{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T21:22:34Z","timestamp":1769548954424,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]],"date-time":"2021-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609632000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]],"date-time":"2021-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004750","name":"Aeronautical Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20175596020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20175596020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004750","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Ambient Intell Human Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-020-02722-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]],"date-time":"2021-01-03T07:03:13Z","timestamp":1609657393000},"page":"9809-9823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Study for classification and recognition of radar emitter intra-pulse signals based on the energy cumulant of CWD"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4125-5934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengyu","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bingsong","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"You","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hubiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yipeng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2722_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4843","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2011.2179276","volume":"59","author":"C Bertoncini","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bertoncini C, Rudd K, Nousain B, Hinders M (2012) Wavelet fingerprinting of radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 59:4843\u20134850","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ind Electron"},{"key":"2722_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2017.2671578","volume":"53","author":"F Digne","year":"2017","unstructured":"Digne F, Baussare A, Cornu C, Jahan D (2017) Classification of radar pulses in a naval warfare context using Bezier curve modeling of the instantaneous frequency law. IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst 53:1469\u20131480","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"2722_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2013.01.017","volume":"38","author":"Z Feng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Feng Z, Liang M, Chu F (2013) Recent advances in time-frequency analysis methods for machinery fault diagnosis: a review with application examples. Mech Syst Signal Process 38(1):165\u2013205","journal-title":"Mech Syst Signal Process"},{"key":"2722_CR4","unstructured":"Goodfellow I, Bengio Y, Courville A (2017) A deep learning. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2017, Chapter 20, ISBN 978-0-262-03561-3"},{"key":"2722_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1109\/JCN.2014.000012","volume":"16","author":"Q Guo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guo Q, Nan PL (2014) Method for feature extraction of radar full pulses based on EMD and chaos detection. J Commun Netw 16:92\u201397","journal-title":"J Commun Netw"},{"key":"2722_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1109\/JCN.2015.000087","volume":"17","author":"Q Guo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guo Q, Nan PL, Zhang XY, Zhao Y, Wan J (2015) Recognition of radar emitter signals based on SVD and AF main ridge slice. J Commun Netw 17:491\u2013498","journal-title":"J Commun Netw"},{"key":"2722_CR7","first-page":"187","volume":"20","author":"J Han","year":"2014","unstructured":"Han J, He MH, Tang ZK (2014) Estimating in-pulse characteristics of radar signal based on multi-index. Chin J Electron 20:187\u2013191","journal-title":"Chin J Electron"},{"key":"2722_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han J, Zhang T, Qiu Z, Zheng X (2018) Communication emitter individual identification via 3D-Hilbert energy spectrum-based multiscale segmentation features. Int J Commun Syst, Article ID: e3833","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.3833"},{"key":"2722_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1109\/CJECE.2015.2496143","volume":"39","author":"G Huang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huang G, Yuan Y, Wang X, Huang Z (2016) Specific emitter identification based on nonlinear dynamical characteristics. Can J Electr Comput Eng 39:34\u201341","journal-title":"Can J Electr Comput Eng"},{"key":"2722_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2016.2529686","volume":"1","author":"F Husain","year":"2016","unstructured":"Husain F, Dellen B, Torras C (2016) Action recognition based on efficient deep feature learning in the Spatio-Temporal domain. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 1:984\u2013991","journal-title":"IEEE Robot Autom Lett"},{"key":"2722_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2019.2950964","volume":"17","author":"X Jia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jia X, Mai XC, Cui Y et al (2020) Automatic polyp recognition in colonoscopy images using deep learning and two-stage pyramidal feature prediction. IEEE Trans Autom Sci Eng 17:1570\u20131584","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Autom Sci Eng"},{"key":"2722_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang NX, He MH, Han J, Wang BQ (2016) Radar emitter fingerprint recognition based on bispectrum and SURF feature. In Proceedings of the CIE International Conference on Radar, Guangzhou, China, pp. 10\u201313","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2016.8059588"},{"key":"2722_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2017.2667142","volume":"53","author":"TR Kishore","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kishore TR, Rao KD (2017) Automatic intra-pulse modulation classification of advanced LPI radar Waveforms. IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst 53:901\u2013914","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst"},{"key":"2722_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li HB, Jing W, Bai Y (2016) Radar emitter recognition based on deep learning architecture. In Proceedings of the CIE International Conference on