{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:26:03Z","timestamp":1787030763568,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Scientific Research Project of Higher Education Institutions in Henan Province: Research on SOH estimation model for lithium batteries based on chaotic state","award":["24B48005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24B48005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Syst Assur Eng Manag"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13198-025-03104-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T11:06:29Z","timestamp":1765796789000},"page":"2491-2506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring advanced predictive models for emission forecasting and performance optimization in ethanol\u2013water fueled engines"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0473-8066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dandan","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"3104_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2006.08.003","volume":"33","author":"AK Agarwal","year":"2007","unstructured":"Agarwal AK (2007) Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines. Prog Energy Combust Sci 33(3):233\u2013271","journal-title":"Prog Energy Combust Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3104_CR2","first-page":"27","volume":"1","author":"A Bisri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bisri A, Wahono RS (2015) Penerapan adaboost Untuk Penyelesaian Ketidakseimbangan Kelas Pada Penentuan Kelulusan Mahasiswa Dengan metode decision tree. J Intell Syst 1(1):27\u201332","journal-title":"J Intell Syst"},{"key":"3104_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2003.11.024","volume":"45","author":"\u00d6 Can","year":"2004","unstructured":"Can \u00d6, Celikten I, Usta N (2004) Effects of ethanol addition on performance and emissions of a turbocharged indirect injection diesel engine running at different injection pressures. Energy Convers Manag 45:15\u201316","journal-title":"Energy Convers Manag"},{"key":"3104_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2011.01.021","volume":"31","author":"R-H Chen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen R-H, Chiang L-B, Chen C-N, Lin T-H (2011) Cold-start emissions of an SI engine using ethanol\u2013gasoline blended fuel. Appl Therm Eng 31:8\u20139","journal-title":"Appl Therm Eng"},{"key":"3104_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen T, Guestrin C (2016) Xgboost: a scalable tree boosting system. In: Proceedings of the 22nd Acm sigkdd international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining, pp 785\u2013794","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939785"},{"issue":"5","key":"3104_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1021\/ef800899r","volume":"23","author":"CP Cooney","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cooney CP, Yeliana JJ, Worm, Naber JD (2009) Combustion characterization in an internal combustion engine with ethanol\u2014gasoline blended fuels varying compression ratios and ignition timing. Energy Fuels 23(5):2319\u20132324","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"3104_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2024.132528","volume":"375","author":"J Gandolfo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gandolfo J, Lawler B, Gainey B (2024) Experimental study of high compression ratio spark ignition with ethanol, ethanol\u2013water blends, and methanol. Fuel 375:132528","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"3104_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.138401","volume":"421","author":"DJ Godwin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Godwin DJ, Varuvel EG, Martin MLJ (2023) Prediction of combustion, performance, and emission parameters of ethanol powered spark ignition engine using ensemble least squares boosting machine learning algorithms. J Clean Prod 421:138401","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"3104_CR9","unstructured":"Heywood JB (1988) Internal combustion engine fundamentals"},{"issue":"7","key":"3104_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-022-07916-9","volume":"35","author":"EH Houssein","year":"2023","unstructured":"Houssein EH, Hosney ME, Mohamed WM, Ali AA, Younis EMG (2023) Fuzzy-based hunger games search algorithm for global optimization and feature selection using medical data. Neural Comput Appl 35(7):5251\u20135275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00521-022-07916-9","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"issue":"3","key":"3104_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(01)00508-8","volume":"36","author":"W-D Hsieh","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hsieh W-D, Chen R-H, Wu T-L, Lin T-H (2002) Engine performance and pollutant emission of an SI engine using ethanol\u2013gasoline blended fuels. Atmos Environ 36(3):403\u2013410","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"3104_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2016.05.040","volume":"121","author":"C Ji","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ji C, Su T, Wang S, Zhang B, Yu M, Cong X (2016) Effect of hydrogen addition on combustion and emissions performance of a gasoline rotary engine at part load and stoichiometric conditions. Energy Convers Manag 121:272\u2013280","journal-title":"Energy Convers Manag"},{"key":"3104_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalghatgi GT (2001) Fuel anti-knock quality\u2014part I. Engine studies. SAE Trans, pp 1993\u20132004","DOI":"10.4271\/2001-01-3584"},{"issue":"2","key":"3104_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2021.04.032","volume":"296","author":"M Karimi-Mamaghan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Karimi-Mamaghan M, Mohammadi M, Meyer P, Karimi-Mamaghan AM, Talbi E-G (2022) Machine learning at the service of meta-heuristics for solving combinatorial optimization problems: a state-of-the-art. Eur J Oper Res 296(2):393\u2013422","journal-title":"Eur J Oper Res"},{"key":"3104_CR15","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"T Korakianitis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Korakianitis T, Imran S, Emberson DR, Namasivayam AM, Crookes RJ (2015) Internal combustion engine performance and emissions aspects when fueled by conventional and sustainable fuels. Handb Clean Energy Syst 8:1\u201333","journal-title":"Handb Clean Energy Syst"},{"issue":"10","key":"3104_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2009.01.018","volume":"34","author":"M Ko\u00e7","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ko\u00e7 M, Sekmen Y, Topg\u00fcl T, Y\u00fccesu HS (2009) The effects of ethanol\u2013unleaded gasoline blends on engine performance and exhaust emissions in a spark-ignition engine. Renew Energy 34(10):2101\u20132106","journal-title":"Renew Energy"},{"issue":"3","key":"3104_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32310","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4053301","volume":"144","author":"J Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu J, Huang