{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T10:28:51Z","timestamp":1775471331477,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677196800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002954","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano - Bicocca","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002954","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Datenbank Spektrum"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Natural language processing and other areas of artificial intelligence have seen staggering progress in recent years, yet much of this is reported with reference to somewhat limited benchmark datasets.<\/jats:p><jats:p>We see the deployment of these techniques in realistic use cases as the next step in this development. In particular, much progress is still needed in educational settings, which can strongly improve users\u2019 safety on social media. We present our efforts to develop multi-modal machine learning algorithms to be integrated into a\u00a0social media companion aimed at supporting and educating users in dealing with fake news and other social media threats.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Inside the companion environment, such algorithms can automatically assess and enable users to contextualize different aspects of their social media experience. They can estimate and display different characteristics of content in supported users\u2019 feeds, such as \u2018fakeness\u2019 and \u2018sentiment\u2019, and suggest related alternatives to enrich users\u2019 perspectives. In addition, they can evaluate the opinions, attitudes, and neighbourhoods of the users and of those appearing in their feeds. The aim of the latter process is to raise users\u2019 awareness and resilience to filter bubbles and echo chambers, which are almost unnoticeable and rarely understood phenomena that may affect users\u2019 information intake unconsciously and are unexpectedly widespread.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The social media environment is rapidly changing and complex. While our algorithms show state-of-the-art performance, they rely on task-specific datasets, and their reliability may decrease over time and be limited against novel threats. The negative impact of these limits may be exasperated by users\u2019 over-reliance on algorithmic tools.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Therefore, companion algorithms and educational activities are meant to increase users\u2019 awareness of social media threats while exposing the limits of such algorithms. This will also provide an educational example of the limits affecting the machine-learning components of social media platforms.<\/jats:p><jats:p>We aim to devise, implement and test the impact of the companion and connected educational activities in acquiring and supporting conscientious and autonomous social media usage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13222-023-00436-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T11:03:17Z","timestamp":1677236597000},"page":"27-39","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Moving Beyond Benchmarks and Competitions: Towards Addressing Social Media Challenges in an Educational Context"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9454-680X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitri","family":"Ognibene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregor","family":"Donabauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Theophilou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sathya","family":"Bur\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Lomonaco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Wilkens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davinia","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Leo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Udo","family":"Kruschwitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"436_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900014875","volume":"11","author":"E Aboujaoude","year":"2006","unstructured":"Aboujaoude E, Koran LM, Gamel N et al (2006) Potential markers for problematic internet use: a\u00a0telephone survey of 2,513 adults. CNS Spectr 11(10):750\u2013755","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"key":"436_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2019.112851","volume":"139","author":"Z Ahmad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahmad Z, Jindal R, Ekbal A et al (2020) Borrow from rich cousin: transfer learning for emotion detection using cross lingual embedding. Expert Syst Appl 139:112851","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"436_CR3","first-page":"2083","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum (CLEF2021). CEUR Workshop Proceedings (CEUR-WS.org)","author":"KO Akomeah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Akomeah KO, Kruschwitz U, Ludwig B (2021) University of regensburg @ pan: Profiling hate speech spreaders on twitter. In: Proceedings of the 12th Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum (CLEF2021). CEUR Workshop Proceedings (CEUR-WS.org), pp 2083\u20132089"},{"key":"436_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-16101-3_13","volume-title":"International working conference on requirements engineering: Foundation for software quality","author":"R Ali","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ali R, Jiang N, Phalp K et al (2015) The emerging requirement for digital addiction labels. In: International working conference on requirements engineering: Foundation for software quality. Springer, pp 198\u2013213"},{"issue":"2","key":"436_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3386\/w23089","volume":"31","author":"H Allcott","year":"2017","unstructured":"Allcott H, Gentzkow M (2017) Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. J\u00a0Econ Perspect 31(2):211\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3386\/w23089","journal-title":"J Econ Perspect"},{"issue":"3","key":"436_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2298\/PSI191029017A","volume":"53","author":"BM Almourad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Almourad BM, McAlaney J, Skinner T et al (2020) Defining digital addiction: Key features from the literature. Psihologija 53(3):237\u2013253","journal-title":"Psihologija"},{"key":"436_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-31510-2_25","volume-title":"International Conference on Persuasive Technology","author":"A Alrobai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alrobai A, McAlaney J, Phalp K et al (2016) Online peer groups as a\u00a0persuasive tool to combat digital addiction. In: International Conference on Persuasive Technology. Springer, pp 288\u2013300"},{"key":"436_CR8","series-title":"Tech. rep.","volume-title":"Openface: A\u00a0general-purpose face recognition library with mobile applications","author":"B Amos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Amos B, Ludwiczuk B, Satyanarayanan M (2016) Openface: A\u00a0general-purpose face recognition library with mobile applications. Tech. rep., vol CMU-CS-16-118. CMU School of Computer Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"436_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-4774.2012.01069.x","volume":"10","author":"SP Anderson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Anderson SP, McLaren J (2012) Media mergers and media bias with rational consumers. J\u00a0Eur Econ Assoc 10(4):831\u2013859","journal-title":"J Eur Econ Assoc"},{"key":"436_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-09680-8_25","volume-title":"International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems","author":"F Aprin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aprin F, Chounta IA, Hoppe HU (2022) \u201cSee the image in different contexts\u201d: Using reverse image search to support the identification of fake news in instagram-like social media. In: International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Springer, pp 264\u2013275"},{"key":"436_CR11","first-page":"1492","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference. European Language Resources Association, Marseille, France","author":"FM Plaza del Arco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Plaza del Arco FM, Strapparava C, Urena Lopez LA et al (2020) EmoEvent: A\u00a0multilingual emotion corpus based on different events. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference. European Language Resources Association, Marseille, France, pp 1492\u20131498 (https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2020.lrec-1.186)"},{"key":"436_CR12","volume-title":"SEBD","author":"G Armano","year":"2018","unstructured":"Armano G, Battiato S, Bennato D et al (2018) Newsvallum: Semantics-aware text and image processing for fake news detection system. In: SEBD"},{"key":"436_CR13","first-page":"79","volume-title":"Media literacy in the information age","author":"P Aufderheide","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aufderheide P (2018) Media literacy: From a\u00a0report of the national leadership conference on media literacy. In: Media literacy in the information age. Routledge, London, pp 79\u201386"},{"issue":"4","key":"436_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1177\/0743915619858057","volume":"38","author":"S Banker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Banker S, Khetani S (2019) Algorithm overdependence: How the use of algorithmic recommendation systems can increase risks to consumer well-being. J\u00a0Public Policy Mark 38(4):500\u2013515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0743915619858057","journal-title":"J Public Policy Mark"},{"key":"436_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S19-2007","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation","author":"V Basile","year":"2019","unstructured":"Basile V, Bosco C, Fersini E et al (2019) SemEval-2019 task 5: Multilingual detection of hate speech against immigrants and women in Twitter. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation. Association for Computational Linguistics, Minneapolis, pp 54\u201363 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/S19-2007"},{"key":"436_CR16","volume-title":"Ntua-slp at semeval-2018 task 1: Predicting affective content in tweets with deep attentive rnns and transfer learning","author":"C Baziotis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Baziotis\u00a0C, Athanasiou\u00a0N, Chronopoulou\u00a0A et al (2018) NTUA-SLP at SemEval-2018 Task\u00a01: Predicting affective content in tweets with deep attentive rnns and transfer learning (arXiv preprint arXiv:180406658)"},{"issue":"26","key":"436_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E5070","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1615978114","volume":"114","author":"J Becker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Becker J, Brackbill D, Centola D (2017) Network dynamics of social influence in the wisdom of crowds. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 114(26):E5070\u2013E5076","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"436_CR18","first-page":"76","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Eleventh Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis","author":"F Bianchi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bianchi F, Nozza D, Hovy D (2021) FEEL-IT: Emotion and sentiment classification for the Italian language. