{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T10:58:49Z","timestamp":1774522729444,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61973151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61973151"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["KYCX23_1885"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX23_1885"]}]},{"name":"Key Research & Development Plan of Jiangsu Province","award":["BE2023838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2023838"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mach. Learn. & Cyber."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13042-025-02833-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T10:19:19Z","timestamp":1771237159000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimal scale selection for mixed-attribute data in generalized multi-scale decision systems"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Fumin","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tengfei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2833_CR1","volume-title":"Granular computing: an introduction","author":"W Pedrycz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pedrycz W (2000) Granular computing: an introduction. Physica-Verlag HD, Heidelberg"},{"key":"2833_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zadeh L (1996) Fuzzy sets and information granularity. In: Fuzzy sets, fuzzy logic, and fuzzy systems: selected papers by Lotfi A. Zadeh, pp 433\u2013448","DOI":"10.1142\/9789814261302_0022"},{"issue":"4","key":"2833_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(96)00077-1","volume":"15","author":"TY Lin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lin TY (1996) Introduction to the special issue on rough sets. Int J Approx Reason 15(4):287\u2013289","journal-title":"Int J Approx Reason"},{"key":"2833_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2015.08.011","volume":"327","author":"Y Yao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yao Y, She Y (2016) Rough set models in multigranulation spaces. Inf Sci 327:40\u201356","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"key":"2833_CR5","volume-title":"Rough sets: theoretical aspects of reasoning about data","author":"Z Pawlak","year":"1992","unstructured":"Pawlak Z (1992) Rough sets: theoretical aspects of reasoning about data. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht"},{"issue":"18","key":"2833_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2011.04.047","volume":"181","author":"WZ Wu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wu WZ, Leung Y (2011) Theory and applications of granular labelled partitions in multiscale decision tables. Inf Sci 181(18):3878\u20133897","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"2833_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2013.03.017","volume":"54","author":"WZ Wu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu WZ, Leung Y (2013) Optimal scale selection for multi-scale decision tables. Int J Approx Reason 54(8):1107\u20131129","journal-title":"Int J Approx Reason"},{"key":"2833_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2020.12.001","volume":"130","author":"B Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang B, Li H, Feng G, Guo C, Chen D (2021) Double-quantitative rough sets, optimal scale selection and reduction in multi-scale dominance if decision tables. Int J Approx Reason 130:170\u2013191","journal-title":"Int J Approx Reason"},{"issue":"1","key":"2833_CR9","first-page":"81","volume":"39","author":"U Khan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khan U, Ali A, Rehman N, Abdullah S (2020) Soft ordered based multigranulation rough sets and incomplete information system. J Intell Fuzzy Syst 39(1):81\u2013105","journal-title":"J Intell Fuzzy Syst"},{"key":"2833_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2013.06.013","volume":"50","author":"C Luo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Luo C, Li T, Chen H, Liu D (2013) Incremental approaches for updating approximations in set-valued ordered information systems. Knowl Based Syst 50:218\u2013233","journal-title":"Knowl Based Syst"},{"issue":"3","key":"2833_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-021-10053-9","volume":"55","author":"W Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li W, Xu W, Zhang X, Zhang J (2022) Updating approximations with dynamic objects based on local multigranulation rough sets in ordered information systems. Artif Intell Rev 55(3):1821\u20131855","journal-title":"Artif Intell Rev"},{"issue":"24","key":"2833_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31018","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-023-05182-3","volume":"53","author":"Z Gong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gong Z, Li W (2023) Multi-scale variable precision covering rough sets and its applications. Appl Intell 53(24):31018\u201331032","journal-title":"Appl Intell"},{"key":"2833_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2020.114542","volume":"170","author":"J Zhan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhan J, Zhang K, Wu WZ (2021) An investigation on Wu-Leung multi-scale information systems and multi-expert group decision-making. Expert Syst Appl 170:114542","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"issue":"4","key":"2833_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1080\/0952813X.2019.1661587","volume":"32","author":"F Gong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gong F, Jiang L, Wang D, Guo X (2020) Averaged one-dependence inverted specific-class distance measure for nominal attributes. J Exp Theor Artif Intell 32(4):651\u2013663","journal-title":"J Exp Theor Artif Intell"},{"issue":"3","key":"2833_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.109212","volume":"27","author":"Z Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang Z, Zhan Q, Tong B, Yang S, Hou B, Huang H, Saykin AJ, Thompson PM, Davatzikos C, Shen L (2024) Distance-weighted Sinkhorn loss for Alzheimer\u2019s disease classification. Iscience 27(3):109212","journal-title":"Iscience"},{"issue":"9","key":"2833_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2020.3001670","volume":"29","author":"K Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang K, Zhan J, Wu WZ (2020) On multicriteria decision-making method based on a fuzzy rough set model with fuzzy-neighborhoods. IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst 29(9):2491\u20132505","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst"},{"issue":"8","key":"2833_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2023.3237646","volume":"31","author":"J Zhan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhan J, Deng J, Xu Z, Mart\u00ednez L (2023) A three-way decision methodology with regret theory via triangular fuzzy numbers in incomplete multiscale decision information systems. IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst 31(8):2773\u20132787","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst"},{"key":"2833_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2020.105791","volume":"196","author":"Z Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li