{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T16:28:12Z","timestamp":1774024092104,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,17]],"date-time":"2021-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626480000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,17]],"date-time":"2021-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004070","name":"Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CIRA-2019-047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIRA-2019-047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ADEK Award for Research Excellence","award":["AARE19-156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AARE19-156"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Ambient Intell Human Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-021-03383-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,17]],"date-time":"2021-07-17T21:02:56Z","timestamp":1626555776000},"page":"1607-1618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Unsupervised anomaly instance segmentation for baggage threat recognition"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5896-8677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taimur","family":"Hassan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samet","family":"Ak\u00e7ay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Bennamoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salman","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoufel","family":"Werghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"3383_CR3","unstructured":"Ak\u00e7ay S, Breckon T (2020) Towards automatic threat detection: a survey of advances of deep learning within X-ray security imaging. arXiv:200101293"},{"key":"3383_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ak\u00e7ay S et al (2016) Transfer learning using convolutional neural networks for object classification within X-ray baggage security imagery. In: IEEE ICIP, pp 1057\u20131061","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2016.7532519"},{"key":"3383_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ak\u00e7ay S, Atapour-Abarghouei A, Breckon TP (2018a) GANomaly: semi-supervised anomaly detection via adversarial training. In: Asian conference on computer vision. Springer, pp 622\u2013637","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-20893-6_39"},{"key":"3383_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ak\u00e7ay S, Kundegorski ME, Willcocks CG, Breckon TP (2018b) Using deep convolutional neural network architectures for object classification and detection within x-ray baggage security imagery. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 13(9):2203\u20132215","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2018.2812196"},{"key":"3383_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ak\u00e7ay S, Atapour-Abarghouei A, Breckon TP (2019) Skip-GANomaly: skip connected and adversarially trained encoder-decoder anomaly detection. arXiv:190108954","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2019.8851808"},{"key":"3383_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An J et al (2019) Semantic segmentation for prohibited items in baggage inspection. In: International conference intelligence science and big data engineering. Visual data engineering, pp 495\u2013505","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-36189-1_41"},{"key":"3383_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1007\/s00138-015-0706-x","volume":"26","author":"M Bastan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bastan M (2015) Multi-view object detection in dual-energy X-ray images. Mach Vis Appl 26:1045\u20131060","journal-title":"Mach Vis Appl"},{"key":"3383_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bastan M et al (2011) Visual words on baggage X-ray images. In: International conference on computer analysis of images and patterns, pp 360\u2013368","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-23672-3_44"},{"issue":"90","key":"3383_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1090\/S0025-5718-1965-0178586-1","volume":"19","author":"JW Cooley","year":"1965","unstructured":"Cooley JW, Tukey JW (1965) An algorithm for the machine calculation of complex Fourier series. Math Comput 19(90):297\u2013301","journal-title":"Math Comput"},{"key":"3383_CR10","unstructured":"Council NR (1996) Airline passenger security screening: new technologies and implementation issues. The National Academics Press"},{"issue":"2","key":"3383_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1587\/transinf.2019EDL8154","volume":"E103-D","author":"JK Dumagpi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dumagpi JK, Jung WY, Jeong YJ (2020) A new GAN-based anomaly detection (GBAD) approach for multi-threat object classification on large-scale X-ray security images. IEICE Trans Inf Syst E103-D(2):454\u2013458","journal-title":"IEICE Trans Inf Syst"},{"key":"3383_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaus YFA, Bhowmik N, Ak\u00e7ay S, Breckon T (2019a) Evaluating the transferability and adversarial discrimination of convolutional neural networks for threat object detection and classification within X-ray security imagery. In: 18th IEEE international conference on machine learning and applications (ICMLA)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMLA.2019.00079"},{"key":"3383_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaus YFA, Bhowmik N, Ak\u00e7ay S, Guillen-Garcia PM, Barker JW, Breckon TP (2019b) Evaluation of a dual convolutional neural network architecture for object-wise anomaly detection in cluttered X-ray security imagery. In: 2019 international joint conference on neural networks (IJCNN), pp 1\u20138","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2019.8851829"},{"key":"3383_CR14","unstructured":"Griffin LD, Caldwell M, Andrews JTA (2019) COMPASS-XP dataset. Computational Security Science Group, UCL"},{"key":"3383_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan T, Werghi N (2020) Trainable structure tensors for autonomous baggage threat detection under extreme occlusion. In: Asian conference on computer vision (ACCV)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-69544-6_16"},{"key":"3383_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan T, Bettayeb M, Ak\u00e7ay S, Khan S, Bennamoun M, Werghi N (2020a) Detecting prohibited items in X-ray images: a contour proposal learning approach. 