{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T10:38:07Z","timestamp":1753180687236,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":35,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005714","name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005714","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Datenbank Spektrum"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Traditionally, data has been held in silos and was rarely shared with other organizations. However, recently data sharing across organizations is becoming more and more important as evidenced by governmental and industrial initiatives such as the EU data strategy. As a\u00a0result, both academia and industry have been proposing new systems for shared databases, that allow multiple organizations to collaboratively insert and manage data in a\u00a0common database. Yet, each new system seems to come with its own architectural choices and custom guarantees that make it hard for users to navigate the plethora of shared database systems. While standard benchmarks like the TPC\u2011C database benchmark have been a\u00a0well-established tool to compare and analyze traditional database systems, they seem to be unsuited to evaluate shared database systems. This is because these systems are built with fundamentally different assumptions in mind, such as a\u00a0different threat\/trust model since multiple (untrusted) parties access and modify the same data. In this paper, we present a\u00a0vision and initial ideas for a\u00a0new benchmark to evaluate shared databases and capture their unique characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13222-022-00429-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T09:10:46Z","timestamp":1670317846000},"page":"227-239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Towards a\u00a0Benchmark for Shared Databases [Vision Paper]"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5295-1316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"El-Hindi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ashwin","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Karrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carsten","family":"Binnig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"Publications Office of the European Union European Commission launched the Support Centre for Data Sharing! \u2013 data.europa.eu. https:\/\/data.europa.eu\/en\/news\/european-commission-launched-support-centre-data-sharing. Accessed 19 Aug 2022","key":"429_CR1"},{"unstructured":"European Comission Proposal for a\u00a0REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on European data governance (Data Governance Act). https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX%3A52020PC0767. Accessed 19 Aug 2022","key":"429_CR2"},{"unstructured":"Microsoft News Center Adobe, Microsoft and SAP announce the Open Data Initiative to empower a\u00a0new generation of customer experiences. https:\/\/news.microsoft.com\/2018\/09\/24\/adobe-microsoft-and-sap-announce-the-open-data-initiative-to-empower-a-new-generation-of-customer-experiences\/. Accessed 19 Aug 2022","key":"429_CR3"},{"unstructured":"Ottaviano P (ed) National freight data portal one step closer to reality. businesswire.com. https:\/\/www.businesswire.com\/news\/home\/20220310005691\/en\/National-Freight-Data-Portal-One-Step-Closer-to-Reality. Accessed 19 Aug 2022","key":"429_CR4"},{"unstructured":"Port of Long Beach West coast ports support \u2019supply chain information highway. https:\/\/polb.com\/port-info\/news-and-press\/west-coast-ports-support-supply-chain-information-highway-03-03-2022\/. Accessed 19 Aug 2022","key":"429_CR5"},{"unstructured":"International Air Transport Association ONE Record Homepage. https:\/\/www.iata.org\/one-record\/. Accessed 19 Aug 2022","key":"429_CR6"},{"unstructured":"Catena\u2011X Automotive Network e.V. Catena\u2011X Homepage. https:\/\/catena-x.net\/en\/. Accessed 19 Aug 2022","key":"429_CR7"},{"issue":"9","key":"429_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3046","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093046","volume":"17","author":"T Hulsen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hulsen T (2020) Sharing is caring: data sharing initiatives in healthcare. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17(9):3046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17093046","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"unstructured":"Consumer Financial Protection Bureau CFPB outlines principles for consumer-authorized financial data sharing and aggregation. https:\/\/www.consumerfinance.gov\/about-us\/newsroom\/cfpb-outlines-principles-consumer-authorized-financial-data-sharing-and-aggregation\/. Accessed 19 Aug 2022","key":"429_CR9"},{"unstructured":"EUROPEAN COMMISSION COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS on a\u00a0Digital Finance Strategy for the EU. