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The blend threshold factor (\u03b1\u2009=\u200910) optimally balances comfort and performance, maintaining deceleration within the comfortable range (\u2264\u20091.5\u00a0m\/s\u00b2) at typical urban speeds (\u2264\u200960\u00a0km\/h). Simulation results show that BAM achieves a 24.6% reduction in peak deceleration and a 30.6% shorter stopping time compared to IDM, while maintaining well-damped, monotonic deceleration without oscillations. Jerk profiles remain smooth and stable, with temporary peaks occurring only during final braking phases and within acceptable comfort limits. Compared to IDM and the Optimal Velocity Model (OVM), BAM delivers superior braking comfort, smoothness, and stopping accuracy, while OVM, though quicker, induces harsher braking. By addressing IDM\u2019s rigidity in deterministic stopping scenarios, BAM enhances both passenger comfort and operational efficiency, offering strong potential for integration into urban AV control systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13177-025-00611-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T07:39:36Z","timestamp":1770449976000},"page":"608-621","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Blend Acceleration Model for Improving Vehicle Stopping at Red Lights Through the Integration of the Intelligent Driver Model and a Virtual Deceleration Function"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2780-9577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mas","family":"Omar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6603-2406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fitri","family":"Yakub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ong Hong","family":"Kai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9522-8910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhamad Sharifuddin Abd","family":"Rahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4108-8275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nguy\u1ec5n T\u00f9ng","family":"L\u00e2m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuchika","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Kojima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"611_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2023.03.020","volume":"136","author":"RA Acheampong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Acheampong, R.A., Legacy, C., Kingston, R., Stone, J.: Imagining urban mobility futures in the era of autonomous vehicles\u2014insights from participatory visioning and multi-criteria appraisal in the UK and Australia. 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