Radar, Guangzhou, China, pp.10\u201313","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2016.8059512"},{"key":"2722_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1109\/TASL.2013.2269291","volume":"21","author":"ZH Ling","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ling ZH, Deng L, Yu D (2013) Modeling spectral envelopes using restricted Boltzmann machines and deep belief networks for statistical parametric speech synthesis. IEEE Trans Audio Speech Lang Process 21:2129\u20132139","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Audio Speech Lang Process"},{"key":"2722_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEE.2015.00106","volume":"26","author":"YJ Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu YJ, Xiao P, Wu HC (2015) LPI radar signal detection based on radial integration of Choi-Williams time-frequency image. J Syst Eng Electron 26:973\u2013981","journal-title":"J Syst Eng Electron"},{"key":"2722_CR17","first-page":"9","volume":"42","author":"XR Ma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ma XR, Liu D, Shan YL (2017) Intra-pulse modulation recognition using short-time ramanujan Fourier transform spectrogram. EURASIP J Adv Signal Process 42:9\u201319","journal-title":"EURASIP J Adv Signal Process"},{"key":"2722_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.3390\/s20020526","volume":"20","author":"ZY Ma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ma ZY, Huang Z, Lin AN, Huang GM (2020) LPI radar waveform recognition based on features from multiple images. Sensors 20:526","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2722_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendis GJ, Wei J, Madanayake A (2017) Deep learning cognitive radar for micro UAS detection and classification. In Proceedings of the 2017 Cognitive Communications for Aerospace Applications Workshop (CCAA), Cleveland, OH, USA, pp. 27\u201328","DOI":"10.1109\/CCAAW.2017.8001610"},{"key":"2722_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2020.3009195","volume":"27","author":"ZS Pan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pan ZS, Wang SF, Zhu MT, Li YJ (2020) Automatic waveform recognition of overlapping LPI radar signals based on multi-instance multi-label learning. IEEE Signal Process Lett 27:1275\u20131279","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process Lett"},{"key":"2722_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cja.2016.05.002","volume":"29","author":"H Qiu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Qiu H, Huang GM, Gao J (2016) Variational Bayesian labeled multi-Bernoulli filter with unknown sensor noise statistics. Chin J Aeronaut 29:1378\u20131384","journal-title":"Chin J Aeronaut"},{"key":"2722_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2014.0512","volume":"10","author":"XH Ru","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ru XH, Liu Z, Jiang WL (2016) Recognition performance analysis of instantaneous phase and its transformed features for radar emitter identification. IET Radar Sonar Navig 10:945\u2013952","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig"},{"key":"2722_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2016.0733","volume":"52","author":"X Ru","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ru X, Huang Z, Liu Z, Jiang W (2016) Frequency-domain distribution and band-width of unintentional modulation on pulse. Electron Lett 52:1853\u20131855","journal-title":"Electron Lett"},{"key":"2722_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2014.0512","volume":"10","author":"XH Ru","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ru XH, Liu Z, Jiang WL, Huang ZT (2016) Recognition performance analysis of instantaneous phase and its transformed features for radar emitter identification. IET Radar Sonar Navig 10:945\u2013952","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig"},{"key":"2722_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2014.1458","volume":"50","author":"Y Shi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shi Y, Ji H (2014) Kernel canonical correlation analysis for specific radar emitter identification. Electron Lett 50:1318\u20131320","journal-title":"Electron Lett"},{"key":"2722_CR26","unstructured":"Stefano D (2015) Specific emitter identification based on amplitude features. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Signal and Image Processing Applications (ICSIPA), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,"},{"key":"2722_CR27","unstructured":"Wang LW, ZhuYQ, Pan YF (2005) FCM Algorithm and index CS for the signal sorting of radiant points. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics pp, 4415\u20134419"},{"key":"2722_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1010.2011.00566","volume":"30","author":"XQ Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang XQ, Liu JY, Meng HD, Liu YM (2011) A method for radar emitter signal recognition based on time-frequnency atom features. Infrared Millim Waves 30:566\u2013570","journal-title":"Infrared Millim Waves"},{"key":"2722_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang XB, Huang GM, Zhou ZW (2017) Radar emitter recognition based on the short time Fourier transform and convolutional neural networks. In Proceedings of the 10th International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, BioMedical Engineering and Informatics (CISP-BMEI), Shanghai, China, pp. 14\u201316","DOI":"10.1109\/CISP-BMEI.2017.8302111"},{"key":"2722_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang C, Wang J, Zhang XD (2017) Automatic radar waveform recognition based on time-frequency analysis and convolutional neural network. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, New Orleans, LA, USA, pp. 5\u20139","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2017.7952594"},{"key":"2722_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.3390\/s18093103","volume":"18","author":"XB Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang XB, Huang GM, Zhou ZW, Tian W, Yao J, Gao J (2018) Radar emitter recognition based on the energy cumulant of short time fourier transform and reinforced deep belief network. Sensors 18:3103","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2722_CR32","first-page":"1984","volume":"41","author":"CY Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang CY, Huang PP, Li XF (2019) Radar HRRP target recognition based on AEPSO-SVM algo-rithm. Syst Eng Electron 41:1984\u20131989","journal-title":"Syst Eng Electron"},{"key":"2722_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2011625","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.11625","volume":"3","author":"QX Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu QX, Wang S, Zhang SX et al (2020) Development of a deep learning model to identify lymph node metastasis on magnetic resonance imaging in patients with cervical cancer. JAMA Netw Open 3:e2011625","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2722_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-019-01360-1","volume":"25","author":"YH Xiao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xiao YH, Liu WJ, Gao LP (2020) Radar signal recognition based on transfer learning and feature fusion. Mobile Netw Appl 25:1563\u20131571","journal-title":"Mobile Netw Appl"},{"issue":"6","key":"2722_CR35","first-page":"91","volume":"20","author":"YH Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu YH, Cheng SY, Dong XX (2019) Radar specific emitter identification based on DBN feature extraction. J Air Force Eng Univ (Nat Sci Ed) 20(6):91\u201396","journal-title":"J Air Force Eng Univ (Nat Sci Ed)"},{"key":"2722_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.3390\/s130100848","volume":"13","author":"ZT Yang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yang ZT, Wu ZL, Yin ZD (2013) Hybrid radar emitter recognition based on rough k-means classifier and relevance vector machine. Sensors 13:848\u2013864","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2722_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.3390\/s16030289","volume":"16","author":"ZT Yang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang ZT, Qiu W, Sun HJ, Nallanathan A (2016) Robust radar emitter recognition based on the three-dimensional distribution feature and transfer learning. Sensors 16:289","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2722_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.3390\/s18040952","volume":"18","author":"HH Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang HH, Shen S, Yao XH, Sheng M, Wang C (2018) Competitive deep belief network for underwater acoustic target recognition. Sensors 18:952","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2722_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2013.0865","volume":"8","author":"Y Yuan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yuan Y, Wu H, Wang X, Huang Z (2014) Specific emitter identification based on Hilbert-Huang transform-based time- frequency-energy distribution features. IET Commun 8:2404\u20132412","journal-title":"IET Commun"},{"key":"2722_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1134\/S106422691705014X","volume":"62","author":"AA Zachepitskii","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zachepitskii AA, Krichigin AV (2017) Maximum radar range versus the statistical characteristics of fluctuating targets and detection quality indices. J Commun Technol Electron 62:507\u2013511","journal-title":"J Commun Technol Electron"},{"key":"2722_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2016.2520908","volume":"11","author":"J Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang J, Wang F, Dobre OA, Zhong Z (2016) Specific emitter identification via Hilbert-Huang transform in single-hop and relaying scenarios. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 11:1192\u20131205","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur"},{"key":"2722_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2020.06.003","volume":"166","author":"CX Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang CX, Yue P, Tapete D et al (2020) A deeply supervised image fusion network for change detection in high resolution bi-temporal remote sensing images. ISPRS J Photogram Remote Sens 166:183\u2013200","journal-title":"ISPRS J Photogram Remote Sens"},{"key":"2722_CR43","first-page":"99","volume":"16","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Wu L, Zhang J, Li Y (2018) Specific emitter identification using geometric features of frequency drift curve. Bull Polish Acad Sci Tech Sci 16:99\u2013108","journal-title":"Bull Polish Acad Sci Tech Sci"},{"key":"2722_CR44","first-page":"979","volume":"36","author":"C Zhou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhou C, Huang GM, Shan HC, Gao J (2015) Bias compensation based on maximum likelihood estimation for passive location using TDOA and FDOA measurements. Acta Aeronaut Astronaut Sin 36:979\u2013986","journal-title":"Acta Aeronaut Astronaut Sin"},{"key":"2722_CR45","first-page":"1","volume":"34","author":"ZW Zhou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhou ZW, Huang GM, Chen HY (2018) Automatic radar emitter waveform recognition based on deep convolutional denoising auto-encoders. Circuit Syst Signal Process 34:1\u201315","journal-title":"Circuit Syst Signal Process"},{"key":"2722_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu WG, Li M, Zeng CZ (2017) Research on online learning of radar emitter recognition based on Hull Vector. In Proceedings of the IEEE Second International Conference on Data Science in Cyberspace (DSC), Shenzhen, China, pp. 26\u201329","DOI":"10.1109\/DSC.2017.30"}],"container-title":["Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12652-020-02722-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12652-020-02722-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12652-020-02722-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T19:54:03Z","timestamp":1630439643000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12652-020-02722-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["2722"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12652-020-02722-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1868-5137","1868-5145"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1868-5137","type":"print"},{"value":"1868-5145","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 June 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 November 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 January 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}