{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T19:05:27Z","timestamp":1763665527926,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]],"date-time":"2024-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721433600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]],"date-time":"2024-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Lulea University of Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Syst Assur Eng Manag"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The railway system is a complex technical system-of-systems (SoS). To address the complexity of the railway system, a holistic approach is needed that facilitates the development of an appropriate asset management regime. A systems-of-systems (SoS) approach considers the complex nature of the railway system, comprising interconnected subsystems like rolling stock and infrastructure. Neglecting these interdependencies risks sub-optimization of the overall system performance. Asset management of the railway system utilising a SoS approach ensures the focus of asset management on overall system requirements. The efficiency and effectiveness of the railway system is based on aspects such as availability, reliability, and safety performance. To enhance these aspects, monitoring, and improvement of key performance indicators (KPIs) emphasizing increased capacity and reduced operational costs is essential. The KPIs offer quantifiable parameters for performance optimization. Augmenting asset management through data-driven technologies can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of asset management. However, challenges persist in the implementation of data-driven solutions due to the railway system\u2019s complexity and lack of a holistic perspective. A systematic performance-driven framework with a system-of-systems approach for augmented asset management of railway system provides handrail for the utilisation of data-driven technologies with railway system requirements at the centre while developing an asset management regime. The proposed framework aims to establish a clear relationship between system KPIs, and the performance of sub-systems and components aiding railway organizations in asset management design and implementation. This paper explains the important components of the proposed framework and demonstrates the application the framework for asset management and maintenance planning of high value components in the fleet of railway rolling stock. Adoption of the proposed framework is expected to enhance asset management through development and implementation of data-driven solutions that are aligned with system KPIs, to support asset management decision making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13198-024-02404-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]],"date-time":"2024-07-20T13:01:35Z","timestamp":1721480495000},"page":"3988-4002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A performance-driven framework with a system-of-systems approach for augmented asset management of railway system"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2153-2914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaya","family":"Kumari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ramin","family":"Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Dersin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Adithya","family":"Thaduri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2404_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s40534-015-0092-0","volume":"24","author":"YK Al-Douri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Al-Douri YK, Tretten P, Karim R (2016) Improvement of railway performance: a study of swedish railway infrastructure. J Mod Transp 24:22\u201337","journal-title":"J Mod Transp"},{"key":"2404_CR2","unstructured":"Alnaggar A M M M (2022) Digital transformation in asset management organisations: towards a data driven approach for life cycle asset management."},{"key":"2404_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.03.050","volume":"44","author":"RD Arnold","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arnold RD, Wade JP (2015) A definition of systems thinking: a systems approach. Proc Comput Sci 44:669\u2013678","journal-title":"Proc Comput Sci"},{"key":"2404_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003322641-214","volume-title":"Bridge safety maintenance management, life-cycle, resilience and sustainability","author":"O Aronsson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aronsson O, P\u00e9tursson H (2022) Data-driven asset management-projects by the swedish transport administration. Bridge safety maintenance management, life-cycle, resilience and sustainability. CRC Press, pp 1733\u20131737"},{"key":"2404_CR5","unstructured":"Azad H (2022) A design-based study of data-driven asset management for storm surge barriers: implementing predictive maintenance, digital twins and realizing data governance for the current asset management at rijkswaterstaat."},{"issue":"5","key":"2404_CR6","first-page":"279","volume":"12","author":"HE Baharuddin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baharuddin HE, Azrin NS, Azizi M, Piri I (2021) Improving early stakeholder engagement process: an empirical study of rapid transit railway of malaysian project. Int J Sustain Constr Eng Technol 12(5):279\u2013285","journal-title":"Int J Sustain Constr Eng Technol"},{"key":"2404_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berryman M and Cheung.W (2020) Great western railway electrification, UK: data challenges and visual solutions. In: Proceedings of the institution of civil engineers-civil engineering, Thomas Telford Ltd, 11\u201318","DOI":"10.1680\/jcien.20.00015"},{"key":"2404_CR8","unstructured":"Bor\u00e4lv A et al. (2022) Holistic study of formal methods and standardization in specification, development, verification and validation of railway signalling system software. In: WCRR"},{"key":"2404_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003208594-7","volume-title":"Africa\u2019s railway renaissance","author":"MB Bouraima","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bouraima MB, Qiu Y (2023) West africa\u2019s \u2018railway patchwork\u2019 and the challenges of its integration. Africa\u2019s railway renaissance. Routledge, London, pp 137\u2013161"},{"key":"2404_CR10","unstructured":"Bruiners J, Njuguna J and Abhishek A (2022) A holistic power systems asset engineering and decision management framework for railway asset