{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T13:02:28Z","timestamp":1780664548946,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774051200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mach. Learn. & Cyber."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13042-026-03013-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T05:19:45Z","timestamp":1774070385000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Research on the construction method of industrial internet risk assessment indicator system based On LLMs"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ziyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingwen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"3013_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.7500\/AEPS20220324002","volume":"47","author":"J Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu J, Wu Y, Liao S (2023) Cyber-physical-social standardized information model and its application for renewable energy accommodation. Autom Electric Power Syst 47(3):104\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7500\/AEPS20220324002","journal-title":"Autom Electric Power Syst"},{"key":"3013_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2024.122818","volume":"360","author":"X Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li X (2024) Short-term risk-management for hydro-wind-solar hybrid energy system considering hydropower part-load operating characteristics. Appl Energy 360:122818","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"3013_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.129140","volume":"284","author":"Y Xiong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xiong Y (2023) Renewable energy time series regulation strategy considering grid flexible load and n-1 faults. Energy 284:129140","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"1","key":"3013_CR4","first-page":"83","volume":"51","author":"G Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang G, Wang Y, Luo J (2018) Electric CPS information network vulnerability and assessment method. Electric Power 51(1):83\u201389","journal-title":"Electric Power"},{"issue":"4","key":"3013_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2023.3297395","volume":"25","author":"H Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu H (2023) A survey on digital twin for industrial internet of things: applications, technologies and tools. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 25(4):2569\u20132598","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Surv Tutor"},{"issue":"4","key":"3013_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3390\/machines9040078","volume":"9","author":"M Kalinin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kalinin M, Krundyshev V, Zegzhda P (2021) Cybersecurity risk assessment in smart city infrastructures. Machines 9(4):78","journal-title":"Machines"},{"issue":"11s","key":"3013_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3510410","volume":"54","author":"H Kayan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kayan H (2022) Cybersecurity of industrial cyber-physical systems: a review. ACM Comput Surv 54(11s):1\u201335","journal-title":"ACM Comput Surv"},{"key":"3013_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2022.103611","volume":"137","author":"M Jbair","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jbair M (2022) Threat modelling for industrial cyber physical systems in the era of smart manufacturing. Comput Ind 137:103611","journal-title":"Comput Ind"},{"issue":"5","key":"3013_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3220","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2024.3357497","volume":"54","author":"H Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang H (2024) Event-trigger-based resilient distributed energy management against FDI and DoS attack of cyber-physical system of smart grid. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Syst 54(5):3220\u20133230","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Syst"},{"issue":"2","key":"3013_CR10","first-page":"97","volume":"40","author":"Y Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang Y, Lan S, Qin Z (2020) Coordinated cyber-physical attacks of cyber-physical power system. Electric Power Autom Equip 40(2):97\u2013103","journal-title":"Electric Power Autom Equip"},{"key":"3013_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2023.122052","volume":"353","author":"X Jing","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jing X (2024) Resilience-oriented planning strategy for the cyber-physical ADN under malicious attacks. Appl Energy 353:122052","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"issue":"3","key":"3013_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.7500\/AEPS20200505006","volume":"45","author":"L Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen L, Liu N (2021) False data injection attack and its detection method for interactive demand response. Autom Electric Power Syst 45(3):15\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7500\/AEPS20200505006","journal-title":"Autom Electric Power Syst"},{"key":"3013_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang Y, et al (2024) Security state assessment in cyber-physical systems post-DoS attack based on cyber layer partitioning. IEEE Trans Ind Inform","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2024.3495766"},{"issue":"8","key":"3013_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3671005","volume":"18","author":"J