{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T13:02:46Z","timestamp":1765803766612,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. ITS Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13177-025-00559-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T13:28:10Z","timestamp":1761658090000},"page":"2067-2082","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of Bikeability Assessment Models for Unsignalized Intersections: Artificial Intelligence Approaches"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2823-7942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sambit Kumar","family":"Beura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Prasanta Kumar","family":"Bhuyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"559_CR1","unstructured":"Davis, J.: Bicycle safety evaluation. Auburn University, City of Chattanooga and Chattanooga-Hamilton County Regional Planning Commission, TN (1997)"},{"key":"559_CR2","volume-title":"Highway Capacity Manual (HCM)","author":"TRB","year":"2000","unstructured":"TRB: Highway Capacity Manual (HCM). Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. (2000)"},{"key":"559_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3141\/1828-12","volume":"1828","author":"BW Landis","year":"2003","unstructured":"Landis, B.W., Vattikuti, V.R., Ottenberg, R.M., Petritsch, T.A., Guttenplan, M., Crider, L.B.: Intersection level of service for the bicycle through movement. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1828, 101\u2013106 (2003). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3141\/1828-12","journal-title":"Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board"},{"key":"559_CR4","volume-title":"Highway Capacity Manual (HCM)","author":"TRB","year":"2010","unstructured":"TRB: Highway Capacity Manual (HCM). Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. (2010)"},{"key":"559_CR5","volume-title":"Highway Capacity Manual (HCM)","author":"TRB","year":"2016","unstructured":"TRB: Highway Capacity Manual (HCM). Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. (2016)"},{"key":"559_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3141\/2031-03","volume":"2031","author":"DL Carter","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carter, D.L., Hunter, W.W., Zegeer, C.V., Stewart, J.R., Huang, H.: Bicyclist intersection safety index. Transp. Res. Rec. 2031, 18\u201324 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3141\/2031-03","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"559_CR7","unstructured":"Jensen, S.U.: Pedestrian and bicycle level of service at intersections, roundabouts and other crossings. Transportation Research Board\u2019s 92nd Annual Meeting, Washington (2023)"},{"key":"559_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dowling, R., Flannery, A., Landis, B., Petritsch, T., Rouphail, N., Ryus, P.: Multimodal level of service analysis for urban streets. Report 616, NCHRP, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington (2008)","DOI":"10.17226\/14175"},{"key":"559_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s13177-020-00244-z","volume":"19","author":"SK Beura","year":"2021","unstructured":"Beura, S.K., Srivastava, A., Bhuyan, P.K.: Unsignalized intersection level of service: A bicyclist\u2019s perspective. International Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems Research 19, 405\u2013416 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13177-020-00244-z","journal-title":"International Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems Research"},{"key":"559_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2020.100827","volume":"16","author":"SK Beura","year":"2020","unstructured":"Beura, S.K., Kumar, K.V., Suman, S., Bhuyan, P.K.: Service quality analysis of signalized intersections from the perspective of bicycling. J. Transp. Health 16, 100827 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jth.2020.100827","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"559_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/JTEPBS.TEENG-8604","volume":"151","author":"SK Beura","year":"2025","unstructured":"Beura, S.K., Rao, K.R.: Modeling delays at signalized intersections under mixed traffic conditions. J. Transp. Eng. Part. A: Syst. 151(7), 04025045 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/JTEPBS.TEENG-8604","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng. Part. A: Syst."},{"key":"559_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2025.04.023","volume":"86","author":"SK Beura","year":"2025","unstructured":"Beura, S.K., Rao, K.R.: Estimating vehicle delay at unsignalized intersections with Gene-Expression programming. Transp. Res. Procedia. 86, 175\u2013182 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trpro.2025.04.023","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Procedia."},{"key":"559_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2024.104695","volume":"165","author":"T Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, T., Meidani, H.: End-to-end heterogeneous graph neural networks for traffic assignment. Transp. Res. Part. C: Emerg. Technol. 165, 104695 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trc.2024.104695","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part. C: Emerg. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"559_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/JITSE4.ISENG-2264","volume":"30","author":"T Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, T., Meidani, H.: Graph neural network surrogate for seismic reliability analysis of highway Bridge systems. J. Infrastruct. Syst. 30(4), 05024004 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/JITSE4.ISENG-2264","journal-title":"J. Infrastruct. Syst."},{"issue":"1","key":"559_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0037(200001)35:1<70::AID-NET6>3.0.CO;2-Q","volume":"35","author":"E Castillo","year":"2000","unstructured":"Castillo, E., Cobo, A., G\u00f3mez-Nesterkin, R., Hadi, A.S.: A general framework for functional networks. Networks: Int. J. 35(1), 70\u201382 (2000a). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0037(200001)35:1%3C;70::AID-NET6%3E;3.0.CO;2-Q","journal-title":"Networks: Int. J."},{"key":"559_CR16","unstructured":"Koza, J.R.: Genetic programming: on the programming of computers by means of natural selection. MIT Press (1992)"},{"key":"559_CR17","unstructured":"Searson, D.P., Leahy, D.E., Willis, M.J.: GPTIPS: An open source genetic programming toolbox from multi-gene symbolic regression. International Multi-Conference of Engineers and Computer Scientists-I, Hong Kong (2010)"},{"key":"559_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-013-0039-z","volume":"46","author":"AH Gandomi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gandomi, A.H., Yun, G.J., Alavi, A.H.: An evolutionary approach for modeling of shear strength of RC deep beams. Mater. Struct. 46, 2109\u20132119 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1617\/s11527-013-0039-z","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"559_CR19","volume-title":"Functional Equations in Applied Sciences. Mathematics in Science and Engineering","author":"E Castillo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Castillo, E., Iglesias, A., Ruiz-Cobo, R.: Functional Equations in Applied Sciences. Mathematics in Science and Engineering. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2004)"},{"key":"559_CR20","unstructured":"McPhee, N.F., Poli, R., Langdon, W.B.: A field guide to genetic programming, Lulu Enterprises, U.K. Ltd.\u00a0(2008)"},{"issue":"2","key":"559_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/0885-9507.00175","volume":"15","author":"E Castillo","year":"2000","unstructured":"Castillo, E., Cobo, A., Guti\u00e9rrez, J.M., Pruneda, E.: Functional networks: A new network-based methodology. Computer-Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng. 15(2), 90\u2013106 (2000b). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/0885-9507.00175","journal-title":"Computer-Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"559_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121322","author":"MF Iqbal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Iqbal, M.F., Liu, Q.F., Azim, I., Zhu, X., Yang, J., Javed, M.F., Rauf, M.: Prediction of mechanical properties of green concrete incorporating waste foundry sand based on gene expression programming. J. Hazard. Mater. (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121322","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"559_CR23","volume-title":"MATLAB User\u2019s Manual 9.0","author":"MathWorks","year":"2016","unstructured":"MathWorks: MATLAB User\u2019s Manual 9.0. MathWorks, Inc., Natick (2016)"},{"key":"559_CR24","unstructured":"IRC: Guidelines for capacity of urban roads in plain areas. Indian Road Congress, 106, New Delhi (1990)"},{"key":"559_CR25","volume-title":"Sampling Techniques","author":"WG Cochran","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cochran, W.G.: Sampling Techniques. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York (1997)"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13177-025-00559-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13177-025-00559-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13177-025-00559-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T12:56:29Z","timestamp":1765803389000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13177-025-00559-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["559"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13177-025-00559-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1348-8503","1868-8659"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1348-8503"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1868-8659"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 August 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 September 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 October 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"NA.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"All authors have provided consent for the publication of this manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Competing interests"}}]}}