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX. Accessed 19 Aug 2022","key":"429_CR10"},{"issue":"7822","key":"429_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-02454-7","volume":"584","author":"R Eiss","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eiss R (2020) Confusion over Europe\u2019s data-protection law is stalling scientific progress. Nature 584(7822):498\u2013498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-020-02454-7","journal-title":"Nature"},{"unstructured":"Allen L, Antonopoulos P, Arasu A, Gehrke J, Hammer J, Hunter J et al (2019) Veritas: shared verifiable databases and tables in the cloud. CIDR 2019:1\u20139. https:\/\/www.cidrdb.org\/cidr2019\/papers\/p111-gehrke-cidr19.pdf. Accessed 19 Aug 2022","key":"429_CR12"},{"issue":"11","key":"429_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.14778\/3342263.3342636","volume":"12","author":"M El-Hindi","year":"2019","unstructured":"El-Hindi M, Binnig C, Arasu A, Kossmann D, Ramamurthy R (2019) BlockchainDB: a\u00a0shared database on blockchains. Proc VLDB Endow 12(11):1597\u20131609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14778\/3342263.3342636","journal-title":"Proc VLDB Endow"},{"unstructured":"Schuhknecht FM, Sharma A, Dittrich J, Agrawal D (2021) chainifyDB: How to get rid of your Blockchain and use your DBMS instead. CIDR 2021:1\u201310. http:\/\/cidrdb.org\/cidr2021\/papers\/cidr2021_paper04.pdf. Accessed 19 Aug 2022","key":"429_CR14"},{"key":"429_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1145\/3318464.3380594","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data","author":"Y Peng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peng Y, Du M, Li F, Cheng R, Song D (2020) FalconDB: blockchain-based collaborative database. In: Proceedings of the 2020 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data SIGMOD \u201920. Association for Computing Machinery, Portland, pp 637\u2013652 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3318464.3380594"},{"key":"429_CR16","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Third international symposium on foundations and applications of blockchain. virtual conference","author":"M El-Hindi","year":"2020","unstructured":"El-Hindi M, Karrer S, Doci G, Binnig C (2020) TrustDBle: towards trustable shared databases. In: Third international symposium on foundations and applications of blockchain. virtual conference, pp 1\u20134 (https:\/\/scfab.github.io\/2020\/FAB2020_p7.pdf)"},{"unstructured":"Transaction Processing Performance Council (TPC) TPC BENCHMARK C \u2013 standard specification \u2013 revision 5.11. Transaction processing performance council. https:\/\/www.tpc.org\/tpc_documents_current_versions\/pdf\/tpc-c_v5.11.0.pdf. Accessed 19 Aug 2022","key":"429_CR17"},{"key":"429_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDE.2008.4497466","volume-title":"2008 IEEE 24th international conference on data engineering","author":"M Alomari","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alomari M, Cahill M, Fekete A, Rohm U (2008) The cost of serializability on platforms that use snapshot isolation. In: 2008 IEEE 24th international conference on data engineering, pp 576\u2013585"},{"key":"429_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1145\/1807128.1807152","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st ACM symposium on Cloud computing","author":"BF Cooper","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cooper BF, Silberstein A, Tam E, Ramakrishnan R, Sears R (2010) Benchmarking cloud serving systems with YCSB. In: Proceedings of the 1st ACM symposium on Cloud computing SoCC \u201910. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, pp 143\u2013154 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1807128.1807152"},{"key":"429_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1145\/3514221.3517851","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 international conference on management of data","author":"Y Xia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xia Y, Yu X, Butrovich M, Pavlo A, Litmus DS (2022) Towards a\u00a0practical database management system with verifiable ACID properties and transaction correctness. In: Proceedings of the 2022 international conference on management of data SIGMOD \u201922. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, pp 1478\u20131492 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3514221.3517851"},{"issue":"2","key":"429_CR21","first-page":"11","volume":"45","author":"M Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang M, Yue C, Zhu C, Zhong Z (2022) LEDGERBENCH: a\u00a0framework for benchmarking ledger databases. Bull Tech Comm Data Eng 45(2):11","journal-title":"Bull Tech Comm Data Eng"},{"key":"429_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-93663-1_5","volume-title":"Heterogeneous data management, polystores, and analytics for healthcare. Lecture notes in computer science","author":"M El-Hindi","year":"2021","unstructured":"El-Hindi M, Zhao Z, Binnig CACID-V (2021) Towards a new class of DBMss for data sharing. In: Rezig EK, Gadepally V, Mattson T, Stonebraker M, Kraska T, Wang F, al (eds) Heterogeneous data management, polystores, and analytics for healthcare. Lecture notes in computer science. Springer, Cham, pp 60\u201364"},{"key":"429_CR23","first-page":"305","volume-title":"2014 USENIX annual technical conference (USENIX ATC 14)","author":"D Ongaro","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ongaro D, Ousterhout J (2014) In search of an understandable consensus algorithm. In: 2014 USENIX annual technical conference (USENIX ATC 14). USENIX Association, Philadelphia, pp 305\u2013319 (https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/atc14\/technical-sessions\/presentation\/ongaro)"},{"key":"429_CR24","volume-title":"3rd Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 99)","author":"M Castro","year":"1999","unstructured":"Castro M, Liskov B (1999) Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance. In: 3rd Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 99). USENIX Association, New Orleans (https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/osdi-99\/practical-byzantine-fault-tolerance)"},{"key":"429_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1145\/3448016.3457558","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 international conference on