Yin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yin J (2024) A compact vulnerability knowledge graph for risk assessment. ACM Trans Knowl Discov Data 18(8):1\u201317","journal-title":"ACM Trans Knowl Discov Data"},{"issue":"21","key":"3013_CR15","first-page":"12","volume":"43","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Ni M, Sun Y (2019) Quantitative risk assessment of cyber-physical system for cyber-attacks in distribution network. Autom Electric Power Syst 43(21):12\u20132233","journal-title":"Autom Electric Power Syst"},{"key":"3013_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCE.2020.3034066","author":"H Peng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peng H, Kan Z, Liu C (2020) Risk assessment of CPS composed of edge consumer electronics under intentional attack. IEEE Consumer Electrons Mag. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MCE.2020.3034066","journal-title":"IEEE Consumer Electrons Mag"},{"issue":"8","key":"3013_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.7500\/AEPS20220524004","volume":"47","author":"H Yin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yin H, Liu D, Chen G (2023) Coordinated cyber attack model and cross-space fault propagation mechanism for virtual power plant. Autom Electric Power Syst 47(8):34\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7500\/AEPS20220524004","journal-title":"Autom Electric Power Syst"},{"issue":"12","key":"3013_CR18","first-page":"10","volume":"52","author":"S Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang S, He X, Fang X (2019) Dynamic risk assessment system for power system based on multi-source information of the ubiquitous power internet of things. Electric Power 52(12):10\u201319","journal-title":"Electric Power"},{"key":"3013_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi F, Zhang Y, Qu C (2024) Leveraging the power of large language models to drive progress in the manufacturing industry. In: Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, vol. 281, pp. 125\u2013133","DOI":"10.2991\/978-94-6463-408-2_15"},{"key":"3013_CR20","unstructured":"Huang Y, Du H, Zhang X, et al. (2023) Large language models for networking: applications, enabling techniques, and challenges"},{"key":"3013_CR21","unstructured":"Wang H, Li Y, Xie M (2023) Empowering ChatGPT-like large-scale language models with local knowledge base for industrial prognostics and health management"},{"key":"3013_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2022.103614","volume":"137","author":"A Corallo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Corallo A, Lazoi M, Lezzi M (2022) Cybersecurity awareness in the context of the industrial internet of things: A systematic literature review. Comput Ind 137:103614","journal-title":"Comput Ind"},{"key":"3013_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang H, Li Y (2023) Large language model empowered by domain-specific knowledge base for industrial equipment operation and maintenance. In: 2023 5th International Conference on System Reliability and Safety Engineering (SRSE), pp. 474\u2013479","DOI":"10.1109\/SRSE59585.2023.10336112"},{"key":"3013_CR24","unstructured":"Wang W, Su J, Pan J, et al. (2022) Research and prospect of communication network architecture and key technologies of virtual power plant. Automation of Electric Power Systems. [Online]. Available: http:\/\/www.aeps-info.com. Accessed 2022-09-13"},{"issue":"1","key":"3013_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4645","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2024.3356195","volume":"70","author":"M Shahid","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shahid M (2024) Link-quality-based energy-efficient routing protocol for wsn in iot. IEEE Trans Consum Electron 70(1):4645\u20134653","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Consum Electron"},{"key":"3013_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.122873","volume":"244","author":"S Kaviarasan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kaviarasan S, Srinivasan R (2024) Developing a novel energy efficient routing protocol in wsn using adaptive remora optimization algorithm. Expert Syst Appl 244:122873","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"issue":"3","key":"3013_CR27","first-page":"126","volume":"29","author":"J Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang J (2022) Power system distribution automation and its troubleshooting. Technol Market 29(3):126\u2013127","journal-title":"Technol Market"},{"issue":"7","key":"3013_CR28","first-page":"42","volume":"43","author":"Y Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen Y, Wei Z, Xu Z (2019) Optimal scheduling strategy of multiple virtual power plants under electricity market reform. Autom Electric Power Syst 43(7):42\u201349165","journal-title":"Autom Electric Power Syst"},{"issue":"3","key":"3013_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1007\/s42524-024-4013-y","volume":"11","author":"T Fu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fu T, Liu S, Li P (2024) Intelligent smelting process, management system: efficient and intelligent management strategy by incorporating large language model. Front Eng Manag 11(3):396\u2013412","journal-title":"Front Eng Manag"},{"issue":"18","key":"3013_CR30","first-page":"74","volume":"46","author":"W Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang W, Liu H, Ji Y (2022) Unified modeling for adjustable space of virtual power plant and its optimal operation strategy for