27th IEEE international conference on image processing (ICIP)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP40778.2020.9190711"},{"issue":"22","key":"3383_CR17","first-page":"1","volume":"20","author":"T Hassan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hassan T, Shafay M, Ak\u00e7ay S, Khan S, Bennamoun M, Damiani E, Werghi N (2020b) Meta-transfer learning driven tensor-shot detector for the autonomous localization and recognition of concealed baggage threats. MDPI Sens 20(22):1\u201325","journal-title":"MDPI Sens"},{"key":"3383_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He K, Zhang X, Ren S, Sun J (2016) Deep residual learning for image recognition. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 770\u2013778","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"3383_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He K, Gkioxari G, Dollar P, Girshick R (2017) Mask R-CNN. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision (ICCV), pp 2961\u20132969","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.322"},{"key":"3383_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heitz G, Chechik G (2010) Object separation in X-ray image sets. In: International conference computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 2093\u20132100","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2010.5539887"},{"key":"3383_CR21","unstructured":"Howard AG, Zhu M, Chen B, Kalenichenko D, Wang W, Weyand T, Andreetto M, Adam H (2017) MobileNets: efficient convolutional neural networks for mobile vision applications, pp 1\u20139. arXiv:1704.04861"},{"key":"3383_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang G, Liu Z, Laurens VDM, Weinberger KQ (2017) Densely connected convolutional networks. In: IEEE international conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.243"},{"key":"3383_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaccard N, Rogers TW, Griffin LD (2014) Automated detection of cars in transmission X-ray images of freight containers. In: AVSS, pp 387\u2013392","DOI":"10.1109\/AVSS.2014.6918699"},{"issue":"3","key":"3383_CR24","first-page":"323","volume":"25","author":"N Jaccard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jaccard N et al (2017) Detection of concealed cars in complex Cargo X-ray imagery using deep learning. J X-ray Sci Technol 25(3): 323\u2013339","journal-title":"J X-ray Sci Technol"},{"key":"3383_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson J, Alahi A, Fei-Fei L (2016) Perceptual losses for real-time style transfer and super-resolution. In: European conference on computer vision (ECCV)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46475-6_43"},{"key":"3383_CR26","unstructured":"Kingma DP, Ba J (2015) Adam: a method for stochastic optimization. In: Proceedings of the international conference on learning representations (ICLR)"},{"key":"3383_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kundegorski M et al (2016) On using feature descriptors as visual words for object detection within x-ray baggage security screening. In: International conference on imaging for crime detection and prevention (ICDP)","DOI":"10.1049\/ic.2016.0080"},{"key":"3383_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu W et al (2016) SSD: single shot multibox detector. In: European conference on computer vision (ECCV)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46448-0_2"},{"key":"3383_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin TY et al (2017) Focal loss for dense object detection. In: IEEE international conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.324"},{"key":"3383_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu Z, Li J, Shu Y, Zhang D (2018) Detection and recognition of security detection object based on Yolo9000. In: 2018 5th international conference on systems and informatics (ICSAI), IEEE, pp 278\u2013282","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSAI.2018.8599420"},{"key":"3383_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Megherbi N, Breckon TP, Flitton GT, Mouton A (2012) Fully automatic 3D threat image projection: application to densely cluttered 3D computed tomography baggage images. In: International conference on image processing theory, tools and applications","DOI":"10.1109\/IPTA.2012.6469523"},{"issue":"4","key":"3383_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s10921-015-0315-7","volume":"34","author":"D Mery","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mery D et al (2015) GDXray: the database of X-ray images for nondestructive testing. J Nondestr Eval 34(4):42","journal-title":"J Nondestr Eval"},{"key":"3383_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mery D et al (2016) Object recognition in baggage inspection using adaptive sparse representations of X-ray images. In: Pacific-Rim symposium on image and video technology, pp 709\u2013720","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-29451-3_56"},{"key":"3383_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mery D, Svec E, Arias M, Riffo V, Saavedra JM, Banerjee S (2017) Modern computer vision techniques for X-ray testing in baggage inspection. