{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T02:02:43Z","timestamp":1760061763358,"version":"3.40.3"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,10]],"date-time":"2012-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1341878400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,10]],"date-time":"2012-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1341878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Braz Comput Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Considering learning and how to improve students\u2019 performances, adaptive educational systems must know the way in which an individual student learns best. In this context, this work presents a comparison between two innovative approaches to automatically detect and precisely adjust students\u2019 learning styles during an adaptive course. These approaches take into account the nondeterministic and nonstationary aspects of learning styles. They are based upon two stochastic techniques: Markov chains and genetic algorithms. We found that the genetic algorithm (GA) based approach detects learning styles earlier and consequently provides personalized content earlier, making the learning process easier. The Markov based approach produces more fine-tuned results, taking into account strengths of learning styles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13173-012-0078-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,9]],"date-time":"2012-07-09T11:43:00Z","timestamp":1341834180000},"page":"43-58","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Automatic student modeling in adaptive educational systems through probabilistic learning style combinations: a qualitative comparison between two innovative stochastic approaches"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Fabiano A.","family":"Dor\u00e7a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Luciano V.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcia A.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carlos R.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"78_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s11257-006-9012-7","volume":"16","author":"E Alfonseca","year":"2006","unstructured":"Alfonseca E, Carro R, Mart\u00edn E, Ortigosa A, Paredes P (2006) The impact of learning styles on student grouping for collaborative learning: a case study. User Model User-Adapted Interact (UMUAI) 16(3):377\u2013401","journal-title":"User Model User-Adapted Interact"},{"key":"78_CR2","unstructured":"Bloom B, Krathwohl D (1956) Taxonomy of educational objectives: the classification of educational goals. In: Handbook I: cognitive domain. Addison Wesley Publishing Company, New York, pp 64\u201381"},{"key":"78_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bostrom L (2011) Students\u2019 learning styles compared with their teachers\u2019 learning styles in secondary schools. Inst Learn Styles J 1 (2011)","DOI":"10.3402\/edui.v2i3.21995"},{"issue":"4","key":"78_CR4","first-page":"322","volume":"12","author":"S Botsios","year":"2008","unstructured":"Botsios S, Georgiou D, Safouris N (2008) Contributions to adaptive educational hypermedia systems via on-line learning style estimation. Educ Technol Soc 12(4):322\u2013339","journal-title":"Educ Technol Soc"},{"key":"78_CR5","unstructured":"Bravo J, Ortigosa A (2006) Validating the evaluation of adaptive systems by user profile simulation. In: Proceedings of workshop held at the fourth international conference on adaptive hypermedia and adaptive web-based systems (AH2006), pp 479\u2013483"},{"key":"78_CR6","volume-title":"The Myers\u2013Briggs type indicator","author":"I Briggs-Myers","year":"1957","unstructured":"Briggs-Myers I (1957) The Myers\u2013Briggs type indicator. Educational Testing Service, Princeton"},{"key":"78_CR7","unstructured":"Brusilovsky P (2001) Adaptive educational hypermedia. In: International PEG conference. Citeseer, pp 8\u201312"},{"key":"78_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabada R, Estrada M, Garcia C (2009) A fuzzy-neural network for classifying learning styles in a web 2.0 and mobile learning environment. In: Web Congress, 2009. LE-WEB\u201909. Latin American. IEEE, pp 177\u2013182","DOI":"10.1109\/LA-WEB.2009.18"},{"key":"78_CR9","unstructured":"Carmona C, Castillo G, Mill\u00e1n E (2007) Discovering student preferences in E-learning. In: Proceedings of the international workshop on applying data mining in, e-learning"},{"key":"78_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carmona C, Castillo G et al (2008) Designing a dynamic Bayesian network for modeling students learning styles. In: Eighth IEEE international conference on advanced learning technologies. IEEE, pp 346\u2013350","DOI":"10.1109\/ICALT.2008.116"},{"key":"78_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castillo G, Gama J, Breda