participating in peak-shaving market. Autom Electric Power Syst 46(18):74\u201382","journal-title":"Autom Electric Power Syst"},{"key":"3013_CR31","volume-title":"Approaching virtual power plant","author":"P Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang P, Wang D (2020) Approaching virtual power plant. China Machine Press, Beijing"},{"issue":"21","key":"3013_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.7500\/AEPS201212085","volume":"37","author":"X Yang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yang X, Li H, Yin Z (2013) Energy efficiency index system for distribution network based on analytic hierarchy process. Autom Electric Power Syst 37(21):146\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7500\/AEPS201212085","journal-title":"Autom Electric Power Syst"},{"key":"3013_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sasaki T, et al. (2024) Who left the door open? Investigating the causes of exposed iot devices in an academic network. In: 2024 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/SP54263.2024.00117"},{"key":"3013_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damilos S, Saliakas S, Karasavvas D (2024) An overview of tools and challenges for safety evaluation and exposure assessment in industry 4.0. Appl Sci 14(10): 4207","DOI":"10.3390\/app14104207"},{"issue":"7","key":"3013_CR35","first-page":"4439","volume":"9","author":"R Vallabhaneni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vallabhaneni R (2024) Effects of data breaches on internet of things (iot) devices within the proliferation of daily-life integrated devices. Eng Technol J 9(7):4439\u20134442","journal-title":"Eng Technol J"},{"issue":"8","key":"3013_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.7500\/AEPS20220627002","volume":"47","author":"J Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou J, Zhang X, Shao L (2023) Challenges and prospects of cyber security protection for new power system. Autom Electric Power Syst 47(8):15\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7500\/AEPS20220627002","journal-title":"Autom Electric Power Syst"},{"issue":"2","key":"3013_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.13336\/j.1003-6520.hve.20210150","volume":"48","author":"S Su","year":"2022","unstructured":"Su S, Wang G, Liu L (2022) Review on security of power internet of things terminals. High Volt Eng 48(2):513\u2013525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13336\/j.1003-6520.hve.20210150","journal-title":"High Volt Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"3013_CR38","first-page":"3","volume":"52","author":"D Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu D, Fan Q, You H (2020) Research status and trends of virtual power plants under electrical internet of things. Adv Eng Sci 52(4):3\u201312","journal-title":"Adv Eng Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"3013_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.19585\/j.zjdl.202206002","volume":"41","author":"P Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li P, Jiang Z, Deng Y (2022) A review of participating in power market and dispatch control technology. Zhejiang Electric Power 41(6):8\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19585\/j.zjdl.202206002","journal-title":"Zhejiang Electric Power"},{"key":"3013_CR40","volume-title":"Modern comprehensive evaluation method and case selection","author":"D Du","year":"2008","unstructured":"Du D, Pang Q, Wu Y (2008) Modern comprehensive evaluation method and case selection, 2nd edn. Tsinghua University Press, Beijing","edition":"2"},{"key":"3013_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fakih M, Dharmaji R, Moghaddas Y, Quiros G, Ogundare O, Al\u00a0Faruque MA (2024) LLM4PLC: harnessing large language models for verifiable programming of plcs in industrial control systems. In: Proceedings of the 46th International Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering in Practice, pp. 192\u2013203","DOI":"10.1145\/3639477.3639743"},{"issue":"2","key":"3013_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-023-02294-y","volume":"36","author":"H Fan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fan H, Liu X, Fuh JYH, Lu W, Li B (2025) Embodied intelligence in manufacturing: leveraging large language models for autonomous industrial robotics. J Intell Manuf 36(2):1141\u20131157","journal-title":"J Intell Manuf"},{"key":"3013_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boateng GO, Sami H, Alagha A, Elmekki H, Hammoud A, Mizouni R, Guizani M (2025) A survey on large language models for communication, network, and service management: application insights, challenges, and future directions. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2025.3564333"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13042-026-03013-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13042-026-03013-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13042-026-03013-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T12:07:17Z","timestamp":1780661237000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13042-026-03013-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["3013"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13042-026-03013-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1868-8071","1868-808X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1868-8071","type":"print"},{"value":"1868-808X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no Conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"215"}}