{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T10:23:33Z","timestamp":1770459813283,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612396800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"name":"MSIT (Ministry of Science, ICT), Korea, under the ITRC (Information Technology Research Center) support program supervised by the IITP","award":["IITP- 2019-2016-0-00313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IITP- 2019-2016-0-00313"]}]},{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","award":["2017R1E1A1A01074345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017R1E1A1A01074345"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mach. Learn. & Cyber."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13042-021-01279-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T20:34:27Z","timestamp":1612470867000},"page":"3203-3219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Localizing pedestrians in indoor environments using magnetic field data with term frequency paradigm and deep neural networks"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Imran","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yousaf Bin","family":"Zikria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soojung","family":"Hur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali Kashif","family":"Bashir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thamer","family":"Alhussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongwan","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"1279_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102434","volume":"17","author":"E Realini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Realini E, Caldera S, Pertusini L, Sampietro D (2017) Precise gnss positioning using smart devices. Sensors 17(10):2434","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"1279_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b14940","volume-title":"Advanced location-based technologies and services","author":"HA Karimi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Karimi HA (2016) Advanced location-based technologies and services. CRC Press, Boca Raton"},{"issue":"5","key":"1279_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.3390\/s16050707","volume":"16","author":"A Alarifi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alarifi A, Al-Salman A, Alsaleh M, Alnafessah A, Al-Hadhrami S, Al-Ammar MA, Al-Khalifa HS (2016) Ultra wideband indoor positioning technologies: analysis and recent advances. Sensors 16(5):707","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"12","key":"1279_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2927","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122927","volume":"17","author":"V Cant\u00f3n Paterna","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cant\u00f3n Paterna V, Calveras Auge A, Paradells Aspas J, Perez Bullones MA (2017) A bluetooth low energy indoor positioning system with channel diversity, weighted trilateration and kalman filtering. Sensors 17(12):2927","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"11","key":"1279_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4654","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2828044","volume":"18","author":"CY Yao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yao CY, Hsia WC (2018) An indoor positioning system based on the dual-channel passive rfid technology. IEEE Sens J 18(11):4654\u20134663","journal-title":"IEEE Sens J"},{"key":"1279_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52110","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2911601","volume":"7","author":"MU Ali","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ali MU, Hur S, Park S, Park Y (2019) Harvesting indoor positioning accuracy by exploring multiple features from received signal strength vector. IEEE Access 7:52110\u201352121","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"8","key":"1279_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2015.2451641","volume":"15","author":"Y Zhuang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhuang Y, Syed Z, Li Y, El-Sheimy N (2015) Evaluation of two wifi positioning systems based on autonomous crowdsourcing of handheld devices for indoor navigation. IEEE Trans Mobile Comput 15(8):1982\u20131995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Mobile Comput"},{"issue":"19","key":"1279_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4351","DOI":"10.3390\/s19194351","volume":"19","author":"I Ashraf","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ashraf I, Hur S, Park Y (2019) Indoor positioning on disparate commercial smartphones using wi-fi access points coverage area. Sensors 19(19):4351","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"15","key":"1279_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4062","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.4062","volume":"32","author":"I Ashraf","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ashraf I, Hur S, Shafiq M, Kumari S, Park Y (2019) Guide: Smartphone sensors-based pedestrian indoor localization with heterogeneous devices. Int J Commun Syst 32(15):e4062","journal-title":"Int J Commun Syst"},{"issue":"3","key":"1279_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2684087","volume":"19","author":"V Pasku","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pasku V, De Angelis A, De Angelis G, Arumugam DD, Dionigi M, Carbone P, Moschitta A, Ricketts DS (2017) Magnetic field-based positioning systems. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 19(3):2003\u20132017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Surv Tutor"},{"key":"1279_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2013.06.071","volume":"19","author":"CE Galv\u00e1n-Tejada","year":"2013","unstructured":"Galv\u00e1n-Tejada CE, Carrasco-Jimenez JC, Brena R (2013) Location identification using a magnetic-field-based fft signature. Procedia Comput Sci 19:533\u2013539","journal-title":"Procedia Comput Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"1279_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3883","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2011.2147690","volume":"60","author":"B Gozick","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gozick B, Subbu KP, Dantu R, Maeshiro T (2011) Magnetic maps for indoor navigation. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 60(12):3883\u20133891","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Instrum Meas"},{"key":"1279_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee N, Han D (2017) Magnetic indoor positioning system using deep neural network. In: 2017 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN), pp. 1\u20138. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN.2017.8115887"},{"issue":"4","key":"1279_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2017.2680448","volume":"25","author":"F Gu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gu F, Niu J, Duan L (2017) Waipo: a fusion-based collaborative indoor localization system on smartphones. IEEE\/ACM Trans Netw 25(4):2267\u20132280","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans Netw"},{"key":"1279_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lohan ES, Talvitie J, e\u00a0Silva PF, Nurminen H, Ali-L\u00f6ytty S, Pich\u00e9 R (2015) Received signal strength models for wlan and ble-based indoor positioning in multi-floor buildings. In: 2015 International Conference on Localization and GNSS (ICL-GNSS), pp. 1\u20136. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/ICL-GNSS.2015.7217154"},{"issue":"2","key":"1279_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.3390\/s19020424","volume":"19","author":"K Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang K, He K, Du X (2019) A hybrid method to improve the ble-based indoor positioning in a dense bluetooth environment. Sensors 19(2):424","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"1279_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma Z, Poslad S, Bigham J, Zhang X, Men L (2017) A ble rssi ranking based indoor positioning system for generic smartphones. In: 2017 Wireless Telecommunications Symposium (WTS). IEEE, pp 1\u20138","DOI":"10.1109\/WTS.2017.7943542"},{"issue":"12","key":"1279_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122847","volume":"17","author":"M Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu M, Chen R, Li D, Chen Y, Guo G, Cao Z, Pan Y (2017) Scene recognition for indoor localization using a multi-sensor fusion approach. Sensors 17(12):2847","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"7","key":"1279_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2015.2430274","volume":"33","author":"Y Shu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shu Y, Bo C, Shen G, Zhao C, Li L, Zhao F (2015) Magicol: Indoor localization using pervasive magnetic field and opportunistic wifi sensing. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 33(7):1443\u20131457","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Areas Commun"},{"issue":"7","key":"1279_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072283","volume":"18","author":"I Ashraf","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ashraf I, Hur S, Park Y (2018) mpilot-magnetic field strength based pedestrian indoor localization. Sensors 18(7):2283","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"4","key":"1279_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2508037.2508054","volume":"4","author":"KP Subbu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Subbu KP, Gozick B, Dantu R (2013) Locateme: Magnetic-fields-based indoor localization using smartphones. ACM Trans Intell Syst Technol (TIST) 4(4):1\u201327","journal-title":"ACM Trans Intell Syst Technol (TIST)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1279_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010133","volume":"20","author":"I Ashraf","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ashraf I, Hur S, Park S, Park Y (2020) Deeplocate: Smartphone based indoor localization with a deep neural network ensemble classifier. Sensors 20(1):133","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"1279_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montoliu R, Torres-Sospedra J, Belmonte O (2016) Magnetic field based indoor positioning using the bag of words paradigm. In: 2016 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN). IEEE, pp 1\u20137","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN.2016.7743596"},{"key":"1279_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li B, Gallagher T, Dempster AG, Rizos C (2012) How feasible is the use of magnetic field alone for indoor positioning? In: 2012 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN). IEEE, pp 1\u20139","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN.2012.6418880"},{"key":"1279_CR25","unstructured":"Gunnarsd\u00f3ttir EL (2012) The earth\u2019s magnetic field. Ph.D. thesis"},{"issue":"3","key":"1279_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2010.08.066","volume":"38","author":"W Zhang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhang W, Yoshida T, Tang X (2011) A comparative study of tf* idf, lsi and multi-words for text classification. Expert Syst Appl 38(3):2758\u20132765","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"1279_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai Y, Yu W, Xiao T, Xu C, Yang K, Ma WY, Zhao T (2014) Bag-of-words based deep neural network for image retrieval. In: Proceedings of the 22nd ACM international conference on Multimedia, pp. 229\u2013232 (2014)","DOI":"10.1145\/2647868.2656402"},{"key":"1279_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pennington J, Socher R, Manning CD (2014) Glove: Global vectors for word representation. In: Proceedings of the 2014 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing (EMNLP), pp 1532\u20131543","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1162"},{"key":"1279_CR29","unstructured":"Mikolov T, Yih Wt, Zweig G (2013) Linguistic regularities in continuous space word representations. In: Proceedings of the 2013 conference of the north American chapter of the association for computational linguistics: Human language technologies, pp 746\u2013751"},{"issue":"8","key":"1279_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735","volume":"9","author":"S Hochreiter","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hochreiter S, Schmidhuber J (1997) Long short-term memory. Neural Comput 9(8):1735\u20131780","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"key":"1279_CR31","unstructured":"Graves A (2008) Supervised sequence labelling with recurrent neural networks [ph. d. dissertation]. Technical University of Munich, Germany (2008)"},{"key":"1279_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho K, Van\u00a0Merri\u00ebnboer B, Bahdanau D, Bengio Y (2014) On the properties of neural machine translation: Encoder-decoder approaches. arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.1259","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/W14-4012"},{"key":"1279_CR33","unstructured":"Chung J, Gulcehre C, Cho K, Bengio Y (2014) Empirical evaluation of gated recurrent neural networks on sequence modeling. arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.3555"},{"key":"1279_CR34","unstructured":"Yao K, Cohn T, Vylomova K, Duh K, Dyer C (2015) Depth-gated recurrent neural networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1508.037909"},{"key":"1279_CR35","unstructured":"Asahi Kasei Microdevices Corporation: AK09916C. https:\/\/www.akm.com\/akm\/en\/file\/datasheet\/ AK09916C.pdf. Accessed 20 Apr 2020"},{"key":"1279_CR36","unstructured":"Asahi Kasei Microdevices Corporation: AK09915C. https:\/\/www.akm.com\/global\/en\/products\/electronic-compass\/ak09915c\/. Accessed 19 Apr 2020"},{"key":"1279_CR37","unstructured":"Asahi Kasei Microdevices Corporation: AK09918C. https:\/\/www.akm.com\/global\/en\/products\/electronic-compass\/ak09918c\/. Accessed 19 Apr 2020"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13042-021-01279-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13042-021-01279-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13042-021-01279-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,23]],"date-time":"2021-10-23T04:09:33Z","timestamp":1634962173000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13042-021-01279-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["1279"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13042-021-01279-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1868-8071","1868-808X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1868-8071","type":"print"},{"value":"1868-808X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 August 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 January 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 February 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"\u201cThe authors declare no conflict of interest. The funding agency had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results\u201d.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}