{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T12:16:06Z","timestamp":1778760966896,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762732800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Syst Assur Eng Manag"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13198-025-03037-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T13:35:58Z","timestamp":1762781758000},"page":"1315-1334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unveiling the path to digital twin development models: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2197-603X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanaz","family":"Shafiee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5473-8092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masarat","family":"Ayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"3037_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1108\/JSTPM-11-2021-0176","volume":"14","author":"M Anshari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anshari M, Hamdan M (2022) Enhancing e-government with a digital twin for innovation management. J Sci Technol Policy Manage 14(6):1055\u20131065","journal-title":"J Sci Technol Policy Manage"},{"issue":"1","key":"3037_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dajour.2023.100165","volume":"6","author":"M Attaran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Attaran M, Celik BG (2023) Digital twin: Benefits, use cases, challenges, and opportunities. Decis Analytics J 6(1):100165","journal-title":"Decis Analytics J"},{"issue":"1","key":"3037_CR3","first-page":"1","volume":"37","author":"W Bandara","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bandara W, Furtmueller E, Gorbacheva E, Miskon S, Beekhuyzen J (2015) Achieving rigor in literature reviews: insights from qualitative data analysis and tool-support. Commun Association Inform Syst 37(1):1\u201352","journal-title":"Commun Association Inform Syst"},{"key":"3037_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167653","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2953499","volume":"7","author":"BR Barricelli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Barricelli BR, Casiraghi E, Fogli D (2019) A survey on digital twin: Definitions, characteristics, applications, and design implications. IEEE Access 7:167653\u2013167671","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"5","key":"3037_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2022.103629","volume":"138","author":"M Bertoni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bertoni M, Bertoni A (2022) Designing solutions with the product-service systems digital twin: what is now and what is next? Comput Ind 138(5):103629","journal-title":"Comput Ind"},{"issue":"2","key":"3037_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1108\/SCM-01-2021-0053","volume":"27","author":"R Bhandal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bhandal R, Meriton R, Kavanagh RE, Brown A (2022) The application of digital twin technology in operations and supply chain management: a bibliometric review. Supply Chain Manag: Int J 27(2):182\u2013206","journal-title":"Supply Chain Manag: Int J"},{"issue":"6","key":"3037_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2020.103179","volume":"114","author":"C Boje","year":"2020","unstructured":"Boje C, Guerriero A, Kubicki S, Rezgui Y (2020) Towards a semantic construction digital twin: directions for future research. Autom Constr 114(6):103179","journal-title":"Autom Constr"},{"issue":"6","key":"3037_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1080\/13645579.2020.1818414","volume":"24","author":"AW Bowers","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bowers AW, Creamer EG (2021) Core principles of grounded theory in a systematic review of environmental education for secondary students. Int J Soc Res Methodol 24(6):713\u2013726","journal-title":"Int J Soc Res Methodol"},{"issue":"10","key":"3037_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2022.103763","volume":"143","author":"H Boyes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boyes H, Watson T (2022) Digital twins: an analysis framework and open issues. Comput Ind 143(10):103763","journal-title":"Comput Ind"},{"key":"3037_CR10","unstructured":"Charmaz K (2008) Grounded theory as an emergent method. In: Hesse-Biber SN, Leavy P (eds) Handbook of emergent methods. The Guilford Press, New York, pp 155\u2013172"},{"key":"3037_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.119712","volume":"220","author":"Z Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen Z, Huang L (2021) Digital twins for information-sharing in remanufacturing supply chain: a review. Energy 220:119712","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"3037_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1080\/0951192X.2020.1852600","volume":"34","author":"MP Ciano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ciano MP, Pozzi R, Rossi T, Strozzi F (2021) Digital twin-enabled smart industrial systems: a bibliometric review. Int J Comput Integr Manuf 34(7\u20138):690\u2013708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0951192X.2020.1852600","journal-title":"Int J Comput Integr Manuf"},{"issue":"6","key":"3037_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1002\/jtr.2029","volume":"17","author":"I Confente","year":"2015","unstructured":"Confente I (2015) Twenty-five years of word\u2010of\u2010mouth studies: a critical review of tourism research. Int J Tourism Res 17(6):613\u2013624","journal-title":"Int J Tourism Res"},{"key":"3037_CR14","unstructured":"Creswell JW (2012) Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Pearson Education, Inc."