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The paper also explores platooning optimization on highways and near intersections, emphasizing the role of lane-changing models in maximizing capacity in mixed traffic. Additionally, real-time data integration and calibration in mixed-traffic connected environments are identified as crucial for future advancements. The study examines various optimization-based strategies, such as autonomous mobility on-demand services and dynamic lane reversal, and their implications for traffic flow and capacity. Finally, it highlights the transformative potential of artificial intelligence, including reinforcement learning and deep learning techniques, in optimizing CAV fleet and traffic management strategies. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive overview of current research and outlines critical directions for future advancements in CAV traffic and fleet management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13177-025-00536-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T09:59:00Z","timestamp":1755079140000},"page":"1668-1690","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Optimization-based Approaches for Traffic and Fleet Management of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles: A Systematic Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8304-5524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanouil","family":"Nisyrios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3009-1527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Gkiotsalitis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"536_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9457","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2016.2591558","volume":"65","author":"K Abboud","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abboud, K., Omar, H.A., Zhuang, W.: Interworking of DSRC and cellular network technologies for V2X communications: a survey. 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