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst 47(4):682\u2013692","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2016.2628381"},{"issue":"19974224","key":"3383_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145620","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3015014","volume":"8","author":"D Mery","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mery D, Saavedra D, Prasad M (2020) X-ray baggage inspection with computer vision: a survey. IEEE Access\u00a08(19974224): 145620\u2013145633","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"3383_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miao C et al (2019) SIXray: a large-scale security inspection X-ray benchmark for prohibited item discovery in overlapping images. In: IEEE CVPR, pp 2119\u20132128","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00222"},{"key":"3383_CR37","unstructured":"Ren S et al (2016) Faster R-CNN: towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks. arXiv:150601497v3"},{"issue":"4","key":"3383_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2015.2439233","volume":"46","author":"V Riffo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Riffo V, Mery D (2015) Automated detection of threat objects using adapted implicit shape model. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Syst 46(4):472\u2013482","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Syst"},{"key":"3383_CR39","unstructured":"Simonyan K, Zisserman A (2015) Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition"},{"key":"3383_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun Q, Liu Y, Chua TS, Schiele B (2019) Meta-transfer learning for few-shot learning. In: IEEE international conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00049"},{"key":"3383_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szegedy C et al (2014) Going deeper with convolutions. arXiv:14094842v1","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298594"},{"key":"3383_CR42","unstructured":"Tao R, Wei Y, Li H, Liu A, Ding Y, Qin H, Liu X (2021) Over-sampling de-occlusion attention network for prohibited items detection in noisy X-ray images, pp 1\u201313. arXiv:2103.00809"},{"key":"3383_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turcsany D, Mouton A, Breckon TP (2013) Improving feature-based object recognition for X-ray baggage security screening using primed visual words. In: 2013 IEEE international conference on industrial technology (ICIT), IEEE, pp 1140\u20131145","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIT.2013.6505833"},{"key":"3383_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Q, Breckon TP (2020) Contraband materials detection within volumetric 3D computed tomography baggage security screening imagery. arXiv:201211753","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN48605.2020.9207389"},{"key":"3383_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Q, Megherb N, Breckon TP (2020a) Multi-class 3D object detection within volumetric 3D computed tomography baggage security screening imagery. arXiv:200801218","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMLA51294.2020.00012"},{"key":"3383_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Q, Megherbi N, Breckon TP (2020b) A reference architecture for plausible threat image projection (TIP) within 3D X-ray computed tomography volumes. J X-ray Sci Technol 28(3):507\u2013526","DOI":"10.3233\/XST-200654"},{"key":"3383_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei Y, Tao R, Wu Z, Ma Y, Zhang L, Liu X (2020) Occluded prohibited items detection: an X-ray security inspection benchmark and de-occlusion attention module. In: Proceedings of the 28th ACM International Conference on Multimedia, pp 138\u2013146\u00a0","DOI":"10.1145\/3394171.3413828"},{"key":"3383_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu M et al (2018) Prohibited item detection in airport X-ray security images via attention mechanism based CNN. In: Chinese conference on pattern recognition and computer vision (PRCV), pp 429\u2013439","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-03335-4_37"},{"key":"3383_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang Y, Soatto S (2020) FDA: Fourier domain adaptation for semantic segmentation. In: IEEE international conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00414"},{"key":"3383_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang J et al (2014) Joint shape and texture based X-ray Cargo image classification. In: International conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR) workshops","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2014.48"},{"key":"3383_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao Z et al (2018) A GAN-based image generation method for X-ray security prohibited items. In: Chinese conference on pattern recognition and computer vision (PRCV)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-03398-9_36"}],"container-title":["Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12652-021-03383-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12652-021-03383-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12652-021-03383-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T11:41:19Z","timestamp":1725450079000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12652-021-03383-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,17]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["3383"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12652-021-03383-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1868-5137","1868-5145"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1868-5137","type":"print"},{"value":"1868-5145","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 March 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 July 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All the authors declare that there are no competing interests related to this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}