},{"key":"3037_CR15","unstructured":"Creswell JW, Poth CN (2016) Qualitative inquiry and research design: choosing among five approaches. Sage Publications, London."},{"issue":"8","key":"3037_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2662","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2021.1898691","volume":"60","author":"CH dos Santos","year":"2022","unstructured":"dos Santos CH, Montevechi JAB, de Queiroz JA, de Carvalho Miranda R, Leal F (2022) Decision support in productive processes through DES and ABS in the digital twin era: a systematic literature review. Int J Prod Res 60(8):2662\u20132681. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00207543.2021.1898691","journal-title":"Int J Prod Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"3037_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1177\/1523422302043004","volume":"4","author":"TM Egan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Egan TM (2002) Grounded theory research and theory Building. Adv Developing Hum Resour 4(3):277\u2013295","journal-title":"Adv Developing Hum Resour"},{"key":"3037_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2020.103316","volume":"123","author":"I Errandonea","year":"2020","unstructured":"Errandonea I, Beltr\u00e1n S, Arrizabalaga S (2020) Digital twin for maintenance: a literature review. Comput Ind 123:103316","journal-title":"Comput Ind"},{"issue":"7","key":"3037_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-022-09632-z","volume":"121","author":"X Fang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fang X, Wang H, Liu G, Tian X, Ding G, Zhang H (2022) Industry application of digital twin: from concept to implementation. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 121(7):4289\u20134312","journal-title":"Int J Adv Manuf Technol"},{"key":"3037_CR20","unstructured":"Fink A (2019) Conducting research literature reviews: from the internet to paper. Sage Publications, London."},{"issue":"4","key":"3037_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12275","volume":"50","author":"G Foley","year":"2015","unstructured":"Foley G, Timonen V (2015) Using grounded theory method to capture and analyze health care experiences. Health Serv Res 50(4):1195\u20131210","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3037_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s10033-022-00760-x","volume":"35","author":"Y Fu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fu Y, Zhu G, Zhu M, Xuan F (2022) Digital twin for integration of design-manufacturing-maintenance: an overview. Chin J Mech Eng 35(1):1\u201320","journal-title":"Chin J Mech Eng"},{"key":"3037_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108952","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2998358","volume":"8","author":"A Fuller","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fuller A, Fan Z, Day C, Barlow C (2020) Digital twin: enabling technologies, challenges and open research. IEEE Access 8:108952\u2013108971","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"3037_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2025.03.022","volume":"80","author":"A Gautam","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gautam A, Aryal MR, Deshpande S, Padalkar S, Nikolaenko M, Tang M, Anand S (2025) IIoT-enabled digital twin for legacy and smart factory machines with LLM integration. J Manuf Syst 80:511\u2013523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmsy.2025.03.022","journal-title":"J Manuf Syst"},{"issue":"11","key":"3037_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00158-022-03426-3","volume":"65","author":"R Geng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Geng R, Li M, Hu Z, Han Z, Zheng R (2022) Digital twin in smart manufacturing: remote control and virtual machining using VR and AR technologies. Struct Multidiscip Optim 65(11):1\u201314","journal-title":"Struct Multidiscip Optim"},{"issue":"1","key":"3037_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1108\/13522759810197587","volume":"1","author":"C Goulding","year":"1998","unstructured":"Goulding C (1998) Grounded theory: the missing methodology on the interpretivist agenda. Qual Mark Res: Int J 1(1):50\u201357","journal-title":"Qual Mark Res: Int J"},{"issue":"1","key":"3037_CR27","first-page":"261","volume":"27","author":"C Goulding","year":"2000","unstructured":"Goulding C (2000) Grounded theory methodology and consumer behaviour, procedures, practice and pitfalls. ACR North Am Adv 27(1):261","journal-title":"ACR North Am Adv"},{"issue":"19","key":"3037_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26941","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-022-12536-5","volume":"81","author":"J Guo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo J, Lv Z (2022) Application of digital twins in multiple fields. Multimedia Tools Appl 81(19):26941\u201326967. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-022-12536-5","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools Appl"},{"issue":"2","key":"3037_CR29","first-page":"64","volume":"15","author":"S Haag","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haag S, Anderl R (2018) Digital twin \u2013 Proof of concept. Manuf Lett 15(2):64\u201366","journal-title":"Manuf Lett"},{"issue":"3","key":"3037_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc6030083","volume":"6","author":"H Hassani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hassani H, Huang X, MacFeely S (2022) Impactful digital twin in the healthcare revolution. Big Data Cogn Comput 6(3):83","journal-title":"Big Data Cogn Comput"},{"issue":"1","key":"3037_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40436-020-00302-5","volume":"9","author":"B He","year":"2021","unstructured":"He B, Bai K-J (2021) Digital twin-based sustainable intelligent manufacturing: a review. Adv Manuf 9(1):1\u201321","journal-title":"Adv Manuf"},{"issue":"1","key":"3037_CR32","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"W Hu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hu W, Zhang T, Deng X, Liu Z, Tan J (2021) Digital twin: a state-of-the-art review of its enabling technologies, applications and challenges. J Intell Manuf Special Equip 2(1):1\u201334","journal-title":"J Intell Manuf Special Equip"},{"key":"3037_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iswa.2025.200516","volume":"26","author":"K Iranshahi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Iranshahi K, Brun J, Arnold T, Sergi T, M\u00fcller UC (2025) Digital twins: recent advances and future directions in engineering fields. Intell Syst Appl 26:200516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iswa.2025.200516","journal-title":"Intell Syst Appl"},{"key":"3037_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogr.2023.04.003","volume":"3","author":"M Javaid","year":"2023","unstructured":"Javaid M, Haleem A, Suman R (2023) Digital twin applications toward industry 4.0: a review. Cogn Rob 3:71\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cogr.2023.04.003","journal-title":"Cogn Rob"},{"key":"3037_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52609","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3174220","volume":"10","author":"D-Y Jeong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jeong D-Y, Baek M-S, Lim T-B, Kim Y-W, Kim S-H, Lee Y-T, Lee I-B (2022) Digital twin: technology evolution stages and implementation layers with technology elements. IEEE Access 10:52609\u201352620","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"3037_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2022.06.016","volume":"64","author":"T Ji","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ji T, Huang H, Xu X (2022) Digital twin Technology\u2014A bibliometric study of top research articles based on local citation score. J Manuf Syst 64:390\u2013408","journal-title":"J Manuf Syst"},{"issue":"2207","key":"3037_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20200360","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2020.0360","volume":"379","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jiang Y, Yin S, Li K, Luo H, Kaynak O (2021) Industrial applications of digital twins. Philosophical Trans Royal Soc A 379(2207):20200360","journal-title":"Philosophical Trans Royal Soc A"},{"key":"3037_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirpj.2020.02.002","volume":"29","author":"D Jones","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jones D, Snider C, Nassehi A, Yon J, Hicks B (2020) Characterising the digital twin: a systematic literature review. CIRP J Manufact Sci Technol 29:36\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cirpj.2020.02.002","journal-title":"CIRP J Manufact Sci Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3037_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"030802","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4050244","volume":"21","author":"MG Juarez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Juarez MG, Botti VJ, Giret AS (2021) Digital twins: review and challenges. J Comput Inf Sci Eng 21(3):030802","journal-title":"J Comput Inf Sci Eng"},{"key":"3037_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.array.2025.100393","volume":"26","author":"AK Kausik","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kausik AK, Rashid AB, Baki RF, Jannat Maktum MM (2025) Machine learning algorithms for manufacturing quality assurance: a systematic review of performance metrics and applications. Array 26:100393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.array.2025.100393","journal-title":"Array"},{"issue":"2","key":"3037_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3390\/systems12020038","volume":"12","author":"A Khdoudi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khdoudi A, Masrour T, Hassani E, I., Mazgualdi E, C (2024) A deep-reinforcement-learning-based digital twin for manufacturing process optimization. Systems 12(2):38","journal-title":"Systems"},{"issue":"3","key":"3037_CR42","first-page":"29","volume":"12","author":"SZ Kor\u017ee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kor\u017ee SZ (2019) From industry 4.0 