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In particular, we will focus on how adaptation services can be used to improve dependability in instrumented cyber-physical systems based on the principles of \u201ccomputational reflection.\u201d CPS environments incorporate a variety of sensing and actuation devices in a distributed architecture; such a deployment is used to create a digital representation of the evolving physical world and its processes for use by a broad range of applications. CPS applications, in particular, mission critical tasks, must execute dependably despite disruptions caused by failures and limitations in sensing, communications, and computation. This paper discusses a range of applications, their reliability needs, and potential dependability holes that can cause performance degradation and application failures. In particular, we distinguish between the notion of infrastructure and information dependability and illustrate the need to formally model and reason about a range of CPS applications and their dependability needs. Formal methods based tools can help us design meaningful cross-layer adaptation techniques at different system layers of the CPS environment and thereby achieve end-to-end dependability at both the infrastructure and information levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13174-011-0057-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,27]],"date-time":"2012-01-27T11:25:22Z","timestamp":1327663522000},"page":"41-49","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Resilient dependable cyber-physical systems: a middleware perspective"],"prefix":"10.5753","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Grit","family":"Denker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikil","family":"Dutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharad","family":"Mehrotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark-Oliver","family":"Stehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Talcott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nalini","family":"Venkatasubramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3742","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"57_CR1","volume-title":"SAE 2011 world congress and exhibition","author":"SR Azimi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Azimi SR, Bhatia G, Rajkumar R et al. 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