Z, Liu X, Dai J, Chen J, Fujita H (2020) Measures of uncertainty based on Gaussian kernel for a fully fuzzy information system. Knowl-Based Syst 196:105791","journal-title":"Knowl-Based Syst"},{"issue":"6","key":"2833_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1007\/s13042-022-01761-x","volume":"14","author":"Y Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang Y, Zhang Y, Xu J (2023) Incremental approaches for optimal scale selection in dynamic multi-scale set-valued decision tables. Int J Mach Learn Cybern 14(6):2251\u20132270","journal-title":"Int J Mach Learn Cybern"},{"key":"2833_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2022.08.005","volume":"150","author":"D Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang D, Zhu P (2022) Variable radius neighborhood rough sets and attribute reduction. Int J Approx Reason 150:98\u2013121","journal-title":"Int J Approx Reason"},{"issue":"8","key":"2833_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3663","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-022-06838-x","volume":"26","author":"F Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang F, Wei W, Liang J (2022) A group incremental approach for feature selection on hybrid data. Soft Comput 26(8):3663\u20133677","journal-title":"Soft Comput"},{"key":"2833_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2024.121429","volume":"689","author":"LX Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang LX, Wu WZ, Xie ZH, Tan A (2025) Optimal scale combination selection in generalized multi-scale hybrid decision systems. Inf Sci 689:121429","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"key":"2833_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182908","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3029157","volume":"8","author":"D Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen D, Li J, Lin R, Chen Y (2020) Information entropy and optimal scale combination in multi-scale covering decision systems. IEEE Access 8:182908\u2013182917","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"4","key":"2833_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1007\/s13042-021-01438-x","volume":"13","author":"JW Zheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zheng JW, Wu WZ, Bao H, Tan AH (2022) Evidence theory based optimal scale selection for multi-scale ordered decision systems. Int J Mach Learn Cybern 13(4):1115\u20131129","journal-title":"Int J Mach Learn Cybern"},{"key":"2833_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1007\/s13042-019-00954-1","volume":"11","author":"WZ Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu WZ, Leung Y (2020) A comparison study of optimal scale combination selection in generalized multi-scale decision tables. Int J Mach Learn Cybern 11:961\u2013972","journal-title":"Int J Mach Learn Cybern"},{"key":"2833_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2012.02.065","volume":"200","author":"Y Yao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yao Y, Yao B (2012) Covering based rough set approximations. Inf Sci 200:91\u2013107","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"key":"2833_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2022.10.020","volume":"152","author":"J Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li J, Feng Y (2023) Update of optimal scale in dynamic multi-scale decision information systems. Int J Approx Reason 152:310\u2013324","journal-title":"Int J Approx Reason"},{"issue":"4","key":"2833_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3591","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-024-05307-2","volume":"54","author":"J Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu J, Liu D, Huang Z, Li J (2024) Multi-scale decision systems with test cost and applications to three-way multi-attribute decision-making. Appl Intell 54(4):3591\u20133605","journal-title":"Appl Intell"},{"issue":"5","key":"2833_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1007\/s13042-022-01728-y","volume":"14","author":"Y Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun Y, Wu WZ, Wang X (2023) Maximal consistent block based optimal scale selection for incomplete multi-scale information systems. Int J Mach Learn Cybern 14(5):1797\u20131809","journal-title":"Int J Mach Learn Cybern"},{"key":"2833_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2024.121685","volume":"693","author":"Y Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang Y, Zhang Q, Zhao F, Cheng Y, Xie Q, Wang G (2025) Optimal scale combination selection based on genetic algorithm in generalized multi-scale decision systems for classification. Inf Sci 693:121685","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"issue":"17","key":"2833_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2007.02.041","volume":"177","author":"C Degang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Degang C, Changzhong W, Qinghua H (2007) A new approach to attribute reduction of consistent and inconsistent covering decision systems with covering rough sets. Inf Sci 177(17):3500\u20133518","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"key":"2833_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s13042-020-01169-5","volume":"12","author":"W Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li W, Li J, Huang J, Dai W, Zhang X (2021) A new rough set model based on multi-scale covering. Int J Mach Learn Cybern 12:243\u2013256","journal-title":"Int J Mach Learn Cybern"},{"key":"2833_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2019.09.010","volume":"115","author":"Z Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang Z, Li J, Dai W, Lin R (2019) Generalized multi-scale decision tables with multi-scale decision attributes. Int J Approx Reason 115:194\u2013208","journal-title":"Int J Approx Reason"},{"issue":"2","key":"2833_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asej.2020.11.011","volume":"12","author":"AIA Osman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Osman AIA, Ahmed AN, Chow MF, Huang YF, El-Shafie A (2021) Extreme gradient boosting (xgboost) model to predict the groundwater levels in Selangor Malaysia. Ain Shams Eng J 12(2):1545\u20131556","journal-title":"Ain Shams Eng J"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13042-025-02833-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13042-025-02833-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13042-025-02833-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T10:02:11Z","timestamp":1774519331000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13042-025-02833-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["2833"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13042-025-02833-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1868-8071","1868-808X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1868-8071","type":"print"},{"value":"1868-808X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no Conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"94"}}