Iba\u00f1ez O, Castro A et al (2009) Computer vision applied to wave flume measurements. Ocean Eng 36:1073\u20131079. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2009.06.012","journal-title":"Ocean Eng"},{"key":"628_CR10","volume-title":"Machine vision","author":"R Jain","year":"1995","unstructured":"Jain R, Kasturi R, Schunck BG (1995) Machine vision, vol 5. McGrawHill, New York"},{"key":"628_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00707-019-02457-0","author":"J Kafle","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kafle J, Kattel P, Mergili M et al (2019) Dynamic response of submarine obstacles to two-phase landslide and tsunami impact on reservoirs. Acta Mech. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00707-019-02457-0","journal-title":"Acta Mech"},{"key":"628_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kamphuis JW, Bowering RJ (1970) Impulse waves generated by landslides. In: 12th international conference on coastal engineering. American Society of Civil Engineers, Washington, D. C., pp 575\u2013588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/9780872620285.035","DOI":"10.1061\/9780872620285.035"},{"key":"628_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-019-01308-2","author":"G-B Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim G-B, Cheng W, Sunny RC et al (2019) Three dimensional landslide generated tsunamis: numerical and physical model comparisons. Landslides. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10346-019-01308-2","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"628_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-018-0984-2","author":"BC McFall","year":"2018","unstructured":"McFall BC, Mohammed F, Fritz HM, Liu Y (2018) Laboratory experiments on three-dimensional deformable granular landslides on planar and conical slopes. Landslides. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10346-018-0984-2","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"628_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.4318","volume":"1","author":"M Mergili","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mergili M, Emmer A, Ju\u0159icov\u00e1 A et al (2018) How well can we simulate complex hydro-geomorphic process chains? The 2012 multi-lake outburst flood in the Santa Cruz Valley (Cordillera Blanca, Per\u00fa). Earth Surf Process Landf 1:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/esp.4318","journal-title":"Earth Surf Process Landf"},{"key":"628_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C11015","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JC007850","volume":"117","author":"F Mohammed","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mohammed F, Fritz HM (2012) Physical modeling of tsunamis generated by three-dimensional deformable granular landslides. J Geophys Res Ocean 117:C11015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2011JC007850","journal-title":"J Geophys Res Ocean"},{"key":"628_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-010-9689-0","volume":"58","author":"F Montagna","year":"2011","unstructured":"Montagna F, Bellotti G, Di Risio M (2011) 3D numerical modeling of landslide-generated tsunamis around a conical island. Nat Hazards 58:591\u2013608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11069-010-9689-0","journal-title":"Nat Hazards"},{"key":"628_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2017.04.001","volume":"125","author":"RP Mulligan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mulligan RP, Take WA (2017) On the transfer of momentum from a granular landslide to a water wave. Coast Eng 125:16\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2017.04.001","journal-title":"Coast Eng"},{"key":"628_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2005.1596","volume":"363","author":"EB Pitman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pitman EB, Le L (2005) A two-fluid model for avalanche and debris flows. Philos Trans R Soc A Math Phys Eng Sci 363:1573\u20131602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsta.2005.1596","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc A Math Phys Eng Sci"},{"key":"628_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JF002186","author":"SP Pudasaini","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pudasaini SP (2012) A general two-phase debris flow model. J Geophys Res Earth Surf. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2011JF002186","journal-title":"J Geophys Res Earth Surf"},{"key":"628_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00707-014-1126-0","author":"SP Pudasaini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pudasaini SP (2014) Dynamics of submarine debris flow and tsunami. Acta Mech. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00707-014-1126-0","journal-title":"Acta Mech"},{"key":"628_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JF005204","author":"SP Pudasaini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pudasaini SP, Mergili M (2019) A multi-phase mass flow model. J Geophys Res Earth Surf. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2019JF005204","journal-title":"J Geophys Res Earth Surf"},{"key":"628_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1981.4767053","author":"A Rosenfeld","year":"1981","unstructured":"Rosenfeld A (1981) blob detection by relaxation. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TPAMI.1981.4767053","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"628_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2009.04.007","volume":"56","author":"G S\u00e6levik","year":"2009","unstructured":"S\u00e6levik G, Jensen A, Pedersen G (2009) Experimental investigation of impact generated tsunami; related to a potential rock slide, Western Norway. Coast Eng 56:897\u2013906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2009.04.007","journal-title":"Coast Eng"},{"key":"628_CR25","volume-title":"Computer vision","author":"LG Shapiro","year":"2001","unstructured":"Shapiro LG, Stockman GC (2001) Computer vision. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs"},{"key":"628_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10652-010-9205-9","volume":"11","author":"LP Sue","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sue LP, Nokes RI, Davidson MJ (2011) Tsunami generation by submarine landslides: comparison of physical and numerical models. Environ Fluid Mech 11:133\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10652-010-9205-9","journal-title":"Environ Fluid Mech"},{"key":"628_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1109\/JRA.1987.1087109","volume":"3","author":"RY Tsai","year":"1987","unstructured":"Tsai RY (1987) A Versatile Camera calibration technique for high-accuracy 3D machine vision metrology using off-the-shelf TV cameras and lenses. IEEE J Robot Autom 3:323\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JRA.1987.1087109","journal-title":"IEEE J Robot Autom"},{"key":"628_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s12650-013-0171-4","volume":"16","author":"S Viroulet","year":"2013","unstructured":"Viroulet S, Sauret A, Kimmoun O, Kharif C (2013) Granular collapse into water: toward tsunami landslides. J Vis 16:189\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12650-013-0171-4","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"628_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang F, Ren X, Liu Z (2008) A robust blob recognition and tracking method in vision-based multi-touch technique. In: Proceedings of the 2008 international symposium on parallel and distributed processing with applications, ISPA 2008","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPA.2008.129"},{"key":"628_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2012.01.020","volume":"42","author":"C-C Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang C-C, Chen P-C, Liao C-Y (2012) Application of CCD cameras as a versatile measurement tool for flume tank. Ocean Eng 42:71\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2012.01.020","journal-title":"Ocean Eng"},{"key":"628_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11201","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JB900450","volume":"106","author":"SN Ward","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ward SN (2001) Landslide tsunami. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 106:11201\u201311215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2000JB900450","journal-title":"J Geophys Res Solid Earth"},{"key":"628_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1007\/s10652-015-9411-6","volume":"15","author":"C Whittaker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Whittaker C, Nokes R, Davidson M (2015) Tsunami forcing by a low Froude number landslide. Environ Fluid Mech 15:1215\u20131239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10652-015-9411-6","journal-title":"Environ Fluid Mech"},{"key":"628_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2004.07.004","volume":"32","author":"A Yao","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yao A, Wu CH (2005) An automated image-based technique for tracking sequential surface wave profiles. Ocean Eng 32:157\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2004.07.004","journal-title":"Ocean Eng"}],"container-title":["Journal of Visualization"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12650-020-00628-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12650-020-00628-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12650-020-00628-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]],"date-time":"2021-02-11T14:25:59Z","timestamp":1613053559000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12650-020-00628-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,12]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["628"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12650-020-00628-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1343-8875","1875-8975"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1343-8875"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1875-8975"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 October 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 December 2019","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2020","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 February 2020","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}