{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:43:21Z","timestamp":1767339801047},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,11]],"date-time":"2012-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1347321600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,11]],"date-time":"2012-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1347321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Braz Comput Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Deaf people have serious difficulties accessing information. The support for sign language (their primary means of communication) is rarely addressed in information and communication technologies. Furthermore, there is a lack of works related to machine translation for sign language in real-time and open-domain scenarios, such as TV. To minimize these problems, in this paper, we propose an architecture for machine translation to Brazilian sign language (LIBRAS) and its integration, implementation and evaluation for digital TV systems, a real-time and open-domain scenario. The system, called LibrasTV, allows the LIBRAS windows to be generated and displayed automatically from a closed caption input stream in Brazilian Portuguese. LibrasTV also uses some strategies, such as low time consuming, text-to-gloss machine translation and LIBRAS dictionaries to minimize the computational resources needed to generate the LIBRAS windows in real-time. As a case study, we implemented a prototype of LibrasTV for the Brazilian digital TV system and performed some tests with Brazilian deaf users to evaluate it. Our preliminary evaluation indicated that the proposal is efficient, as long as its delays and bandwidth are low. In addition, as previously mentioned in the literature, avatar-based approaches are not the first choice for the majority of deaf users, who prefer human translation. However, when human interpreters are not available, our proposal is presented as a practical and feasible alternative to fill this gap.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13173-012-0086-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,10]],"date-time":"2012-09-10T08:47:49Z","timestamp":1347266869000},"page":"107-125","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Automatic generation of Brazilian sign language windows for digital TV systems"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Tiago Maritan Ugulino","family":"de Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Felipe Lacet Silva","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Danilo Assis Nobre","family":"dos Santos Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Felipe Herm\u00ednio","family":"Lemos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gutenberg Pessoa","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Derzu","family":"Omaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Guido Lemos","family":"de Souza Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tatiana Aires","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"86_CR1","unstructured":"ABNT NBR 15606-1 Specification (2007) Televis\u00e3o digital terrestre\u2014codifica\u00e7\u00e3o de dados e especifica\u00e7\u00f5es de transmiss\u00e3o para radiodifus\u00e3o digital\u2014parte 1: codifica\u00e7\u00e3o de dados (Terrestrial digital television\u2014data coding and specifications of transmission for digital broadcasting. Part 1: data coding)"},{"key":"86_CR2","unstructured":"Amorim MLC, Assad R, L\u00f3scio BF, Ferraz FS, Meira S (2010) Ryben\u00e1TV: solu\u00e7\u00e3o para acessibilidade de surdos para TV Digital (Ryben\u00e1TV: solution to accessibility for deaf in digital TV). In: Proceedings of the XVI Brazilian symposium on multimedia and the web, vol 1, pp 243\u2013248"},{"key":"86_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batista CECF, Araujo TMU et al (2007) TVGrid: a grid architecture to use the idle resources on a digital TV network. In: Proceedings of the 7th IEEE international symposium on cluster computing and the grid, vol 1, pp. 823\u2013828","DOI":"10.1109\/CCGRID.2007.117"},{"key":"86_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-28645-5_45","volume":"3171","author":"LV Batista","year":"2004","unstructured":"Batista LV, Meira MM (2004) Texture classification using the Lempel\u2013Ziv\u2013Welch algorithm. Lect Notes Comput Sci 3171: 444\u2013453","journal-title":"Lect Notes Comput Sci"},{"key":"86_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1109\/49.481691","volume":"14","author":"G Blakowiski","year":"1996","unstructured":"Blakowiski G, Steinmetz R (1996) A media synchronization survey: reference model, specification and case studies. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 14:5\u201335","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Areas Commun"},{"key":"86_CR6","first-page":"2673","volume":"7","author":"A Bratko","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bratko A et al (2006) Spam filtering using statistical data compression models. J Mach Learn Res 7:2673\u20132698","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"86_CR7","unstructured":"Brito LF (1995) Por uma gram\u00e1tica de l\u00edngua de sinais (For a sign language grammar). Editora Tempo Bras, Rio de Janeiro"},{"key":"86_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buttussi F, Chittaro L, Coppo M (2007) Using Web3D technologies for visualization and search of signs in an international sign language dictionary. In: Proceedings of the 12th international conference on 3D web technology, vol 1, pp 61\u201370","DOI":"10.1145\/1229390.1229401"},{"key":"86_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOM.1984.1096090","volume":"32","author":"JG Cleary","year":"1984","unstructured":"Cleary JG, Witten IH (1984) Data compression using adaptive coding and partial string matching. IEEE Trans Commun 32: 396\u2013402","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Commun"},{"key":"86_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cox