to tourism 4.0. Innovative Issues Approaches Social Sci 12(3):29\u201352","journal-title":"Innovative Issues Approaches Social Sci"},{"key":"3037_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2025.103483","volume":"67","author":"S Kosse","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kosse S, Hagedorn P, K\u00f6nig M (2025) Semantic digital twins in construction: developing a modular system reference architecture based on information containers. Adv Eng Inform 67:103483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aei.2025.103483","journal-title":"Adv Eng Inform"},{"key":"3037_CR44","first-page":"10331","volume":"12","author":"KS Kumar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kumar KS, Alzubi JA, Sarhan N, Awwad EM, Kandasamy V, Ali G (2024) A secure and efficient blockchain and distributed Ledger technology-based optimal resource management in digital twin beyond 5G networks using hybrid energy Valley and levy flight distributer optimization algorithm. IEEE Access 12:10331\u2013110352","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"6","key":"3037_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1080\/0951192X.2021.1911003","volume":"34","author":"L Lattanzi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lattanzi L, Raffaeli R, Peruzzini M, Pellicciari M (2021) Digital twin for smart manufacturing: a review of concepts towards a practical industrial implementation. Int J Comput Integr Manuf 34(6):567\u2013597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0951192X.2021.1911003","journal-title":"Int J Comput Integr Manuf"},{"key":"3037_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2022.104716","volume":"147","author":"B Lei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lei B, Janssen P, Stoter J, Biljecki F (2023) Challenges of urban digital twins: a systematic review and a Delphi expert survey. Autom Constr 147:104716. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autcon.2022.104716","journal-title":"Autom Constr"},{"key":"3037_CR47","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"Y Levy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Levy Y, Ellis TJ (2006) A systems approach to conduct an effective literature review in support of information systems research. Informing Sci 9:1\u201332","journal-title":"Informing Sci"},{"key":"3037_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2020.06.017","volume":"58","author":"M Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu M, Fang S, Dong H, Xu C (2021) Review of digital twin about concepts, technologies, and industrial applications. J Manuf Syst 58:346\u2013361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmsy.2020.06.017","journal-title":"J Manuf Syst"},{"key":"3037_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2021.101297","volume":"48","author":"C Lo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lo C, Chen C, Zhong RY (2021) A review of digital twin in product design and development. Adv Eng Inform 48:101297","journal-title":"Adv Eng Inform"},{"key":"3037_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2019.101837","volume":"61","author":"Y Lu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lu Y, Liu C, Kevin I, Wang K, Huang H, Xu X (2020) Digital Twin-driven smart manufacturing: connotation, reference model, applications and research issues. Robot Comput Integr Manuf 61:101837","journal-title":"Robot Comput Integr Manuf"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"3037_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1080\/0951192X.2021.1872099","volume":"34","author":"Y Lu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lu Y, Liu Z, Min Q (2021) A digital twin-enabled value stream mapping approach for production process reengineering in SMEs. Int J Comput Integr Manuf 34(7\u20138):764\u2013782. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0951192X.2021.1872099","journal-title":"Int J Comput Integr Manuf"},{"issue":"1","key":"3037_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/capr.12430","volume":"22","author":"M Luca","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luca M, Nuttall J, Emilion J, Postings T (2022) Systematic review and grounded theory as a mixed method to develop a framework for counselling skills competencies. Couns Psychother Res 22(1):98\u2013107","journal-title":"Couns Psychother Res"},{"key":"3037_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2022.3219015","volume":"3","author":"A Masaracchia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Masaracchia A, Sharma V, Canberk B, Dobre OA, Duong TQ (2022) Digital twin for 6G: taxonomy, research challenges, and the road ahead. IEEE Open J Commun Soc 3:2137\u20132150","journal-title":"IEEE Open J Commun Soc"},{"key":"3037_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2017.05.003","volume":"65","author":"X Matteucci","year":"2017","unstructured":"Matteucci X, Gnoth J (2017) Elaborating on grounded theory in tourism research. Annals Tourism Res 65:49\u201359","journal-title":"Annals Tourism Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"3037_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3208773","volume":"24","author":"S Mihai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mihai S, Yaqoob M, Hung DV, Davis W, Towakel