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis. Association for Computational Linguistics, pp 76\u201383 (https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2021.wassa-1.8)"},{"key":"436_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.05.026","volume":"87","author":"AM Bliuc","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bliuc AM, Faulkner N, Jakubowicz A et al (2018) Online networks of racial hate: A\u00a0systematic review of 10\u00a0years of research on cyber-racism. Comput Human Behav 87:75\u201386","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"key":"436_CR20","first-page":"186","volume-title":"International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing","author":"G Boccignone","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boccignone G, Bursic S, Cuculo V et al (2022) Deepfakes have no heart: A\u00a0simple rppg-based method to reveal fake videos. In: International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing. Springer, pp 186\u2013195"},{"key":"436_CR21","first-page":"4843","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, NAACL-HLT 2021, Online, June 6\u201111, 2021","author":"SR Bowman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bowman SR, Dahl GE (2021) What will it take to fix benchmarking in natural language understanding? In: Toutanova K, Rumshisky A, Zettlemoyer L et al (eds) Proceedings of the 2021 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, NAACL-HLT 2021, Online, June 6\u201111, 2021. Association for Computational Linguistics, pp 4843\u20134855 (https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/2021.naacl-main.385\/)"},{"issue":"28","key":"436_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7313","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1618923114","volume":"114","author":"WJ Brady","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brady WJ, Wills JA, Jost JT et al (2017) Emotion shapes the diffusion of moralized content in social networks. PNAS 114(28):7313\u20137318","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"436_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00279","author":"R Brotherton","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brotherton R, French CC, Pickering AD (2013) Measuring belief in conspiracy theories: The generic conspiracist beliefs scale. Front Psychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00279","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"436_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.23860\/JMLE-2018-10-1-1","volume":"10","author":"M Bulger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bulger M, Davison P (2018) The promises, challenges, and futures of media literacy. J\u00a0Media Lit Educ 10(1):1\u201321","journal-title":"J Media Lit Educ"},{"key":"436_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6089","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR48806.2021.9412186","volume-title":"2020 25th international conference on pattern recognition (ICPR)","author":"S Bursic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bursic S, D\u2019Amelio A, Granato M et al (2021) A\u00a0quantitative evaluation framework of video de-identification methods. In: 2020 25th international conference on pattern recognition (ICPR). IEEE, pp 6089\u20136095"},{"issue":"2","key":"436_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2016\/40.2.05","volume":"40","author":"J Chan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chan J, Ghose A, Seamans R (2016) The internet and racial hate crime: Offline spillovers from online access. MISQ 40(2):381\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25300\/MISQ\/2016\/40.2.05","journal-title":"MISQ"},{"key":"436_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7252","DOI":"10.23919\/CCC50068.2020.9189596","volume-title":"2020 39th chinese control conference (CCC)","author":"X Chang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chang X, Wu J, Yang T et al (2020) Deepfake face image detection based on improved vgg convolutional neural network. In: 2020 39th chinese control conference (CCC). IEEE, pp 7252\u20137256"},{"issue":"11","key":"436_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0187278","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187278","volume":"12","author":"L Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen L et al (2017) Building a\u00a0profile of subjective well-being for social media users. PLoS ONE 12(11):e187278","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"436_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1145\/3490099.3511121","volume-title":"27th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces","author":"CW Chiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chiang CW, Yin M (2022) Exploring the effects of machine learning literacy interventions on laypeople\u2019s reliance on machine learning models. In: 27th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, pp 148\u2013161"},{"key":"436_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3490099.3511121","volume-title":"Exploring the effects of machine learning literacy interventions on laypeople\u2019s reliance on machine learning models","author":"CW Chiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chiang CW, Yin M (2022) Exploring the effects of machine learning literacy interventions on laypeople\u2019s reliance on machine learning models. Association for Computing Machinery, New York"},{"issue":"1","key":"436_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.2202\/1944-2866.1018","volume":"1","author":"B Clarke","year":"2009","unstructured":"Clarke B (2009) Early adolescents\u2019 use of social networking sites to maintain friendship and explore identity: implications for policy. Policy Internet 1(1):55\u201389","journal-title":"Policy Internet"},{"key":"436_CR32","volume-title":"A\u00a0multi-dimensional approach to disinformation: Report of the independent High level Group on fake news and online disinformation","author":"M de Cock Buning","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Cock Buning M (2018) A\u00a0multi-dimensional approach to disinformation: Report of the independent High level Group on fake news and online disinformation. Publications Office of the European Union"},{"key":"436_CR33","volume-title":"Detecting hate speech in multi-modal memes","author":"A Das","year":"2020","unstructured":"Das A, Wahi JS, Li S (2020) Detecting hate speech in multi-modal memes (arXiv preprint arXiv:201214891)"},{"issue":"3","key":"436_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1517441113","volume":"113","author":"M