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J. ITS Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>In the transportation sector, traffic participants communicate to ensure smooth traffic. Although research on automated driving has been remarkable in recent years, conventional communication methods, such as eye contact, cannot be used in automated vehicles because a person sitting in the driver\u2019s seat does not control the vehicles. Therefore, this study focuses on communication methods using an external human-machine interface (eHMI) to realize safe, secure, and comfortable transportation. We conducted an experimental study to determine how the posture of the person seated in the driver\u2019s seat of a vehicle traveling on the mainline affects the driving maneuvers and psychological aspects of a driver attempting to enter the mainline from the parking lot of an off-road facility. The results showed that when the person sitting in the driver\u2019s seat gazed at a smartphone, assuming the car was an automated vehicle, the driver\u2019s subjective evaluation of the driving operation and \u201csmoothness\u201d of merging onto the mainline showed a reaction of hesitation in merging. This suggests that a specific and clear presentation of information by the eHMI is necessary when providing information on \u201cintendment of give way.\u201d<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13177-024-00459-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T06:21:40Z","timestamp":1736835700000},"page":"432-440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Attitudes of Person at Driver\u2019s Seat of Level 3\u20134 Automated Vehicle Affect Human Driver Entering Roadway"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1046-2485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hidehiro","family":"Saeki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kazunori","family":"Shidoji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"459_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"SAE International: Taxonomy and definitions for terms related to driving automation systems for On-Road Motor vehicles (SAE Standard J3016_202104). 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