P, Raza M, Prasad RV (2022) Digital twins: a survey on enabling technologies, challenges, trends and future prospects. IEEE Commun Surv Tutorials 24(4):2255\u20132291","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Surv Tutorials"},{"issue":"10","key":"3037_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-024-06206-4","volume":"6","author":"L Nele","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nele L, Mattera G, Yap EW, Vozza M, Vespoli S (2024) Towards the application of machine learning in digital twin technology: a multi-scale review. Discov Appl Sci 6(10):502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42452-024-06206-4","journal-title":"Discov Appl Sci"},{"key":"3037_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mlwa.2024.100572","volume":"17","author":"AA Neloy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Neloy AA, Turgeon M (2024) A comprehensive study of auto-encoders for anomaly detection: efficiency and trade-offs. Mach Learn Appl 17:100572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mlwa.2024.100572","journal-title":"Mach Learn Appl"},{"key":"3037_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131306","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3115055","volume":"9","author":"SR Newrzella","year":"2021","unstructured":"Newrzella SR, Franklin DW, Haider S (2021) 5-Dimension cross-industry digital twin applications model and analysis of digital twin classification terms and models. IEEE Access 9:131306\u2013131321","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"3037_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2021.108381","volume":"244","author":"T Nguyen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nguyen T, Duong QH, Van Nguyen T, Zhu Y, Zhou L (2022) Knowledge mapping of digital twin and physical internet in supply chain management: a systematic literature review. Int J Prod Econ 244:108381","journal-title":"Int J Prod Econ"},{"key":"3037_CR60","unstructured":"O\u2019leary Z (2004) The essential guide to doing research. Sage Publications, London."},{"key":"3037_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park H, Easwaran A, Andalam S (2018) Challenges in digital twin development for cyber-physical production systems. In: International Workshop on Design, Modeling, and Evaluation of Cyber Physical Systems, Cham: Springer International Publishing","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-23703-5_2"},{"key":"3037_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2021.103558","volume":"134","author":"M Perno","year":"2022","unstructured":"Perno M, Hvam L, Haug A (2022) Implementation of digital twins in the process industry: a systematic literature review of enablers and barriers. Comput Ind 134:103558","journal-title":"Comput Ind"},{"issue":"1","key":"3037_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3573206","volume":"4","author":"M Picone","year":"2023","unstructured":"Picone M, Mamei M, Zambonelli F (2023) A flexible and modular architecture for edge digital twin: implementation and evaluation. ACM Trans Internet Things 4(1):1\u201332","journal-title":"ACM Trans Internet Things"},{"key":"3037_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pushpa J, Kalyani SA (2020) Chapter three -Using fog computing\/edge computing to leverage digital twin. In: Raj P, Evangeline P (eds) Advances in computers, vol 117. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 51\u201377","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.adcom.2019.09.003"},{"key":"3037_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3585","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2793265","volume":"6","author":"Q Qi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Qi Q, Tao F (2018) Digital twin and big data towards smart manufacturing and industry 4.0: 360 degree comparison. IEEE Access 6:3585\u20133593","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"3037_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raj P (2021) Empowering digital twins with blockchain. In: Kumar N, Aggarwal S, Raj P (eds) The blockchain technology for secure and smart applications across industry verticals. Advances in Computers. Elsevier, vol 121, pp 267\u2013283","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.adcom.2020.08.013"},{"key":"3037_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Raj P, Evangeline P (2020) Chapter Four - The industry use cases for the Digital Twin idea. In: Raj P, Evangeline P (eds) The digital twin paradigm for smarter systems and environments: the industry use cases. Advances in computers, vol 117. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 79\u2013105 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.adcom.2019.10.008","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.adcom.2019.10.008"},{"key":"3037_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103663","volume":"79","author":"SP Ramu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ramu SP, Boopalan P, Pham Q-V, Maddikunta PKR, Huynh-The T, Alazab M, Gadekallu TR (2022) Federated learning enabled digital twins for smart cities: concepts, recent advances, and future directions. Sustain Cities Soc 79:103663","journal-title":"Sustain Cities Soc"},{"key":"3037_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21980","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2970143","volume":"8","author":"A Rasheed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rasheed A, San O, Kvamsdal T (2020) Digital twin: Values, challenges and enablers from a modeling perspective. IEEE Access 8:21980\u201322012","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"6","key":"3037_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-019-01516-6","volume":"31","author":"AJH Redelinghuys","year":"2020","unstructured":"Redelinghuys AJH, Basson AH, Kruger K (2020) A six-layer architecture for the digital twin: a manufacturing case study implementation. J Intell Manuf 31(6):1383\u20131402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10845-019-01516-6","journal-title":"J Intell Manuf"},{"key":"3037_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2020.01.123","volume":"90","author":"T Riedelsheimer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Riedelsheimer T, Dorfhuber L, Stark R (2020) User centered development of a digital twin concept with focus on sustainability in the clothing industry. Procedia CIRP 90:660\u2013665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procir.2020.01.123","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"3037_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2025.104010","volume":"25","author":"B Sahoo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sahoo B, Panda S, Rout PK, Bajaj M, Blazek V (2025) Digital twin enabled smart microgrid system for complete automation: an overview. Results Eng 25:104010","journal-title":"Results Eng"},{"key":"3037_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocs.2024.102421","volume":"82","author":"L Schena","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schena L, Marques PA, Poletti R, Ahizi S, Van den Berghe J, Mendez MA (2024) Reinforcement twinning: from digital twins to model-based reinforcement learning. J Comput Sci 82:102421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocs.2024.102421","journal-title":"J Comput Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3037_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s43926-024-00087-0","volume":"4","author":"A Seipolt","year":"2024","unstructured":"Seipolt A, Buscherm\u00f6hle R, Haag V, Hasselbring W, H\u00f6finghoff M, Schumacher M, Wilbers H (2024) Reinforcement learning and digital twin-driven optimization of production scheduling with the digital model playground. Discov Internet Things 4(1):34. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43926-024-00087-0","journal-title":"Discov Internet Things"},{"key":"3037_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2021.103469","volume":"130","author":"C Semeraro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Semeraro C, Lezoche M, Panetto H, Dassisti M (2021) Digital twin paradigm: a systematic literature review. Comput Ind 130:103469","journal-title":"Comput Ind"},{"key":"3037_CR76","first-page":"100383","volume":"30","author":"A Sharma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sharma A, Kosasih E, Zhang J, Brintrup A, Calinescu A (2022) Digital twins: state of the Art theory and practice, challenges, and open research questions. J Industrial Inform Integr 30:100383","journal-title":"J Industrial Inform Integr"},{"issue":"1","key":"3037_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-500X.107697","volume":"4","author":"J Singh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Singh J (2013) Critical appraisal skills programme. J Pharmacol Pharmacotherapeutics 4(1):76\u201376","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Pharmacotherapeutics"},{"issue":"2","key":"3037_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3390\/asi4020036","volume":"4","author":"M Singh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh M, Fuenmayor E, Hinchy EP, Qiao Y, Murray N, Devine D (2021) Digital twin: origin to future. Appl Syst Innov 4(2):36","journal-title":"Appl Syst Innov"},{"issue":"11","key":"3037_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5727","DOI":"10.3390\/app12115727","volume":"12","author":"M Singh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Singh M, Srivastava R, Fuenmayor E, Kuts V, Qiao Y, Murray N, Devine D (2022) Applications of digital twin across industries: a review. Appl Sci 12(11):5727","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"3037_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2022.107145","volume":"156","author":"RJ Somers","year":"2022","unstructured":"Somers RJ, Douthwaite JA, Wagg DJ, Walkinshaw N, Hierons RM (2022) Digital-twin-based testing for cyber\u2013physical systems: a systematic literature review. \u200eInf Softw Technol 156:107145","journal-title":"\u200eInf Softw Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3037_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1080\/11745398.2014.902292","volume":"17","author":"P Sotiriadou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sotiriadou P, Brouwers J, Le T-A (2014) Choosing a qualitative data analysis tool: a comparison of NVivo and leximancer. Annals Leisure Res 17(2):218\u2013234","journal-title":"Annals Leisure Res"},{"key":"3037_CR84","unstructured":"Strauss A, Corbin JM (1997) Grounded theory in practice. Sage publications, London."