{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T07:49:09Z","timestamp":1774079349136,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774051200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Caiyun Postdoctoral Program Innovation Project \u2019Research on Key Technologies and Applications of Intelligent Evaluation of Chinese Rhetoric Ability\u2019"},{"name":"Project of the Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["4254096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4254096"]}]},{"name":"the Research Project of National Language Commission","award":["ZDA145-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDA145-12"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mach. Learn. & Cyber."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13042-026-03044-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T05:18:51Z","timestamp":1774070331000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Automatic Chinese rhetorical figure identification: a character-level multi-dimensional feature collaboration mechanism"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Kai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Su","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Juxiang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zhengtao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jianshe","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fuji","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"3044_CR1","volume-title":"Modern Chinese rhetoric, revised","author":"L Wu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wu L (2012) Modern Chinese rhetoric, revised. Fudan University Press, Shanghai"},{"key":"3044_CR2","first-page":"81","volume":"2","author":"K Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang K, Lv X (2025) Automatic recognition method for personification in compositions based on cognitive framework and multidimensional fusion. Data Anal Knowl Discov 2:81\u201393","journal-title":"Data Anal Knowl Discov"},{"key":"3044_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00653.x","volume":"3","author":"RM Roberts","year":"1994","unstructured":"Roberts RM, Kreuz RJ (1994) Why do people use figurative language? Psychol Sci 3:159\u2013163","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"3044_CR4","unstructured":"Zhu\u00a0D, Zhan\u00a0Q, Zhou\u00a0Z et al (2022). ConFiguRe: exploring discourse-level Chinese figures of speech. In: Proceedings of the 29th international conference on computational linguistics, pp. 3374\u20133385"},{"key":"3044_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen\u00a0XZH, Li D et al (2021). Jointly identifying rhetoric and implicit emotions via multi-task learning. In: Proceedings of the association for computational linguistics: ACL-IJCNLP, pp. 1429\u20131434","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.findings-acl.123"},{"key":"3044_CR6","unstructured":"Chun Z, Hong Z et al (2025). Adversarial topic-aware prompt-tuning for cross-topic automated essay scoring. AarXiv preprint, 2025. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2508.05987v1"},{"key":"3044_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2022.3144993","volume":"45","author":"H Peng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peng H, Zhang R, Li S, Cao Y, Pan S et al (2022) Reinforced, incremental and cross-lingual event detection from social messages. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 45:980\u2013998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"3044_CR8","first-page":"24","volume":"3","author":"X Cui","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cui X, Zhao X (2024) Rhetoric studies in the context of AI large language models. Contemp Rhetor 3:24\u201336","journal-title":"Contemp Rhetor"},{"key":"3044_CR9","unstructured":"Devlin J, Chang M, Lee K et al (2019). BERT: pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. In: Proceedings of the 2019 conference of the North American chapter of the association for computational linguistics: human language technologies, Stroudsburg. ACL,\u00a0PA. pp. 4171\u20134186"},{"key":"3044_CR10","unstructured":"Radford A, Narasimhan K et al (2018). Improving language understanding by generative pre-training. Preprint at https:\/\/cdn.openai.com\/research-covers\/language-unsupervised\/language_understanding_paper.pdf"},{"key":"3044_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Do DEL, Gurevych I (2016). Token-level metaphor detection using neural networks. In: Proceedings of the fourth workshop on meta\u2013phor in NLP, pp. 28\u201333\u00a0","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W16-1104"},{"key":"3044_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marek R, Luana B et al (2017). Grasping the finer point: a supervised similarity network for metaphor detection. EMNLP 2017, pp. 1537\u20131546\u00a0","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D17-1162"},{"key":"3044_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun S, Xie Z (2017). Bilstm-based models for metaphor detection. In: National CCF conference on natural language processing and Chinese computing. pp. 431\u2013442","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-73618-1_36"},{"issue":"04","key":"3044_CR14","first-page":"100","volume":"4","author":"D Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang D, Cui Z, Li Y (2020) Noun metaphor recognition based on transformer and BERT. Data Anal Knowl Discov 4(04):100\u2013108","journal-title":"Data Anal Knowl Discov"},{"issue":"01","key":"3044_CR15","first-page":"1","volume":"60","author":"H Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang H, Liu X, Liu X (2022) Knowledge-enhanced graph encoding method for textual metaphor recognition. J Comput Res Dev 60(01):1\u201314","journal-title":"J Comput Res Dev"},{"issue":"06","key":"3044_CR16","first-page":"192","volume":"32","author":"K Su","year":"2022","unstructured":"Su K, Zhang K, Lv X (2022) Noun metaphor recognition based on fusion model. Comput Technol Dev 32(06):192\u2013197","journal-title":"Comput Technol Dev"},{"key":"3044_CR17","volume-title":"A study on the method of recognizing simile and personification in appreciation questions for the college entrance examination","author":"L Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao L (2020) A study on the method of recognizing simile and personification in appreciation questions for the college entrance examination. Shanxi University, Shanxi"},{"issue":"04","key":"3044_CR18","first-page":"146","volume":"37","author":"X Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen X, Li Y, Wang S (2023) Metaphor emotion recognition method integrating lexical contexts. J Chin Inf Process 37(04):146\u2013155","journal-title":"J Chin Inf Process"},{"issue":"03","key":"3044_CR19","first-page":"576","volume":"45","author":"C Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang C, Han Y, Gui Q (2024) Metaphor recognition and sentiment classification model integrating roberta-gcn-attention. J Chin Mini-Micro Comput Syst 45(03):576\u2013583","journal-title":"J Chin Mini-Micro Comput Syst"},{"key":"3044_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai YG, Song W et al (2018). Recognition of parallelism sentence based on recurrent neural network. In: 2018 IEEE 9th international conference on software engineering and service science(ICSESS), pp. 148\u2013151","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSESS.2018.8663734"},{"issue":"02","key":"3044_CR21","first-page":"139","volume":"32","author":"W Mu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mu W, Liao J, Wang S (2018) Recognition and application of parallel sentences integrating cnn and structural similarity calculation. J Chin Inf Process 32(02):139\u2013146","journal-title":"J Chin Inf Process"},{"issue":"07","key":"3044_CR22","first-page":"153","volume":"38","author":"X Zhu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhu X, Qiao Y (2021) Automatic recognition method for parallel sentences based on bert model. Comput Appl Softw 38(07):153\u2013158","journal-title":"Comput Appl Softw"},{"issue":"06","key":"3044_CR23","first-page":"22","volume":"39","author":"Y Lai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lai Y, Wang X, Hu W (2025) Methods for recognition and comprehension of chinese rhetorical structures based on prompt engineering. J Chin Inf Process 39(06):22\u201334","journal-title":"J Chin Inf Process"},{"key":"3044_CR24","first-page":"130","volume":"01","author":"Y Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li Y, Wang S, Yu D et al (2023) Construction of a feature system for mandarin text eloquence and research on its automatic evaluation. Appl Linguis 01:130\u2013144","journal-title":"Appl Linguis"},{"key":"3044_CR25","unstructured":"Burstein J, Kukich K, Wolff S et al (2001). Enriching automated essay scoring using discourse marking."},{"key":"3044_CR26","volume-title":"Research on automatic evaluation of rhetoric in elementary school essays","author":"Q Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Q (2020) Research on automatic evaluation of rhetoric in elementary school essays. Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing"},{"key":"3044_CR27","volume-title":"Research on rhetorical device recognition in elementary school essays based on deep learning","author":"X Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu X (2021) Research on rhetorical device recognition in elementary school essays based on deep learning. Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing"},{"issue":"11","key":"3044_CR28","first-page":"67","volume":"26","author":"Z Bai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bai Z, Huang X, Wang R (2016) Chinese verb metaphor identification based on topic models. Comput Technol Dev 26(11):67\u201371","journal-title":"Comput Technol Dev"},{"issue":"02","key":"3044_CR29","first-page":"23","volume":"46","author":"K Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang K (2024) Computation of core elements of Chinese rhetorical ability and construction of intelligent evaluation standards: based on rhetorical corpus in primary and secondary school Chinese textbooks. J Kunming Univ 46(02):23\u201334","journal-title":"J Kunming Univ"},{"key":"3044_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu N, Chen X, Wu H et al (2024). CERD: a comprehensive chinese rhetoric dataset for rhetorical understanding and generation in essays. arXiv, 2024. 10.48550\/arXiv. 2409.19691\u00a0","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-emnlp.395"},{"key":"3044_CR31","unstructured":"Song\u00a0J, Zan H, Zhang\u00a0K (2024). Essay rhetoric recognition and understanding using synthetic data and model ensemble enhanced large language models. In: Proceedings of the 23rd Chinese National conference on computational linguistics, pp. 223\u2013231"},{"key":"3044_CR32","unstructured":"Zhao\u00a0Z, Wallace\u00a0E, Feng\u00a0S et al (2021). Calibrate before use: improving few-shot performance of language models. In: Proceedings of the international conference on machine learning. PMLR, pp. 12697\u201312706"},{"key":"3044_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu\u00a0Y, Bartolo\u00a0M, Moore A et al (2022). Fantastically ordered prompts and where to find them: overcoming few-shot prompt order sensitivity. In: Proceedings of the 60th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics, pp. 8086\u20138098","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-long.556"},{"key":"3044_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang\u00a0C, Wang\u00a0Z, Wu\u00a0Y (2024). SCOI: syntax-augmented coverage-based in-context example selection for machine translation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2408.04872","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.emnlp-main.555"},{"key":"3044_CR35","first-page":"43","volume":"01","author":"C Duan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Duan C (2007) Chinese phonetic rhetoric: selection, combination, and imitation. Rhetor Learn 01:43\u201346","journal-title":"Rhetor Learn"},{"key":"3044_CR36","first-page":"50","volume":"08","author":"G Zhou","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zhou G (2004) A brief discussion on Chinese phonetic rhetoric. J Guangzhou Univ(Soc Sci Edition) 08:50\u20135694","journal-title":"J Guangzhou Univ(Soc Sci Edition)"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13042-026-03044-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13042-026-03044-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13042-026-03044-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T05:19:01Z","timestamp":1774070341000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13042-026-03044-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["3044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13042-026-03044-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1868-8071","1868-808X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1868-8071","type":"print"},{"value":"1868-808X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no Conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"209"}}