S et al (2002) Tessa, a system to aid communication with deaf people. In: Proceedings of the 5th international ACM conference on assistive technologies, vol 1, pp 205\u2013212","DOI":"10.1145\/638249.638287"},{"key":"86_CR11","unstructured":"Dicion\u00e1rio Ilustrado de Libras do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo (LIBRAS Illustrated Dictionary of S\u00e3o Paulo) (2006) http:\/\/www.acessasp.sp.gov.br\/. Accessed 3 Nov 2011"},{"key":"86_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2458(08)60282-X","volume":"49","author":"BJ Dorr","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dorr BJ, Jordan PW, Benoit JW (2008) A survey of current paradigms in machine translation. Adv Comput 49:1\u201368","journal-title":"Adv Comput"},{"key":"86_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira FLS, Lemos FH, Araujo TMU (2011) Providing support for sign languages in middlewares compliant with ITU J.202. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on multimedia, vol 1, pp 1\u20138","DOI":"10.1109\/ISM.2011.32"},{"key":"86_CR14","unstructured":"FGV\/ABERT (2012) Pesquisa sobre TV digital no Brasil (Research on Brazilian digital TV). http:\/\/www.abert.org.br\/site\/images\/stories\/pdf\/TV_Programacao.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2012"},{"key":"86_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freitas C, Rocha P, Bick E (2008) Floresta sint\u00e1(c)tica: bigger, thicker and easier. In: Texeira A, de Lima VLS, Oliveira LCO, Quaresma P (eds) Conf comput process port lang. Lect notes comput soc. Springer, Aveiro, pp 216\u2013219","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-85980-2_23"},{"key":"86_CR16","unstructured":"Fusco E (2004) X-LIBRAS: Um ambiente virtual para a l\u00edngua Brasileira de sinais (A virtual environment for Brazilian sign language). Dissertation, University of Eur\u00edpedes de Mar\u00edlia"},{"key":"86_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1109\/TLA.2009.5336641","volume":"7","author":"B Gallo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gallo B et al (2009) Speech into sign language statistical translation system for deaf people. IEEE Latin Am Trans 7:400\u2013404","journal-title":"IEEE Latin Am Trans"},{"key":"86_CR18","first-page":"201","volume-title":"Technology and the market: demand, users and innovation","author":"L Haddon","year":"2001","unstructured":"Haddon L, Paul G (2001) Design in the ICT industry: the role of users. In: Coombs R, Green K, Richards A, Walsh V (eds) Technology and the market: demand, users and innovation. Edward Elgar Publishing, London, pp 201\u2013215"},{"key":"86_CR19","unstructured":"ISO\/IEC 13818-6 TR (1996) Information technology\u2014generic coding of moving pictures and associated information: part 6: extension for digital storage media command and control"},{"key":"86_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaneko H, Hamaguchi N, Doke M, Inoue S (2010) Sign language animation using TVML. In: Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGGRAPH conference on virtual-reality continuum and its applications in industry (VRCAI \u201910), vol 1, pp 289\u2013292","DOI":"10.1145\/1900179.1900240"},{"key":"86_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1145\/1279700.1279705","volume":"14","author":"JR Kennaway","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kennaway JR, Glauert RW, Zwitserlood I (2007) Providing signed content on the Internet by synthesized animation. ACM Trans Comput Hum Interact 14:15\u201329","journal-title":"ACM Trans Comput Hum Interact"},{"key":"86_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kipp M et al (2011) Assessing the deaf user perspective on sign language avatars. In: Proceedings of the 13th international ACM conference on assistive technologies, vol 1, pp 1\u20138","DOI":"10.1145\/2049536.2049557"},{"key":"86_CR23","first-page":"3","volume":"5","author":"DG Lee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lee DG, Fels DI, Udo JP (2007) Emotive captioning. Comput Entertain 5:3\u201315","journal-title":"Comput Entertain"},{"key":"86_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee S, Henderson V et al (2005) A gesture based American sign language game for deaf children. In: Proceedings of the conference on human factors in computing systems (CHI 2005), vol 1, pp 1589\u20131592","DOI":"10.1145\/1056808.1056973"},{"key":"86_CR25","unstructured":"Libras (2008) Libras\u2014Dicion\u00e1rio da l\u00edngua brasileira de sinais (Libras\u2014Brazilian Sign Language Dictionary). http:\/\/www.acessobrasil.org.br\/libras. Accessed 10 Jan 2010"},{"key":"86_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1380584.1380586","volume":"40","author":"A Lopez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lopez A (2008) Statistical machine translation. ACM Comput Surv 40:1\u201349","journal-title":"ACM Comput Surv"},{"key":"86_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahoui M, Teahan WJ, Sekhar WJT, Chilukuri S (2008) Identification of gene function using prediction by partial matching (PPM) language models. In: Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on information and knowledge management, vol 1, pp 779\u2013786","DOI":"10.1145\/1458082.1458186"},{"key":"86_CR28","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"TFL Medeiros","year":"2011","unstructured":"Medeiros TFL, Cavalvanti AB et al (2011) Heart arrhythmia classification using the PPM algorithm. Proc Biosignals Biorobotics Conf 1:1\u20135","journal-title":"Proc Biosignals Biorobotics Conf"},{"key":"86_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1109\/26.61469","volume":"38","author":"A Moffat","year":"1990","unstructured":"Moffat A (1990) Implementing the PPM data compression scheme. IEEE Trans Commun 38:1917\u20131921","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Commun"},{"key":"86_CR30","volume-title":"Interactive