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The traditional design approach of networked smart objects tends to ignore the effects caused by human interactions so that the existing approach has the limited capability in joint system\/network\/human multi-level exploration. In this paper, we propose a high-level system modeling and multi-level simulation approach for microsystem models to interoperate with high-level models in the human-level perspective and to provide comprehensive co-exploration. The high-level system modeling enables one to abstract the detailed operations of hardware platforms using power and timing data obtained by the proposed high-level state-based profiling method and using the event-driven modeling concept. For the event-driven system modeling, we utilize the discrete-event system specification (DEVS) to support scalable model-driven prototyping. To represent the coupled relationship of network-level system activity and human-level interactions between node systems and humans, we employ a general-purpose network simulator to model the operation and communication of network modules in smart objects and developed agent-based human behavioral models. For the co-simulation of multi-level models, we designed a distributed simulation platform to enable the interoperation between the DEVS simulator and the network simulator using a runtime infrastructure. The proposed modeling and simulation approach is applied for the multi-level evaluation of a smart museum application to estimate the effect of energy-efficiency policies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-018-0943-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,25]],"date-time":"2018-07-25T02:18:32Z","timestamp":1532485112000},"page":"1395-1408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A novel multi-level evaluation approach for human-coupled IoT applications"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Moon Gi","family":"Seok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5560-873X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daejin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"943_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s40294-016-0038-3","volume":"4","author":"AB Altamimi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Altamimi AB, Ramadan RA (2016) Towards internet of things modeling: a gateway approach. 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