Q, Ulishney C, Dumitrescu CE (2022) Comparison of random forest and neural network in modeling the performance and emissions of a natural gas spark ignition engine. J Energy Resour Technol 144(3):32310","journal-title":"J Energy Resour Technol"},{"key":"3104_CR18","first-page":"82","volume":"6","author":"JD Naber","year":"1996","unstructured":"Naber JD, Siebers DL (1996) Effects of gas density and vaporization on penetration and dispersion of diesel sprays. SAE Trans 6:82\u2013111","journal-title":"SAE Trans"},{"key":"3104_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conengprac.2022.105299","volume":"127","author":"A Norouzi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Norouzi A et al (2022) Deep learning based model predictive control for compression ignition engines. Control Eng Pract 127:105299","journal-title":"Control Eng Pract"},{"key":"3104_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13647830.2025.2552850","volume-title":"Investigations on the applicability of machine learning algorithms for predicting emissions and performance of ethanol\u2013water-fueled spark-ignition engines","author":"P Pathmanaban","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pathmanaban P, Albuquerque C, Mendes A, Vanaja S, Pichandi C, Raja M (2025) Investigations on the applicability of machine learning algorithms for predicting emissions and performance of ethanol\u2013water-fueled spark-ignition engines. Combust Theor Model. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13647830.2025.2552850"},{"key":"3104_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2021.110738","volume":"144","author":"M Sabzekar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sabzekar M, Hasheminejad SMH (2021) Robust regression using support vector regressions. Chaos Solitons Fractals 144:110738. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chaos.2021.110738","journal-title":"Chaos Solitons Fractals"},{"key":"3104_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2021.122587","volume":"311","author":"S Sahoo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sahoo S, Kumar VNSP, Srivastava DK (2022) Quantitative analysis of engine parameters of a variable compression ratio CNG engine using machine learning. Fuel 311:122587","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"3104_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.5614\/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.3.10","volume":"55","author":"S Sonawane","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sonawane S, Sekhar R, Warke A, Thipse S, Varma C (2023) Forecasting of engine performance for Gasoline-Ethanol blends using machine learning. J Eng Technol Sci 55:3","journal-title":"J Eng Technol Sci"},{"key":"3104_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-14916-2","volume-title":"Introduction to internal combustion engines","author":"R Stone","year":"1999","unstructured":"Stone R (1999) Introduction to internal combustion engines, vol 3. Springer, Berlin"},{"key":"3104_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2024.110390","volume":"54","author":"DJG de Torres","year":"2024","unstructured":"Torres DJG, de Mendes A, Albuquerque C (2024) Performance and emissions data of an internal combustion engine operating with different ethanol\/water mixtures and compression ratios. Data Brief 54:110390 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dib.2024.110390","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"key":"3104_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2024.110390","volume":"54","author":"DJG Torres","year":"2024","unstructured":"Torres DJG, de Souza Mendes A, Albuquerque C (2024) Performance and emissions data of an internal combustion engine operating with different ethanol\/water mixtures and compression ratios. Data Brief 54:110390","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"issue":"5","key":"3104_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2010.12.025","volume":"90","author":"D Turner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Turner D, Xu H, Cracknell RF, Natarajan V, Chen X (2011) Combustion performance of bio-ethanol at various blend ratios in a gasoline direct injection engine. Fuel 90(5):1999\u20132006","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"3104_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2024.133200","volume":"381","author":"AR Voris","year":"2025","unstructured":"Voris AR, Lundberg M, Puzinauskas PV (2025) Effect of ethanol content, water injection, and compression ratio on combustion and detailed emissions in an SI-GDI engine. Fuel 381:133200","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"issue":"5","key":"3104_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2009.05.001","volume":"35","author":"M Yao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yao M, Zheng Z, Liu H (2009) Progress and recent trends in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines. Prog Energy Combust Sci 35(5):398\u2013437","journal-title":"Prog Energy Combust Sci"},{"key":"3104_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.126472","volume":"270","author":"Z Zhu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhu Z, Wang J, Deng T, Dai H (2025) An artificial intelligence-based strategy for multi-objective optimization of internal combustion engine performance and emissions. Expert Syst Appl 270:126472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.126472","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"3104_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e21365","volume":"9","author":"S \u015eahin","year":"2023","unstructured":"\u015eahin S (2023) Comparison of machine learning algorithms for predicting diesel\/biodiesel\/iso-pentanol blend engine performance and emissions. Heliyon 9:11","journal-title":"Heliyon"}],"container-title":["International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13198-025-03104-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13198-025-03104-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13198-025-03104-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:48:17Z","timestamp":1787028497000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13198-025-03104-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["3104"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13198-025-03104-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0975-6809","0976-4348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0975-6809","type":"print"},{"value":"0976-4348","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"None of the authors have any conflicting interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"There is no ethical code required for the observational study done on medical personnel. Therefore, obtaining an ethical code was not necessary for the aforementioned study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Research with human and animal participants","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Since the information was gathered from the references, this option is not required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}