{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T15:04:59Z","timestamp":1784819099350,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]],"date-time":"2020-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600819200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]],"date-time":"2020-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MO 2363\/3-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MO 2363\/3-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["K\u00fcnstl Intell"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the context of (digital) human\u2013machine interaction, people are increasingly dealing with artificial intelligence in everyday life. Through this, we observe humans who embrace technological advances with a positive attitude. Others, however, are particularly sceptical and claim to foresee substantial problems arising from such uses of technology. The aim of the present study was to introduce a short measure to assess the Attitude Towards Artificial Intelligence (ATAI scale) in the German, Chinese, and English languages. Participants from Germany (N\u2009=\u2009461; 345 females), China (N\u2009=\u2009413; 145 females), and the UK (N\u2009=\u200984; 65 females) completed the ATAI scale, for which the factorial structure was tested and compared between the samples. Participants from Germany and China were additionally asked about their willingness to interact with\/use self-driving cars, Siri, Alexa, the social robot Pepper, and the humanoid robot Erica, which are representatives of popular artificial intelligence products. The results showed that the five-item ATAI scale comprises two negatively associated factors assessing (1) acceptance and (2) fear of artificial intelligence. The factor structure was found to be similar across the German, Chinese, and UK samples. Additionally, the ATAI scale was validated, as the items on the willingness to use specific artificial intelligence products were positively associated with the ATAI Acceptance scale and negatively with the ATAI Fear scale, in both the German and Chinese samples. In conclusion we introduce a short, reliable, and valid measure on the attitude towards artificial intelligence in German, Chinese, and English language.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13218-020-00689-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]],"date-time":"2020-09-23T17:02:52Z","timestamp":1600880572000},"page":"109-118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":297,"title":["Assessing the Attitude Towards Artificial Intelligence: Introduction of a Short Measure in German, Chinese, and English Language"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1064-8866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cornelia","family":"Sindermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Sha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8696-3059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Wernicke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6734-6928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena S.","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4895-4271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rayna","family":"Sariyska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Stavrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9014-9671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8112-0837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Montag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"689_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-1900-6_1","volume-title":"Artificial intelligence: its scope and limits","author":"JH Fetzer","year":"1990","unstructured":"Fetzer JH (1990) What is artificial intelligence? In: Fetzer JH (ed) Artificial intelligence: its scope and limits. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 3\u201327"},{"key":"689_CR2","volume-title":"Google\u2019s AlphaGo defeats Chinese Go master in win for A.I","author":"P Mozur","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mozur P (2017) Google\u2019s AlphaGo defeats Chinese Go master in win for A.I. N. Y Times, New York. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2017\/05\/23\/business\/google-deepmind-alphago-go-champion-defeat.html. Accessed 3 Sept 2019"},{"key":"689_CR3","volume-title":"Google\u2019s AI clones itself and is smarter and more powerful than the man-made one","author":"I Jotham","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jotham I (2017) Google\u2019s AI clones itself and is smarter and more powerful than the man-made one. Int. Bus Times, London. https:\/\/www.ibtimes.co.uk\/googles-ai-clones-itself-smarter-more-powerful-man-made-one-1643413. Accessed 3 Sept 2019"},{"key":"689_CR4","first-page":"36","volume":"84","author":"M Birdsall","year":"2014","unstructured":"Birdsall M (2014) Google and ITE: the road ahead for self-driving cars. Inst Transp Eng J 84:36\u201339","journal-title":"Inst Transp Eng J"},{"key":"689_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-09569-7_14","volume-title":"Zur Aktualit\u00e4t der Kritischen Theorie f\u00fcr die P\u00e4dagogik","author":"R Lankau","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lankau R (2015) Fragen Sie Alexa. Die Entm\u00fcndigung des Individuums durch die Vermessung der Welt. In: Dammer K-H, Vogel T, Wehr H (eds) Zur Aktualit\u00e4t der Kritischen Theorie f\u00fcr die P\u00e4dagogik. Springer, Wiesbaden, pp 277\u2013297"},{"key":"689_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11973-1_6","volume-title":"Social robotics","author":"EB Sandoval","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sandoval EB, Mubin O, Obaid M (2014) Human robot interaction and fiction: a contradiction. In: Beetz M, Johnston B, Williams M-A (eds) Social robotics. Springer, Berlin, pp 54\u201363"},{"key":"689_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glas DF, Minato T, Ishi CT, Kawahara T, Ishiguro H (2016) ERICA: The ERATO intelligent conversational android. In: 2016 25th IEEE International symposium on robot and human interactive communication (RO-MAN), pp 22\u201329","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2016.7745086"},{"key":"689_CR8","unstructured":"Boston Dynamics Atlas\u00ae|Boston dynamics. https:\/\/www.bostondynamics.com\/atlas. Accessed 10 Jan 2020"},{"key":"689_CR9","volume-title":"Modest Debut of Atlas May Foreshadow Age of \u2018Robo Sapiens\u2019","author":"J Markoff","year":"2013","unstructured":"Markoff J (2013) Modest Debut of Atlas May Foreshadow Age of \u2018Robo Sapiens\u2019. N. Y Times, New York. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2013\/07\/12\/science\/modest-debut-of-atlas-may-foreshadow-age-of-robo-sapiens.html. Accessed 1 Jan 2020"},{"key":"689_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2017.01.011","volume":"69","author":"P Hamet","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hamet P, Tremblay J (2017) Artificial intelligence in medicine. Metabolism 69:36\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2017.01.011","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"689_CR11","unstructured":"France-Presse A (2016) Robot receptionists introduced at hospitals in Belgium. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2016\/jun\/14\/robot-receptionists-hospitals-belgium-pepper-humanoid. Accessed 6 Sept 2019"},{"key":"689_CR12","unstructured":"Loesche D (2017) Die gesellschaftlichen Kosten der digitalen Revolution. https:\/\/de.statista.com\/infografik\/11381\/automatisierung-der-arbeitswelt\/. Accessed 3 Sep 2019"},{"key":"689_CR13","first-page":"13","volume":"58","author":"JH Wilson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wilson JH, Daugherty PR, Morini-Bianzino N (2017) The jobs that artificial intelligence will create. MIT Sloan Manag Rev 58:13\u201316","journal-title":"MIT Sloan Manag Rev"},{"key":"689_CR14","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez Nicol\u00e1s E (2019) All \u201cbig five\u201d tech firms listened to private conversations. In: EUobserver. https:\/\/euobserver.com\/science\/145759. Accessed 3 Sep 2019"},{"key":"689_CR15","unstructured":"Statista (2019) Sehen Sie k\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz grunds\u00e4tzlich als Bedrohung oder als Chance? https:\/\/de.statista.com\/statistik\/daten\/studie\/977622\/umfrage\/umfrage-zu-assoziationen-mit-dem-begriff-kuenstliche-intelligenz-in-der-schweiz\/. Accessed 3 Sep 2019"},{"key":"689_CR16","first-page":"18","volume-title":"Stephen Hawking warns artificial intelligence could end mankind","author":"R Cellan-Jones","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cellan-Jones R (2014) Stephen Hawking warns artificial intelligence could end mankind. BBC News, London. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/technology-30290540. Accessed 6 Sept 2019"},{"key":"689_CR17","volume-title":"Elon Musk: artificial intelligence is our biggest existential threat","author":"S Gibbs","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gibbs S (2014) Elon Musk: artificial intelligence is our biggest existential threat. The Guardian, London. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2014\/oct\/27\/elon-musk-artificial-intelligence-ai-biggest-existential-threat. Accessed 6 Sept 2019"},{"key":"689_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2016.11.003","volume":"105","author":"Z Cai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cai Z, Fan X, Du J (2017) Gender and attitudes toward technology use: a meta-analysis. Comput Educ 105:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2016.11.003","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"key":"689_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuo IH, Rabindran JM, Broadbent E, Lee YI, Kerse N, Stafford RMQ, MacDonald BA (2009) Age and gender factors in user acceptance of healthcare robots. In: RO-MAN 2009\u2014the 18th IEEE international symposium on robot and human interactive communication, pp 214\u2013219","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2009.5326292"},{"key":"689_CR20","unstructured":"Marsden P (2017) Sex, lies and A.I. https:\/\/assets.website-files.com\/59c269cb7333f20001b0e7c4\/59d7792c6e475e0001de1a2c_Sex_lies_and_AI-SYZYGY-Digital_Insight_Report_2017_DE.pdf. Accessed 12 Sept 2019"},{"key":"689_CR21","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2018","unstructured":"R Core Team (2018) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna"},{"key":"689_CR22","volume-title":"RStudio: integrated development for R","author":"RStudio Team","year":"2015","unstructured":"RStudio Team (2015) RStudio: integrated development for R. R. RStudio Inc., Boston"},{"key":"689_CR23","volume-title":"An R companion to applied regression","author":"J Fox","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fox J, Weisberg S (2019) An R companion to applied regression, 3rd edn. SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks","edition":"3"},{"key":"689_CR24","unstructured":"Wickham H, Fran\u00e7ois R, Henry L, M\u00fcller K (2019) dplyr: a grammar of data manipulation. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=dplyr"},{"key":"689_CR25","unstructured":"Torchiano M (2019) Effsize: efficient effect size computation. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=effsize"},{"key":"689_CR26","unstructured":"Warnes GR, Bolker B, Lumley T, SAIC-Frederick and RCJC from RCJ are C (2018) Program IF by the IR, NIH of the Institute NC, NO1-CO-12400 C for CR under NC (2018) gmodels: various R programming tools for model fitting. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=gmodels"},{"key":"689_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164404272507","volume":"65","author":"C Bernaards","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bernaards C, Jennrich R (2005) Gradient projection algorithms and software for arbitrary rotation criteria in factor analysis. Educ Psychol Meas 65:676\u2013696","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Meas"},{"key":"689_CR28","unstructured":"Harrell FE Jr, with contributions from Charles Dupont and many others (2019) Hmisc: harrell miscellaneous. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=gmodels"},{"key":"689_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","volume":"48","author":"Y Rosseel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rosseel Y (2012) lavaan: an R package for structural equation modeling. J Stat Softw 48:1\u201336","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"689_CR30","unstructured":"Kim S (2015) Ppcor: partial and semi-partial (part) correlation. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=gmodels"},{"key":"689_CR31","volume-title":"psych: Procedures for psychological, psychometric, and personality research","author":"W Revelle","year":"2019","unstructured":"Revelle W (2019) psych: Procedures for psychological, psychometric, and personality research. Evanston, Illinois"},{"key":"689_CR32","unstructured":"Jorgensen TD, Pornprasertmanit S, Schoemann AM, Rosseel Y (2019) SemTools: useful tools for structural equation modeling. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=semTools"},{"key":"689_CR33","volume-title":"Applying regression and correlation: a guide for students and researchers","author":"J Miles","year":"2001","unstructured":"Miles J, Shevlin M (2001) Applying regression and correlation: a guide for students and researchers. SAGE Publications, London"},{"key":"689_CR34","volume-title":"Exploratory data analysis","author":"JW Tukey","year":"1977","unstructured":"Tukey JW (1977) Exploratory data analysis, 1st edn. Pearson, Reading","edition":"1"},{"key":"689_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hu L, Bentler PM (1999) Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Eqn Model A Multi J 6(1):1\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705519909540118","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"689_CR36","unstructured":"Trading Economics (2019) China unemployment rate. https:\/\/tradingeconomics.com\/china\/unemployment-rate. Accessed 6 Sep 2019"},{"key":"689_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-019-0670-y","author":"A Granulo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Granulo A, Fuchs C, Puntoni S (2019) Psychological reactions to human versus robotic job replacement. Nat Hum Behav. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41562-019-0670-y","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"689_CR38","unstructured":"CBS News  (2017) China announces goal of leadership in artificial intelligence by 2030. CBS News, New York. https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/china-announces-goal-of-leadership-in-artificial-intelligence-by-2030\/. Accessed 10 Sept 2019"},{"key":"689_CR39","volume-title":"China wants to build a $150 billion AI industry","author":"S Pham","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pham S (2017) China wants to build a $150 billion AI industry. CNNMoney, London. https:\/\/money.cnn.com\/2017\/07\/21\/technology\/china-artificial-intelligence-future\/index.html. Accessed 9 Sept 2019"},{"key":"689_CR40","unstructured":"Elsevier ArtificiaI Intelligence: how knowledge is created, transferred, and used; trends in China, Europe, and the United States. https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0011\/906779\/ACAD-RL-AS-RE-ai-report-WEB.pdf. Accessed 9 Sept 2019"},{"key":"689_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/15391523.2006.10782476","volume":"39","author":"CD Bain","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bain CD, Rice ML (2006) The influence of gender on attitudes, perceptions, and uses of technology. J Res Technol Educ 39:119\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15391523.2006.10782476","journal-title":"J Res Technol Educ"},{"key":"689_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.4236\/ojbm.2016.41006","volume":"04","author":"A Goswami","year":"2016","unstructured":"Goswami A, Dutta S (2016) Gender differences in technology usage\u2014a literature review. Open J Bus Manag 04:51\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/ojbm.2016.41006","journal-title":"Open J Bus Manag"},{"key":"689_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1280-z","volume":"8","author":"C Montag","year":"2015","unstructured":"Montag C, B\u0142aszkiewicz K, Sariyska R, Lachmann B, Andone I, Trendafilov B, Eibes M, Markowetz A (2015) Smartphone usage in the 21st century: who is active on WhatsApp? BMC Res Notes 8:331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13104-015-1280-z","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"689_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2018.10.003","volume":"38","author":"C Montag","year":"2018","unstructured":"Montag C (2018) Cross-cultural research projects as an effective solution for the replication crisis in psychology and psychiatry. Asian J Psychiatry 38:31\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajp.2018.10.003","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"689_CR45","unstructured":"Syrdal DS, Dautenhahn K, Koay KL, Walters ML (2009) The negative attitudes towards robots scale and reactions to robot behaviour in a live human-robot interaction study. In: Adaptive and emergent behaviour and complex systems: Proceedings of the 23rd convention of the society for the study of artificial intelligence and simulation of behaviour, AISB 2009. SSAISB, 2009. pp 109\u2013115"},{"key":"689_CR46","unstructured":"Davis FD (1985) A technology acceptance model for empirically testing new end-user information systems\u202f: theory and results. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology"},{"key":"689_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2307\/249008","volume":"13","author":"FD Davis","year":"1989","unstructured":"Davis FD (1989) Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Q 13:319\u2013340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/249008","journal-title":"MIS Q"}],"container-title":["KI - K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13218-020-00689-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13218-020-00689-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13218-020-00689-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T00:29:35Z","timestamp":1632356975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13218-020-00689-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["689"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13218-020-00689-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0933-1875","1610-1987"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0933-1875","type":"print"},{"value":"1610-1987","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 October 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 August 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 September 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest statement.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}