managers"},{"key":"2404_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"da Silva, R F et al. (2020) Defining maintenance performance indicators for asset management based on iso 55000 and balanced scorecard: a hydropower plant case study. In: proceedings of the 30th european safety and reliability conference and the 15th probabilistic safety assessment and management conference, venice, italy, 1\u20135","DOI":"10.3850\/978-981-14-8593-0_3820-cd"},{"issue":"3","key":"2404_CR11","first-page":"26","volume":"42","author":"J Doran","year":"2015","unstructured":"Doran J (2015) Asset management trends and application-current (Compliance driven?) and future (Performance driven?). Water: J Aust Water Assoc 42(3):26\u201329","journal-title":"Water: J Aust Water Assoc"},{"key":"2404_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evans L (2008) Performance driven asset management at a state DOT","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784409589.ch21"},{"key":"2404_CR13","unstructured":"Frid O and Grehn J (2016) Key performance indicators for resilience when disturbance occur in the swedish railway system"},{"issue":"12","key":"2404_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4035","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2018.2806187","volume":"19","author":"J Goya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Goya J et al (2018) Methodology and key performance indicators (KPIs) for railway on-board positioning systems. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 19(12):4035\u20134042","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"2404_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"tdac036","DOI":"10.1093\/tse\/tdac036","volume":"4","author":"X Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu X, Cao Y, Tang T, Sun Y (2022) Data-driven technology of fault diagnosis in railway point machines: review and challenges. Transp Saf Environ 4(4):tdac036","journal-title":"Transp Saf Environ"},{"key":"2404_CR16","unstructured":"IEV. (2019) IEC STANDARD IEC 60050\u2013171: 2019 International electrotechnical vocabulary (IEV)\u2014Part 171: Digital technology\u2014fundamental concepts."},{"key":"2404_CR17","unstructured":"ISO. (2014). ISO 55000: Asset management"},{"key":"2404_CR18","unstructured":"ISO\/IEC\/IEEE. (2015). 15288"},{"key":"2404_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.2495\/SDP150341","volume":"193","author":"M Jacyna","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jacyna M, SZKOPI\u0143SKI JA (2015) A holistic approach for analysing the interoperability of a railway system. WIT Trans Ecol Environ 193:399\u2013409","journal-title":"WIT Trans Ecol Environ"},{"key":"2404_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jakubeit N, Rajabalinejad M, Braaksma A J J and Leo A M van Dongen (2020) Collaborative decision-making challenges in the dutch railway system. In: Complex systems design & management: proceedings of the tenth international conference on complex systems design & management, CSD&M Paris 2019, Springer, 193","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-34843-4_18"},{"key":"2404_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470403501","volume-title":"System of systems engineering: innovations for the 21st century","author":"M Jamshidi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jamshidi M (2008) System of systems engineering: innovations for the 21st century. Deakin University"},{"issue":"5","key":"2404_CR22","first-page":"15","volume":"9","author":"S KANG","year":"2021","unstructured":"KANG S et al (2021) Benefits of early stakeholder involvement in korean railway infrastructure project. J Econ Market Manag 9(5):15\u201325","journal-title":"J Econ Market Manag"},{"issue":"28","key":"2404_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2016.11.037","volume":"49","author":"R Karim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Karim R, Westerberg J, Galar D, Kumar U (2016) Maintenance analytics\u2014the new know in maintenance. IFAC-PapersOnLine 49(28):214\u2013219","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"2404_CR24","unstructured":"Karim R, Galar D and Kumar.U (2021) AI factory: theories, applications and case studies. Manuscript in preparation, CRC Press"},{"key":"2404_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kinder A, Barot V, Henshaw M and Siemieniuch C (2012) System of systems:defining the system of interest. In: 2012 7th International conference on system of systems engineering (SoSE), IEEE, 463\u201368","DOI":"10.1109\/SYSoSE.2012.6384211"},{"key":"2404_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumari J, Karim R, Thaduri, A and Castano.M (2021) Augmented asset management in railways\u2014issues and challenges in rolling stock. Proceedings of the institution of mechanical engineers, part f: journal of rail and rapid transit","DOI":"10.1177\/09544097211045782"},{"key":"2404_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuusk A and Gao J (2021) Automating data driven decisions for asset management\u2013a how to framework for integrating OT\/IT operational and information technology, procedures and staff. In: 14th WCEAM proceedings, Springer, 201\u201313","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-64228-0_18"},{"key":"2404_CR28","first-page":"453","volume":"1","author":"H Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li H, Hong T, Sofos M (2019) System-level key performance indicators (KPIs) for building performance evaluation. ASHRAE Trans 1:453\u2013461","journal-title":"ASHRAE Trans"},{"key":"2404_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2021.07.007","volume":"60","author":"G Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li G et al (2021) Data science skills and domain knowledge requirements in the manufacturing industry: a gap analysis. J Manuf Syst 60:692\u2013706","journal-title":"J Manuf Syst"},{"key":"2404_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exsy.13425","author":"J Nie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nie J et al (2023) Data and domain knowledge dual-driven artificial intelligence: survey, applications, and challenges. Expert Syst. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/exsy.13425","journal-title":"Expert Syst"},{"issue":"2","key":"2404_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2794381","volume":"48","author":"CB Nielsen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nielsen CB et al (2015) Systems of systems engineering: basic concepts, model-based techniques, and research directions. ACM Comput Surv (CSUR) 48(2):1\u201341","journal-title":"ACM Comput Surv (CSUR)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2404_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.2166\/hydro.2021.068","volume":"23","author":"E Okwori","year":"2021","unstructured":"Okwori E et al (2021) Data-driven asset management in urban water pipe networks: a proposed conceptual framework. J Hydroinf 23(5):1014\u20131029","journal-title":"J Hydroinf"},{"key":"2404_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3209","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429279119-435","volume-title":"Bridge maintenance, safety, management, life-cycle sustainability and innovations","author":"F Olsson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Olsson F, P\u00e9tursson H (2021) Data-driven asset management by the swedish transport administration. Bridge maintenance, safety, management, life-cycle sustainability and innovations. CRC Press, pp 3209\u20133214"},{"key":"2404_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCMA56665.2022.10011603","volume-title":"2022 10th international conference on control mechatronics and automation (ICCMA)","author":"M Rahman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rahman M et al (2022) Challenges for a railway inspection and repair system from railway infrastructure. 2022 10th international conference on control mechatronics and automation (ICCMA). IEEE, pp 210\u2013215"},{"issue":"2","key":"2404_CR35","first-page":"107","volume":"11","author":"D Rama","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rama D, Andrews JD (2015) A holistic approach to railway infrastructure asset management. Int J Perform Eng 11(2):107\u2013120","journal-title":"Int J Perform Eng"},{"key":"2404_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramtahalsing, M et al. (2020) The system (of Interest) definitions phase: key features and challenges in the dutch railway system. In: 2020 IEEE 15th international conference of system of systems engineering (SoSE), 229\u201334","DOI":"10.1109\/SoSE50414.2020.9130473"},{"key":"2404_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramtahalsing M et al. (2021) Systems control in railway transport, challenges towards managing integration. In: Proceedings of the The 10th international conference on through-life engineering services","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3944752"},{"key":"2404_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roda I and Garetti M (2020) Application of a performance-driven total cost of ownership (TCO) evaluation model for physical asset management. Value based and intelligent asset management: mastering the asset management transformation in Industrial Plants and Infrastructures, 65\u201378","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-20704-5_3"},{"issue":"3","key":"2404_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-240X(200006)23:3<246::AID-NUR9>3.0.CO;2-H","volume":"23","author":"M Sandelowski","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sandelowski M (2000) Combining qualitative and quantitative sampling, data collection, and analysis techniques in mixed-method studies. Res Nurs Health 23(3):246\u2013255","journal-title":"Res Nurs Health"},{"key":"2404_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos C M A et al. (2019) An integrated monitoring system for continuous evaluation of railway tracks for efficient asset management. In: 5th International conference on road and rail infrastructure","DOI":"10.5592\/CO\/CETRA.2018.770"},{"key":"2404_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2022.103612","volume":"137","author":"D Schuster","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schuster D, van Zelst SJ, van der Aalst WMP (2022) Utilizing domain knowledge in data-driven process discovery: a literature review. Comput Ind 137:103612","journal-title":"Comput Ind"},{"key":"2404_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-7776-3_16","volume-title":"Innovative systems approach for facilitating smarter world","author":"T Uzuka","year":"2023","unstructured":"Uzuka T (2023) System of systems in railway. Innovative systems approach for facilitating smarter world. Springer, pp 199\u2013209"},{"key":"2404_CR44","unstructured":"Vallely P (2020) A holistic approach to remote condition monitoring for the accurate evaluation of railway infrastructure and rolling stock."},{"issue":"11","key":"2404_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences10110425","volume":"10","author":"J Xie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xie J et al (2020) Systematic literature review on data-driven models for predictive maintenance of railway track: implications in geotechnical engineering. Geosciences 10(11):425","journal-title":"Geosciences"},{"key":"2404_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2023.02.141","volume":"119","author":"S Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou S et al (2023) A machine-learning-based surrogate modeling methodology for submodel integration in the holistic railway digital twin platform. Proc CIRP 119:345\u2013350","journal-title":"Proc CIRP"}],"container-title":["International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13198-024-02404-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13198-024-02404-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13198-024-02404-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T09:45:44Z","timestamp":1723455944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13198-024-02404-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["2404"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13198-024-02404-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0975-6809","0976-4348"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0975-6809"},{"type":"electronic","value":"0976-4348"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 October 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 March 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 June 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 July 2024","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The author(s) declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and\/or publication of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The author(s) declare that this research involves no Human Participants\/animals.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and animal participants"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consents"}}]}}