},{"key":"3037_CR82","unstructured":"Strauss A, Corbin J (1998a) Basics of qualitative research techniques."},{"key":"3037_CR83","unstructured":"Strauss A, Corbin J (1998b) Basics of qualitative research: techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory, 2nd edn. Sage Publications, Inc."},{"issue":"4","key":"3037_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2006.22083020","volume":"49","author":"R Suddaby","year":"2006","unstructured":"Suddaby R (2006) From the editors: what grounded theory is not. Acad Manage 49(4):633\u2013642","journal-title":"Acad Manage"},{"issue":"12","key":"3037_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2011.624633","volume":"32","author":"A Sylvester","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sylvester A, Tate M, Johnstone D (2013) Beyond synthesis: Re-presenting heterogeneous research literature. Behav Inform Technol 32(12):1199\u20131215","journal-title":"Behav Inform Technol"},{"key":"3037_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20418","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2756069","volume":"5","author":"F Tao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tao F, Zhang M (2017) Digital twin shop-floor: a new shop-floor paradigm towards smart manufacturing. IEEE Access 5:20418\u201320427","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"9","key":"3037_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3563","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-017-0233-1","volume":"94","author":"F Tao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tao F, Cheng J, Qi Q, Zhang M, Zhang H, Sui F (2018a) Digital twin-driven product design, manufacturing and service with big data. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 94(9):3563\u20133576","journal-title":"Int J Adv Manuf Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3037_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2018.2873186","volume":"15","author":"F Tao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tao F, Zhang H, Liu A, Nee AY (2018b) Digital twin in industry: state-of-the-art. IEEE Trans Industr Inf 15(4):2405\u20132415","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Industr Inf"},{"issue":"12","key":"3037_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3935","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2018.1443229","volume":"57","author":"F Tao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tao F, Sui F, Liu A, Qi Q, Zhang M, Song B, Nee AYC (2019) Digital twin-driven product design framework. Int J Prod Res 57(12):3935\u20133953. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00207543.2018.1443229","journal-title":"Int J Prod Res"},{"key":"3037_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2020.106542","volume":"87","author":"H Tao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tao H, Wang J, Yaseen ZM, Mohammed MN, Zain JM (2021) Shrewd vehicle framework model with a streamlined informed approach for green transportation in smart cities. Environ Impact Assess Rev 87:106542","journal-title":"Environ Impact Assess Rev"},{"key":"3037_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2022.06.015","volume":"64","author":"F Tao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tao F, Xiao B, Qi Q, Cheng J, Ji P (2022) Digital twin modeling. J Manuf Syst 64:372\u2013389","journal-title":"J Manuf Syst"},{"key":"3037_CR93","unstructured":"Travers E, Baeuml M (2024) AWS Simulation and Digital Twin to increase warehouse productivity. Amazon Web Services. https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/blogs\/supply-chain\/aws-simulation-and-digital-twin-to-increase-warehouse-productivity"},{"issue":"8","key":"3037_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-09-2020-0608","volume":"35","author":"J Ukko","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ukko J, Saunila M, Nasiri M, Rantala T, Holopainen M (2022) Digital twins\u2019 impact on organizational control: perspectives on formal vs social control. Inform Technol People 35(8):253\u2013272","journal-title":"Inform Technol People"},{"key":"3037_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2021.113524","volume":"145","author":"E VanDerHorn","year":"2021","unstructured":"VanDerHorn E, Mahadevan S (2021) Digital twin: Generalization, characterization and implementation. Decis Support Syst 145:113524","journal-title":"Decis Support Syst"},{"key":"3037_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vijayakumar DS (2020) Digital twin in consumer choice modeling. In: Raj P, Evangeline P (eds) The digital twin paradigm for smarter systems and environments: the industry use cases. Advances in Computers, vol 117. Elsevier, pp 265\u2013284","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.adcom.2019.09.010"},{"key":"3037_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2022.102503","volume":"81","author":"S Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang S, Huang GQ (2023) Meta-inventory. Robot Comput Integr Manuf 81:102503","journal-title":"Robot Comput Integr Manuf"},{"key":"3037_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-64448-2_2","volume-title":"Emerging topics in hardware security","author":"H Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang H, Chen S, Sami MSUI, Rahman F, Tehranipoor M (2021) Digital twin with a perspective from manufacturing industry. In: Tehranipoor M (ed) Emerging topics in hardware security. Springer, Cham, pp 27\u201359"},{"issue":"1","key":"3037_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1080\/09537325.2022.2026320","volume":"36","author":"J Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang J, Li X, Wang P, Liu Q (2022a) Bibliometric analysis of digital twin literature: a review of influencing factors and conceptual structure. Technol Anal Strateg Manag 36(1):166\u2013180","journal-title":"Technol Anal Strateg Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"3037_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s42524-021-0186-9","volume":"9","author":"L Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang L, Deng T, Shen Z-JM, Hu H, Qi Y (2022b) Digital twin-driven smart supply chain. Front Eng Manage 9(1):56\u201370","journal-title":"Front Eng Manage"},{"issue":"3","key":"3037_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0740-8188(94)90026-4","volume":"16","author":"L Westbrook","year":"1994","unstructured":"Westbrook L (1994) Qualitative research methods: a review of major stages, data analysis techniques, and quality controls. Libr Inform Sci Res 16(3):241\u2013254","journal-title":"Libr Inform Sci Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3037_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1057\/ejis.2011.51","volume":"22","author":"JF Wolfswinkel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wolfswinkel JF, Furtmueller E, Wilderom CP (2013) Using grounded theory as a method for rigorously reviewing literature. Eur J Inform Syst 22(1):45\u201355","journal-title":"Eur J Inform Syst"},{"key":"3037_CR105","first-page":"101981","volume":"56","author":"YJ Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu YJ, Chen J-C (2021) A structured method for smart City project selection. Int J Inf Manag 56:101981","journal-title":"Int J Inf Manag"},{"issue":"18","key":"3037_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13789","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3079510","volume":"8","author":"Y Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu Y, Zhang K, Zhang Y (2021) Digital twin networks: a survey. IEEE Internet Things J 8(18):13789\u201313804","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"issue":"19","key":"3037_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8306","DOI":"10.3390\/s23198306","volume":"23","author":"H Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu H, Ji P, Ma H, Xing L (2023) A comprehensive review of digital twin from the perspective of total process: Data, Models, networks and applications. Sensors 23(19):8306","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"9","key":"3037_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1080\/09537325.2022.2131518","volume":"36","author":"C Xin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xin C, Wang Y (2022) Digital twins and innovation management: a literature review, framework, challenge, and future direction. Technol Anal Strateg Manag 36(9):2228\u20132241","journal-title":"Technol Anal Strateg Manag"},{"issue":"4","key":"3037_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1108\/MD-02-2021-0182","volume":"60","author":"M-R Yan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yan M-R, Hong L-Y, Warren K (2021) Integrated knowledge visualization and the enterprise digital twin system for supporting strategic management decision. Manag Decis 60(4):1095\u20131115","journal-title":"Manag Decis"},{"issue":"7","key":"3037_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings15071030","volume":"15","author":"I Yitmen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yitmen I, Almusaed A, Hussein M, Almssad A (2025) AI-Driven digital twins for enhancing indoor environmental quality and energy efficiency in smart Building systems. Buildings 15(7):1030","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"issue":"24","key":"3037_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7610","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2021.2014591","volume":"60","author":"X Zheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zheng X, Lu J, Kiritsis D (2022) The emergence of cognitive digital twin: vision, challenges and opportunities. Int J Prod Res 60(24):7610\u20137632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00207543.2021.2014591","journal-title":"Int J Prod Res"}],"container-title":["International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13198-025-03037-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13198-025-03037-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13198-025-03037-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T12:02:24Z","timestamp":1778760144000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13198-025-03037-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["3037"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13198-025-03037-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0975-6809","0976-4348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0975-6809","type":"print"},{"value":"0976-4348","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}