A (2005) An adaptive predictive model for student modeling. In: Advances in web-based education: personalized learning, environments. Information Science Publishing, Hershey, pp 70\u201392","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-59140-690-7.ch004"},{"key":"78_CR12","unstructured":"Chipperfield A, Fleming P, Pohlheim H, Fonseca C (1994) Genetic algorithm toolbox for use with matlab. Department of Computer Science, University of Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany"},{"key":"78_CR13","unstructured":"Coffield F, Moseley D, Hall E, Ecclestone K (2009) Learning styles and pedagogy in post-16 learning: a systematic and critical review. National Centre for Vocational Education Research (NCVER), Berkeley"},{"key":"78_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Bra P, Smits D, Stash N (2006) Creating and delivering adaptive courses with AHA! In: Innovative approaches for learning and knowledge sharing, pp 21\u201333","DOI":"10.1007\/11876663_4"},{"key":"78_CR15","unstructured":"Dor\u00e7a F, Lopes C, Fernandes M (2003) A multiagent architecture for distance education systems. In: Advanced learning technologies, 2003. Proceedings. The 3rd IEEE international conference. IEEE, pp 368\u2013369"},{"key":"78_CR16","unstructured":"Dor\u00e7a F, Lopes C, Fernandes M, Lopes R (2009) Adaptativity supported by neural networks in web-based educational systems. J Educ Inform Cybern (JEIC) 1"},{"key":"78_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eiben A, Smith J (2003) Introduction to evolutionary computing. Springer, Berlin","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-05094-1"},{"key":"78_CR18","unstructured":"Entwistle N (2981) Styles of learning and teaching. Wiley, Chichester"},{"issue":"7","key":"78_CR19","first-page":"674","volume":"78","author":"R Felder","year":"1988","unstructured":"Felder R, Silverman L (1988) Learning and teaching styles in engineering education. Eng Educ 78(7):674\u2013681","journal-title":"Eng Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"78_CR20","first-page":"103","volume":"21","author":"R Felder","year":"2005","unstructured":"Felder R, Spurlin J (2005) Applications, reliability and validity of the index of learning styles. Int J Eng Educ 21(1):103\u2013112","journal-title":"Int J Eng Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"78_CR21","first-page":"15","volume":"12","author":"AL Franzoni","year":"2009","unstructured":"Franzoni AL, Assar S (2009) Student learning styles adaptation method based on teaching strategies and electronic media. Educ Technol Soc 12(4):15\u201329","journal-title":"Educ Technol Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"78_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2005.11.017","volume":"49","author":"P Garc\u00eda","year":"2007","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda P, Amandi A, Schiaffino S, Campo M (2007) Evaluating Bayesian networks\u2019 precision for detecting students\u2019 learning styles. Comput Educ 49(3):794\u2013808","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"key":"78_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goguadze G, Sosnovsky S, Isotani S, McLaren B (2011) Evaluating a Bayesian student model of decimal misconceptions. In: Proceedings of the 4th international conference on educational data mining","DOI":"10.58459\/icce.2011.1372"},{"key":"78_CR24","unstructured":"Goldberg D (1989) Genetic algorithms in search, optimization, and machine learning. Addison-wesley, Boston (1989)"},{"key":"78_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graf S, Kinshuk K (2009) Advanced adaptivity in learning management systems by considering learning styles. In: Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE\/WIC\/ACM international joint conference on web intelligence and intelligent agent technology, vol 03. IEEE Computer Society, pp 235\u2013238","DOI":"10.1109\/WI-IAT.2009.271"},{"key":"78_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graf S, Kinshuk C (2010) A flexible mechanism for providing adaptivity based on learning styles in learning management systems. In: 2010 10th IEEE international conference on advanced learning technologies. IEEE, pp 30\u201334","DOI":"10.1109\/ICALT.2010.16"},{"key":"78_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graf S, Kinshuk K (2010) Using cognitive traits for improving the detection of learning styles. In: Database and expert systems applications (DEXA), 2010 workshop. IEEE, pp 74\u201378","DOI":"10.1109\/DEXA.2010.35"},{"key":"78_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graf S, Lan C, Liu T et al (2009) Investigations about the effects and effectiveness of adaptivity for students with different learning styles. In: 2009 ninth IEEE international conference on advanced learning technologies. IEEE, pp 