TV standards: a guide to MHP, OCAP and Java TV","author":"S Morris","year":"2005","unstructured":"Morris S, Smith-Chaigneau A (2005) Interactive TV standards: a guide to MHP, OCAP and Java TV. Elsevier\/Focal Press, Amsterdam"},{"key":"86_CR31","unstructured":"Morrissey S (2008) Data-driven machine translation for sign languages. PhD thesis, Dublin City University"},{"key":"86_CR32","first-page":"65","volume":"8","author":"A Othman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Othman A, Jemni M (2011) Statistical sign language machine translation: from English written text to American sign language gloss. Int J Comput Sci Issues 8:65\u201373","journal-title":"Int J Comput Sci Issues"},{"key":"86_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papineni K, Roukos S, Ward T, Zhu W (2001) BLEU: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation. In: Proceedings of the 40th annual meeting on association for computational linguistics, vol 1, pp 311\u2013318","DOI":"10.3115\/1073083.1073135"},{"key":"86_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2008.02.001","volume":"50","author":"R San-Segundo","year":"2008","unstructured":"San-Segundo R et al (2008) Speech to sign language translation system for spanish. Speech Commun 50:1009\u20131020","journal-title":"Speech Commun"},{"key":"86_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"San-Segundo R et al (2011) Development and field evaluation of a Spanish into sign language translation system. Pattern Anal Appl. doi:10.1007\/s10044-011-0243-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10044-011-0243-9"},{"key":"86_CR36","unstructured":"Santos GS, Silveira MS, Aluisio SM (2009) Produ\u00e7\u00e3o de textos paralelos em l\u00edngua portuguesa e uma interl\u00edngua de LIBRAS (Production of parallel texts in Portuguese and a LIBRAS interlanguage). In: Proc XXXVI semin integr softw hardw (SEMISH), vol 1, pp 371\u2013385"},{"key":"86_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-65002007000100006","volume":"12","author":"GL Sousa Filho","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sousa Filho GL, Leite LEC, Batista CECF (2007) Ginga-J: the procedural middleware for the Brazilian digital TV system. J Braz Comput Soc 12:47\u201356","journal-title":"J Braz Comput Soc"},{"key":"86_CR38","unstructured":"Souza VC, Vieira R (2006) Uma proposta para tradu\u00e7\u00e3o autom\u00e1tica entre Libras e portugu\u00eas no sign webmessage (An proposal for automatic translation from Libras to portuguese in Sign Webmessage). In: Proceedings of the 19th Brazilian symposium on artificial intelligence, vol 1, pp 1\u201310"},{"key":"86_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1109\/34.735811","volume":"20","author":"T Starner","year":"1998","unstructured":"Starner T, Pentland A, Weaver J (1998) Real-time American sign language recognition using desk and wearable computer based video. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 20:1371\u20131375","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"86_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.an.09.100180.002053","volume":"9","author":"WC Stokoe","year":"1980","unstructured":"Stokoe WC (1980) Sign language structure. Annu Rev Anthropol 9:365\u2013390","journal-title":"Annu Rev Anthropol"},{"key":"86_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1109\/TASL.2009.2016234","volume":"17","author":"HY Su","year":"2009","unstructured":"Su HY, Wu CH (2009) Improving structural statistical machine translation for sign language with small corpus using thematic role templates as translation memory. IEEE Trans Audio Speech Lang Process 17:1305\u20131315","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Audio Speech Lang Process"},{"key":"86_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008014420317","volume":"13","author":"T Veale","year":"1998","unstructured":"Veale T, Conway A, Collins B (1998) The challenges of cross-modal translation: English to sign language translation in the Zardoz system. Mach Transl 13:81\u2013106","journal-title":"Mach Transl"},{"key":"86_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2006.11.009","volume":"108","author":"Q Wang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wang Q, Chen X, Zhang LG, Wang C, Gao W (2007) Viewpoint invariant sign language recognition. J Comput Vis Image Underst 108:87\u201397","journal-title":"J Comput Vis Image Underst"},{"key":"86_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao L et al (2000) Machine translation system from English to American sign language. In: Proceedings of the fourth conference of the association for machine translation, vol 1, pp 293\u2013300","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-39965-8_6"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Brazilian Computer Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13173-012-0086-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13173-012-0086-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13173-012-0086-2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13173-012-0086-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T19:38:00Z","timestamp":1630525080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journal-bcs.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1007\/s13173-012-0086-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,11]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]}},"alternative-id":["86"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13173-012-0086-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0104-6500","1678-4804"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0104-6500","type":"print"},{"value":"1678-4804","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 August 2011","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 August 2012","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 September 2012","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}