management of data","author":"P Antonopoulos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Antonopoulos P, Kaushik R, Kodavalla H, Rosales Aceves S, Wong R, Anderson J et al (2021) SQL ledger: cryptographically verifiable data in Azure SQL database. In: Proceedings of the 2021 international conference on management of data SIGMOD \u201921. Virtual Event China: ACM, pp 2437\u20132449 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3448016.3457558"},{"issue":"12","key":"429_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3138","DOI":"10.14778\/3415478.3415540","volume":"13","author":"X Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang X, Zhang Y, Wang S, Yu B, Li F, Li Y et al (2020) LedgerDB: a\u00a0centralized ledger database for universal audit and verification. Proc VLDB Endow 13(12):3138\u20133151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14778\/3415478.3415540","journal-title":"Proc VLDB Endow"},{"key":"429_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1109\/DSNW.2011.5958810","volume-title":"2011 IEEE\/IFIP 41st International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks Workshops (DSN-W)","author":"AA Neto","year":"2011","unstructured":"Neto AA, Vieira M (2011) TO BEnchmark or NOT TO BEnchmark security: That is the question. In: 2011 IEEE\/IFIP 41st International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks Workshops (DSN-W), pp 182\u2013187"},{"issue":"12","key":"429_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3449","DOI":"10.14778\/3415478.3415567","volume":"13","author":"M Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang M, Xie Z, Yue C, Spitz ZZ (2020) A verifiable database system. Proc VLDB Endow 13(12):3449\u20133460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14778\/3415478.3415567","journal-title":"Proc VLDB Endow"},{"key":"429_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3477132.3483552","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGOPS 28th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles","author":"F Suri-Payer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Suri-Payer F, Burke M, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Alvisi L, Crooks NB (2021) Breaking up BFT with ACID (transactions). In: Proceedings of the ACM SIGOPS 28th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles SOSP \u201921. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, pp 1\u201317 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3477132.3483552"},{"unstructured":"Yue C, Dinh TTA, Xie Z, Zhang M, Chen G, Ooi BC, al al Y (eds) GlassDB: practical verifiable ledger database through transparency. arxiv. Number: arxiv:2207.00944. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2207.00944. Accessed 19 Aug 2022","key":"429_CR30"},{"key":"429_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1145\/3035918.3064033","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Conference on Management of Data","author":"TTA Dinh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dinh TTA, Wang J, Chen G, Liu R, Ooi\u00a0BC, Tan\u00a0KL (2017) Blockbench. A\u00a0framework for analyzing private blockchains. In: Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Conference on Management of Data SIGMOD \u201917. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, pp\u00a01085\u20131100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3035918.3064033"},{"issue":"7","key":"429_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.14778\/3384345.3384354","volume":"13","author":"S Shastri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shastri S, Banakar V, Wasserman M, Kumar A, Chidambaram V (2020) Understanding and benchmarking the impact of GDPR on database systems. Proc VLDB Endow 13(7):1064\u20131077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14778\/3384345.3384354","journal-title":"Proc VLDB Endow"},{"key":"429_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1109\/DSN.2005.93","volume-title":"2005 International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN\u201905)","author":"M Vieira","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vieira M, Madeira H (2005) Towards a\u00a0security benchmark for database management systems. In: 2005 International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN\u201905), pp 592\u2013601"}],"container-title":["Datenbank-Spektrum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13222-022-00429-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13222-022-00429-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13222-022-00429-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T17:21:40Z","timestamp":1676049700000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13222-022-00429-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["429"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13222-022-00429-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1618-2162","1610-1995"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1618-2162"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1610-1995"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 August 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 October 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 December 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The research leading to these results received funding from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) under Grant Agreements No 16KIS1267, 2WDG017A and its Research Institute ATHENE as well as from the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (BMWK) under Grant Agreement No 01MK21002K.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}