415\u2013419","DOI":"10.1109\/ICALT.2009.135"},{"key":"78_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graf S, Lin T (2007) Analysing the relationship between learning styles and cognitive traits. In: Advanced learning technologies, 2007. ICALT 2007. Seventh IEEE international conference. IEEE, pp 235\u2013239","DOI":"10.1109\/ICALT.2007.66"},{"key":"78_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graf S, Liu T (2008) Identifying learning styles in learning management systems by using indications from students\u2019 behaviour. In: Advanced learning technologies, 2008. ICALT\u201908. Eighth IEEE international conference. IEEE, pp 482\u2013486","DOI":"10.1109\/ICALT.2008.84"},{"key":"78_CR31","unstructured":"Graf S, Liu TC, Kinshuk K (2008) Interactions between students learning styles, achievement and behaviour in mismatched courses. In: Proceedings of the international conference on cognition and exploratory learning in digital age (CELDA 2008). IADIS International Conference, pp 223\u2013230"},{"issue":"7","key":"78_CR32","first-page":"2813","volume":"2","author":"M Haider","year":"2010","unstructured":"Haider M, Sinha A, Chaudhary B (2010) An Investigation of relationship between learning styles and performance of learners. Int J Eng Sci Technol 2(7):2813\u20132819","journal-title":"Int J Eng Sci Technol"},{"key":"78_CR33","unstructured":"Honey P, Mumford A (1992) The manual of learning styles"},{"key":"78_CR34","unstructured":"IEEE: LOM (Learning Object Metadata) (2010) IEEE Learning Technology Standards Committee. http:\/\/ltsc.ieee.org\/wg12\/index.html"},{"issue":"5","key":"78_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1080\/713838162","volume":"27","author":"C Jones","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jones C, Reichard C, Mokhtari K (2003) Are students learning styles discipline specific? Commun Coll J Res Pract 27(5):363\u2013375","journal-title":"Commun Coll J Res Pract"},{"key":"78_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaelbling L, Littman M, Moore A (1996) Reinforcement learning: a survey. Arxiv, preprint cs\/9605103 (1996)","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.301"},{"key":"78_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelly D, Tangney B (2005) \u2019First Aid for You\u2019: getting to know your learning style using machine learning. In: Advanced learning technologies, 2005. ICALT 2005. Fifth IEEE international conference. IEEE, pp 1\u20133","DOI":"10.1109\/ICALT.2005.1"},{"issue":"6","key":"78_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-009-9116-y","volume":"57","author":"K Kinshuk","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kinshuk K, Liu T-C, Graf S (2009) Coping with mismatched courses: students\u2019 behaviour and performance in courses mismatched to their learning styles. Educ Technol Res Develop 57(6):739\u2013752","journal-title":"Educ Technol Res Develop"},{"key":"78_CR39","volume-title":"Experiential learning: experience as the source of learning and development","author":"D Kolb","year":"1984","unstructured":"Kolb D (1984) Experiential learning: experience as the source of learning and development. Prentice-Hall, Englewood"},{"key":"78_CR40","unstructured":"Kuljis J, Liu F (2005) A comparison of learning style theories on the suitability for elearning. In: Proceedings of the IASTED conference on web technologies, applications, and services, pp 191\u2013197"},{"issue":"3","key":"78_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2009.25","volume":"2","author":"C Limongelli","year":"2009","unstructured":"Limongelli C, Sciarrone F, Temperini M, Vaste G (2009) Adaptive learning with the LS-plan system: a field evaluation. IEEE Trans Learn Technol 2(3):203\u2013215","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Learn Technol"},{"key":"78_CR42","unstructured":"Lopes R, Dor\u00e7a F, Fernandes M, Lopes C (2008) Um sistema de avalia\u00e7\u00e3o em EAD baseado em l\u00f3gica Fuzzy. In: Simp\u00f3sio Brasileiro de Inform\u00e1tica na Educa\u00e7\u00e3o. Brazilian Computer Society (SBC), pp 30\u201334"},{"issue":"1","key":"78_CR43","first-page":"194","volume":"11","author":"AC Martins","year":"2008","unstructured":"Martins AC, Faria L, Vaz de Carvalho C, Carrapatoso E (2008) User modeling in adaptive hypermedia educational systems. Educ Technol Soc 11(1), 194\u2013207 (2008)","journal-title":"Educ Technol Soc"},{"key":"78_CR44","unstructured":"Messick S (1976) Personal styles and educational options. In: Individuality in, learning. Jossey Bass, San Francisco, pp 327\u2013368"},{"key":"78_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyn S, Tweedie R, Glynn P (2009) Markov chains and stochastic stability, vol 2. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511626630"},{"key":"78_CR46","unstructured":"Moodle (2010) http:\/\/www.moodle.org\/"},{"key":"78_CR47","unstructured":"Papoulis A, Pillai S, Unnikrishna S (2002) Probability, random variables, and stochastic processes, vol 73660116. McGraw-Hill, New York"},{"key":"78_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8279.1976.tb02305.x","volume":"46","author":"G Pask","year":"1976","unstructured":"Pask G (1976) Styles and strategies of learning. Br J Educ Psychol 46:128\u2013148","journal-title":"Br J Educ Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"78_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1080\/0144341042000262971","volume":"24","author":"L Price","year":"2004","unstructured":"Price L (2004) Individual differences in learning: Cognitive control, cognitive style, and learning style. Educ Psychol 24(5):681\u2013698","journal-title":"Educ Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"78_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/0144341930130304","volume":"13","author":"M Roberts","year":"1993","unstructured":"Roberts M, Erdos G (1993) Strategy selection and metacognition. Educ Psychol 13(3):259\u2013266","journal-title":"Educ Psychol"},{"key":"78_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shein P, Chiou W (2011) Teachers as role models for students\u2019 learning styles. In: Social behavior and personality, 2011 39(8), 1097\u20131104. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2224\/sbp","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.2011.39.8.1097"},{"key":"78_CR52","unstructured":"Thompson J (1996) Student modeling in an intelligent tutoring system. Phd thesis. Faculty of the Graduate School of Engineering of the Air Force Institute of Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"78_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1080\/713663743","volume":"20","author":"N Van Zwanenberg","year":"2000","unstructured":"Van Zwanenberg N, Wilkinson L, Anderson A (2000) Felder and silverman\u2019s index of learning styles and honey and mumford\u2019s learning styles questionnaire: how do they compare and do they predict academic performance? Educ Psychol 20(3):365\u2013380","journal-title":"Educ Psychol"},{"key":"78_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Virvou M, Troussas C (2011) Web-based student modeling for learning multiple languages. In: Information society (i-Society), 2011 international conference. Dept. of Inf., Univ. of Piraeus, Athens","DOI":"10.1109\/i-Society18435.2011.5978484"},{"issue":"1","key":"78_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820600733565","volume":"14","author":"V Yannibelli","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yannibelli V, Godoy D, Amandi A (2006) A genetic algorithm approach to recognize students\u2019 learning styles. Interact Learn Environ 14(1), 55\u201378. doi:10.1080\/10494820600733565","journal-title":"Interact Learn Environ"},{"key":"78_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zatarain R, Barr\u00f3n-Estrada L, Reyes-Garc\u00eda C, Reyes-Galaviz O (2011) Applying intelligent systems for modeling students\u2019 learning styles used for mobile and web-based systems. Studies in computational intelligence, vol 318. Springer, Berlin, pp 3\u201322","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-15534-5_1"},{"key":"78_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zatarain-Cabada R, Barr\u00f3n-Estrada M, Zepeda-S\u00e1nchez L, Sandoval G, Osorio-Velazquez J, Urias-Barrientos J (2009) A Kohonen network for modeling students\u2019 learning styles in web 2.0 collaborative learning systems. MICAI (2009) Advances in Artificial Intelligence, pp 512\u2013520","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-05258-3_45"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Brazilian Computer Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13173-012-0078-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13173-012-0078-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13173-012-0078-2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13173-012-0078-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T17:01:37Z","timestamp":1743699697000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journal-bcs.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1007\/s13173-012-0078-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,10]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]}},"alternative-id":["78"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13173-012-0078-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0104-6500","1678-4804"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0104-6500"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1678-4804"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 December 2011","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 May 2012","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 July 2012","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}