Del Vicario","year":"2016","unstructured":"Del Vicario M, Bessi A, Zollo F et al (2016) The spreading of misinformation online. PNAS 113(3):554\u2013559","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"436_CR35","series-title":"Long and short papers","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies","author":"J Devlin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Devlin J, Chang MW, Lee K et al (2019) BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. In: Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies. Long and short papers, vol 1. Association for Computational Linguistics, Minneapolis"},{"issue":"3","key":"436_CR36","first-page":"449","volume":"39","author":"E Diener","year":"1980","unstructured":"Diener E, Lusk R, DeFour D et al (1980) Deindividuation: Effects of group size, density, number of observers, and group member similarity on self-consciousness and disinhibited behavior. JPSP 39(3):449","journal-title":"JPSP"},{"key":"436_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31357\/vjs.v22i2.4385","author":"U Dikwatta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dikwatta\u00a0U, Fernando\u00a0T (2019) Violence detection in social media-review. Vidyodaya J Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31357\/vjs.v22i2.4385","journal-title":"Sci"},{"issue":"CSCW","key":"436_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3274324","volume":"2","author":"M Gao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gao M, Xiao Z, Karahalios K et al (2018) To label or not to label: The effect of stance and credibility labels on readers\u2019 selection and perception of news articles. Proc ACM Hum Comput Interact 2(CSCW):1\u201316","journal-title":"Proc ACM Hum Comput Interact"},{"issue":"1","key":"436_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-2415.2003.00013.x","volume":"3","author":"PB Gerstenfeld","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gerstenfeld PB, Grant DR, Chiang CP (2003) Hate online: A\u00a0content analysis of extremist internet sites. ASIPP 3(1):29\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1530-2415.2003.00013.x","journal-title":"ASIPP"},{"issue":"1","key":"436_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/bjso.12286","volume":"58","author":"D Geschke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Geschke D, Lorenz J, Holtz P (2019) The triple-filter bubble: Using agent-based modelling to test a\u00a0meta-theoretical framework for the emergence of filter bubbles and echo chambers. Br J Soc Psychol 58(1):129\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjso.12286","journal-title":"Br J Soc Psychol"},{"key":"436_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1109\/DSAA49011.2020.00091","volume-title":"2020 IEEE 7th International Conference on Data Science and Advanced Analytics (DSAA)","author":"A Giachanou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Giachanou A, Zhang G, Rosso P (2020) Multimodal multi-image fake news detection. In: 2020 IEEE 7th International Conference on Data Science and Advanced Analytics (DSAA). IEEE, pp 647\u2013654"},{"key":"436_CR42","first-page":"823","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 World Wide Web Conference","author":"N Gillani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gillani N, Yuan A, Saveski M et al (2018) Me, my echo chamber, and i: introspection on social media polarization. In: Proceedings of the 2018 World Wide Web Conference, pp 823\u2013831"},{"issue":"2","key":"436_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444819856916","volume":"22","author":"L Graves","year":"2020","unstructured":"Graves L, Anderson CW (2020) Discipline and promote: Building infrastructure and managing algorithms in a \u201cstructured journalism\u201d project by professional fact-checking groups. New Media Soc 22(2):342\u2013360","journal-title":"New Media Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"436_CR44","first-page":"143","volume":"20","author":"DW Grigg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Grigg DW (2010) Cyber-aggression: Definition and concept of cyberbullying. J\u00a0Psychol Couns Sch 20(2):143\u2013156","journal-title":"J Psychol Couns Sch"},{"key":"436_CR45","first-page":"2","volume-title":"PWAIS-ACM\u201918","author":"T Gr\u00f6ndahl","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gr\u00f6ndahl T, Pajola L, Juuti M et al (2018) All you need is: Evading hate speech detection. In: PWAIS-ACM\u201918. ACM, pp 2\u201312"},{"key":"436_CR46","first-page":"666","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition workshops","author":"L Guarnera","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guarnera L, Giudice O, Battiato S (2020) Deepfake detection by analyzing convolutional traces. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition workshops, pp 666\u2013667"},{"key":"436_CR47","first-page":"1627","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference. European Language Resources Association, Marseille, France","author":"O Guhr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guhr O, Schumann AK, Bahrmann F et al (2020) Training a\u00a0broad-coverage German sentiment classification model for dialog systems. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference. European Language Resources Association, Marseille, France, pp 1627\u20131632 (https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2020.lrec-1.202)"},{"issue":"2","key":"436_CR48","first-page":"147","volume":"1","author":"CN Gunawardena","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gunawardena CN (1995) Social presence theory and implications for interaction and collaborative learning in computer conferences. IJET 1(2):147\u2013166","journal-title":"IJET"},{"key":"436_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1145\/3242969.3264990","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction","author":"X Guo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guo X, Zhu B, Polan\u00eda LF et al (2018) Group-level emotion recognition using hybrid deep models based on faces, scenes, skeletons and visual attentions. In: Proceedings of the 20th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, pp 635\u2013639"},{"key":"436_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1145\/3242969.3264985","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction","author":"A Gupta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gupta A, Agrawal D, Chauhan H et al (2018) An attention model for group-level emotion recognition. In: Proceedings of the 20th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, pp 611\u2013615"},{"issue":"4","key":"436_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1080\/1478601X.2012.704723","volume":"25","author":"WC Hale","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hale WC (2012) Extremism on the world wide web: A\u00a0research review. Crim Justice Stud 25(4):343\u2013356","journal-title":"Crim Justice Stud"},{"key":"436_CR52","first-page":"2702","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Language Resources and Evaluation Conference. European Language Resources Association, Marseille, France","author":"P Hartl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hartl P, Kruschwitz U (2022) Applying automatic text summarization for fake news detection. In: Proceedings of the Language Resources and Evaluation Conference. European Language Resources Association, Marseille, France, pp 2702\u20132713"},{"key":"436_CR53","volume-title":"Deepfakeson-phys: Deepfakes detection based on heart rate estimation","author":"J Hernandez-Ortega","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hernandez-Ortega J, Tolosana R, Fierrez J et al (2020) Deepfakeson-phys: Deepfakes detection based on heart rate estimation (arXiv preprint arXiv:201000400)"},{"key":"436_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1145\/3485768.3485806","volume-title":"2021 5th International Conference on E\u2011Society, E\u2011Education and E\u2011Technology","author":"R Hernandez Urbano Jr","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hernandez Urbano R Jr, Uy Ajero J, Legaspi Angeles A et al (2021) A\u00a0bert-based hate speech classifier from transcribed online short-form videos. In: 2021 5th International Conference on E\u2011Society, E\u2011Education and E\u2011Technology, pp 186\u2013192"},{"key":"436_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-86436-1_42","volume-title":"Technology-enhanced learning for a free, safe, and sustainable world","author":"D Hern\u00e1ndez-Leo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Leo D, Theophilou E, Lobo R et al (2021) Narrative scripts embedded in social media towards empowering digital and self-protection skills. In: Technology-enhanced learning for a free, safe, and sustainable world, pp 394\u2013398"},{"issue":"6","key":"436_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691617702496","volume":"12","author":"R Hertwig","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hertwig R, Gr\u00fcne-Yanoff T (2017) Nudging and boosting: Steering or empowering good decisions. Perspect Psychol Sci 12(6):973\u2013986","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"key":"436_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffmann\u00a0J, Kruschwitz\u00a0U (2020) UR_NLP@ HaSpeeDe\u00a02 at EVALITA 2020: Towards robust hate speech detection with contextual embeddings. In: Proceedings of the Seventh Evaluation Campaign of Natural Language Processing and Speech Tools for Italian (EVALITA 2020)","DOI":"10.4000\/books.aaccademia.6967"},{"key":"436_CR58","volume-title":"Deceiving google\u2019s perspective api built for detecting toxic comments","author":"H Hosseini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hosseini H, Kannan S, Zhang B et al (2017) Deceiving google\u2019s perspective api built for detecting toxic comments (arXiv preprint arXiv:170208138)"},{"issue":"1","key":"436_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.3390\/app10010370","volume":"10","author":"CC Hsu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hsu CC, Zhuang YX, Lee CY (2020) Deep fake image detection based on pairwise learning. Appl Sci 10(1):370","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"436_CR60","first-page":"101","volume-title":"Proceedings of the European conference on computer vision (ECCV)","author":"M Huh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huh M, Liu A, Owens A et al (2018) Fighting fake news: Image splice detection via learned self-consistency. In: Proceedings of the European conference on computer vision (ECCV), pp 101\u2013117"},{"issue":"9","key":"436_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444815577797","volume":"18","author":"LM Jones","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jones LM, Mitchell KJ (2016) Defining and measuring youth digital citizenship. New Media Soc 18(9):2063\u20132079","journal-title":"New Media Soc"},{"key":"436_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83,144","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2988660","volume":"8","author":"T Jung","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jung T, Kim S, Kim K (2020) Deepvision: Deepfakes detection using human eye blinking pattern. IEEE Access 8:83,144\u201383,154","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"436_CR63","first-page":"1119","volume-title":"2020 4th international conference on intelligent computing and control systems (ICICCS)","author":"H Kajla","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kajla H, Hooda J, Saini G et al (2020) Classification of online toxic comments using machine learning algorithms. In: 2020 4th international conference on intelligent computing and control systems (ICICCS). IEEE, pp 1119\u20131123"},{"key":"436_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2022.107595","volume":"140","author":"A Kato","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kato A, Shimomura K, Ognibene D et al (2022) Computational models of behavioral addictions: state of the art and future directions. Addict Behav 140:107595","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"436_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1093\/joc\/jqab034","volume":"71","author":"JW Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim JW, Guess A, Nyhan B et al (2021) The distorting prism of social media: how self-selection and exposure to incivility fuel online comment toxicity. J\u00a0Commun 71(6):922\u2013946. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/joc\/jqab034","journal-title":"J Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"436_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100620946707","volume":"21","author":"A Kozyreva","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kozyreva A, Lewandowsky S, Hertwig R (2020) Citizens versus the internet: Confronting digital challenges with cognitive tools. Psychol Sci Public Interest 21(3):103\u2013156","journal-title":"Psychol Sci Public Interest"},{"issue":"24","key":"436_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8788","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1320040111","volume":"111","author":"AD Kramer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kramer AD, Guillory JE, Hancock JT (2014) Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks. PNAS 111(24):8788\u20138790","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"436_CR68","unstructured":"Kumar R, Ojha AK, Lahiri B et al (eds) (2020) Proceedings of the second workshop on trolling, aggression and cyberbullying. European Language Resources Association (ELRA), Marseille, France (https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2020.trac-1.0)"},{"key":"436_CR69","volume-title":"AoIR 2021: The 22nd Annual Conference of the Association of Internet Researchers","author":"EA Kyza","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kyza EA, Varda C, Konstantinou L et al (2021) Social media use, trust, and technology acceptance: Investigating the effectiveness of a\u00a0co-created browser plugin in mitigating the spread of misinformation on social media. In: AoIR 2021: The 22nd Annual Conference of the Association of Internet Researchers"},{"key":"436_CR70","first-page":"212","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","author":"W Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu W, Wen Y, Yu Z et al (2017) Sphereface: Deep hypersphere embedding for face recognition. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 212\u2013220"},{"key":"436_CR71","volume-title":"Courage at checkthat! 2022: harmful tweet detection using graph neural networks and electra. Working notes of CLEF","author":"F Lomonaco","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lomonaco F, Donabauer G, Siino M (2022) Courage at CheckThat! 2022: harmful tweet detection using graph neural networks and electra. Working notes of CLEF"},{"key":"436_CR72","volume-title":"4th International Conference on Higher Education Learning Methodologies and Technologies Online","author":"F Lomonaco","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lomonaco F, Ognibene D, Trianni V et al (2022) A\u00a0game-based educational experience to increase awareness about the threats of social media filter bubbles and echo chambers inspired by \u201cwisdom of the crowd\u201d: preliminary results. In: 4th International Conference on Higher Education Learning Methodologies and Technologies Online"},{"issue":"22","key":"436_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9020","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008636108","volume":"108","author":"J Lorenz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lorenz J, Rauhut H, Schweitzer F et al (2011) How social influence can undermine the wisdom of crowd effect. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108(22):9020\u20139025","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"11","key":"436_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-0889-7","volume":"4","author":"P Lorenz-Spreen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lorenz-Spreen P, Lewandowsky S, Sunstein CR et al (2020) How behavioural sciences can promote truth, autonomy and democratic discourse online. Nat Hum Behav 4(11):1102\u20131109","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"436_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-demo.25","volume-title":"TimeLMs: diachronic language models from Twitter. ACLAnthology","author":"D Loureiro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Loureiro D, Barbieri F, Neves L, Espinosa Anke L, Camacho-collados J (2022) TimeLMs: diachronic language models from Twitter. ACLAnthology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-demo.25"},{"issue":"4","key":"436_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2016.0671","volume":"27","author":"PB Lowry","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lowry PB, Zhang J, Wang C et al (2016) Why do adults engage in cyberbullying on social media? An integration of online disinhibition and deindividuation effects with the social structure and social learning model. Inf Syst Res 27(4):962\u2013986","journal-title":"Inf Syst Res"},{"key":"436_CR77","first-page":"369","volume-title":"Proceedings of the international AAAI conference on web and social media","author":"B Mathew","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mathew B, Saha P, Tharad H et al (2019) Thou shalt not hate: Countering online hate speech. In: Proceedings of the international AAAI conference on web and social media, pp 369\u2013380"},{"issue":"17","key":"436_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v35i17.17745","volume":"35","author":"B Mathew","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mathew B, Saha P, Yimam SM et al (2021) Hatexplain: A\u00a0benchmark dataset for explainable hate speech detection. Proc AAAI Conf Artif Intell 35(17):867\u2013814. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1609\/aaai.v35i17.17745","journal-title":"Proc AAAI Conf Artif Intell"},{"issue":"6","key":"436_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2012.07.007","volume":"28","author":"FT Mcandrew","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mcandrew FT, Jeong HS (2012) Who does what on facebook? Age, sex, and relationship status as predictors of facebook use. Comput Human Behav 28(6):2359\u20132365","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"436_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.13.3.334.81","volume":"13","author":"DH McKnight","year":"2002","unstructured":"McKnight DH, Choudhury V, Kacmar C (2002) Developing and validating trust measures for e\u2011commerce: An integrative typology. Inf Syst Res 13(3):334\u2013359","journal-title":"Inf Syst Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"436_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1002\/poi3.214","volume":"12","author":"P Mena","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mena P (2020) Cleaning up social media: The effect of warning labels on likelihood of sharing false news on facebook. Policy Internet 12(2):165\u2013183","journal-title":"Policy Internet"},{"issue":"4","key":"436_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1080\/17439884.2013.783597","volume":"38","author":"EM Meyers","year":"2013","unstructured":"Meyers EM, Erickson I, Small RV (2013) Digital literacy and informal learning environments: an introduction. Learn Media Technol 38(4):355\u2013367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17439884.2013.783597","journal-title":"Learn Media Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"436_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/01972243.2020.1832636","volume":"37","author":"S Milano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Milano S, Taddeo M, Floridi L (2021) Ethical aspects of multi-stakeholder recommendation systems. Inf Soc 37(1):35\u201345","journal-title":"Inf Soc"},{"key":"436_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3511808.3557253","volume-title":"Cascade-based echo chamber detection","author":"M Minici","year":"2022","unstructured":"Minici M, Cinus F, Monti C et al (2022) Cascade-based echo chamber detection. Association for Computing Machinery, New York"},{"issue":"1","key":"436_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3425780","volume":"54","author":"Y Mirsky","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mirsky Y, Lee W (2021) The creation and detection of deepfakes: A\u00a0survey. Acm Comput Surv 54(1):1\u201341","journal-title":"Acm Comput Surv"},{"issue":"1","key":"436_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3424246","volume":"54","author":"M Mladenovi\u0107","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mladenovi\u0107 M, O\u0161mjanski V, Stankovi\u0107 SV (2021) Cyber-aggression, cyberbullying, and cyber-grooming: A\u00a0survey and research challenges. ACM Comp Surv 54(1):1\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3424246","journal-title":"ACM Comp Surv"},{"key":"436_CR87","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Forum for information retrieval evaluation","author":"S Modha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Modha S, Mandl T, Shahi GK et al (2021) Overview of the hasoc subtrack at fire 2021: Hate speech and offensive content identification in english and indo-aryan languages and conversational hate speech. In: Forum for information retrieval evaluation, pp 1\u20133"},{"key":"436_CR88","first-page":"668","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition workshops","author":"DM Montserrat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Montserrat DM, Hao H, Yarlagadda SK et al (2020) Deepfakes detection with automatic face weighting. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition workshops, pp 668\u2013669"},{"key":"436_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00558","volume":"9","author":"A Musetti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Musetti A, Corsano P (2018) The internet is not a\u00a0tool: Reappraising the model for internet-addiction disorder based on the constraints and opportunities of the digital environment. Front Psychol 9:558","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"9","key":"436_CR90","first-page":"1559","volume":"73","author":"H Nakayama","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nakayama H, Higuchi S (2015) Internet addiction. Nippon Rinsho 73(9):1559\u20131566","journal-title":"Nippon Rinsho"},{"key":"436_CR91","unstructured":"Narang K, Mostafazadeh Davani A, Mathias L et al (eds) (2022) Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Online Abuse and Harms (WOAH). ACLAnthology. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2022.woah-1.0"},{"issue":"2","key":"436_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-017-0273-4","volume":"2","author":"J Navajas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Navajas J, Niella T et al (2018) Aggregated knowledge from a\u00a0small number of debates outperforms the wisdom of large crowds. Nat Hum Behav 2(2):126\u2013132","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"436_CR93","first-page":"464","volume":"43","author":"G Neubaum","year":"2017","unstructured":"Neubaum G, Kr\u00e4mer NC (2017) Opinion climates in social media: Blending mass and interpersonal communication. HCR 43(4):464\u2013476","journal-title":"HCR"},{"key":"436_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.38","volume":"1","author":"D Nikolov","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nikolov D, Oliveira DF, Flammini A et al (2015) Measuring online social bubbles. PeerJ Comput Sci 1:e38","journal-title":"PeerJ Comput Sci"},{"key":"436_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2019.04.022","volume":"116","author":"D Ognibene","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ognibene D, Fiore VG, Gu X (2019) Addiction beyond pharmacological effects: The role of environment complexity and bounded rationality. Neural Netw 116:269\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neunet.2019.04.022","journal-title":"Neural Netw"},{"key":"436_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2022.654930","author":"D Ognibene","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ognibene D, Wilkens R, Taibi D et al (2023) Challenging social media threats using collective well-being-aware recommendation algorithms and an educational virtual companion. Front Artif Intell. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frai.2022.654930","journal-title":"Front Artif Intell"},{"issue":"11","key":"436_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2017.e00449","volume":"3","author":"P Ozimek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ozimek P, Baer F, F\u00f6rster J (2017) Materialists on facebook: the self-regulatory role of social comparisons and the objectification of facebook friends. Heliyon 3(11):e449","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"436_CR98","volume-title":"Proceedings of SemEval","author":"J Pavlopoulos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pavlopoulos J, Laugier L, Sorensen J et al (2021) Semeval-2021 task 5: Toxic spans detection. In: Proceedings of SemEval"},{"issue":"2","key":"436_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12476","volume":"88","author":"G Pennycook","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pennycook G, Rand DG (2018) Who falls for fake news? the roles of bullshit receptivity, overclaiming, familiarity, and analytic thinking. J\u00a0Personality 88(2):185\u2013200","journal-title":"J Personality"},{"issue":"6","key":"436_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1017\/S1930297500006999","volume":"10","author":"G Pennycook","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pennycook G, Cheyne JA, Barr N et al (2015) On the reception and detection of pseudo-profound bullshit. Judgm Decis Mak 10(6):549\u2013563","journal-title":"Judgm Decis Mak"},{"key":"436_CR101","volume-title":"pysentimiento: A python toolkit for sentiment analysis and socialnlp tasks. CoRR abs\/2106.09462","author":"JM P\u00e9rez","year":"2021","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez JM, Giudici JC, Luque FM (2021) pysentimiento: A python toolkit for sentiment analysis and socialnlp tasks. CoRR abs\/2106.09462"},{"key":"436_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2017.02.003","volume":"37","author":"S Poria","year":"2017","unstructured":"Poria S, Cambria E, Bajpai R et al (2017) A\u00a0review of affective computing: From unimodal analysis to multimodal fusion. Inf Fusion 37:98\u2013125","journal-title":"Inf Fusion"},{"issue":"3","key":"436_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.123.3.238","volume":"123","author":"T Postmes","year":"1998","unstructured":"Postmes T, Spears R (1998) Deindividuation and antinormative behavior: A\u00a0meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 123(3):238","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"436_CR104","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","author":"J Redmon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Redmon J, Divvala S, Girshick R et al (2016) You only look once: Unified, real-time object detection. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)"},{"key":"436_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.woah-1.17","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Online Abuse and Harms (WOAH 2021)","author":"J Risch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Risch J, Schmidt P, Krestel R (2021) Data integration for toxic comment classification: Making more than 40 datasets easily accessible in one unified format. In: Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Online Abuse and Harms (WOAH 2021). Association for Computational Linguistics, pp 157\u2013163 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2021.woah-1.17"},{"key":"436_CR106","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the GermEval 2021 Shared Task on the Identification of Toxic, Engaging, and Fact-Claiming Comments","author":"J Risch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Risch J, Stoll A, Wilms L et al (2021) Overview of the GermEval 2021 shared task on the identification of toxic, engaging, and fact-claiming comments. In: Proceedings of the GermEval 2021 Shared Task on the Identification of Toxic, Engaging, and Fact-Claiming Comments. Association for Computational Linguistics, Duesseldorf, pp 1\u201312"},{"issue":"2","key":"436_CR107","first-page":"50","volume":"14","author":"L Rourke","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rourke L, Anderson T, Garrison DR et al (1999) Assessing social presence in asynchronous text-based computer conferencing. J\u00a0Distance Educ 14(2):50\u201371","journal-title":"J Distance Educ"},{"key":"436_CR108","volume-title":"EVALITA","author":"M Sanguinetti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sanguinetti M, Comandini G, Di Nuovo E et al (2020) HaSpeeDe 2@ EVALITA 2020: Overview of the EVALITA 2020 hate speech detection task. In: Proceedings of the Seventh Evaluation Campaign of Natural Language Processing and Speech Tools for Italian (EVALITA 2020)"},{"issue":"2","key":"436_CR109","first-page":"69","volume":"9","author":"JA Schafer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schafer JA (2002) Spinning the web of hate: Web-based hate propagation by extremist organizations. J\u00a0Cri Just Pop Cult 9(2):69\u201388","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cri Just Pop Cult"},{"issue":"12","key":"436_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1617052114","volume":"114","author":"AL Schmidt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schmidt AL, Zollo F, Del Vicario M et al (2017) Anatomy of news consumption on facebook. PNAS 114(12):3035\u20133039","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"436_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.03.061","volume":"182","author":"A Shensa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shensa A, Escobar-Viera CG, Sidani JE et al (2017) Problematic social media use and depressive symptoms among us young adults: A\u00a0nationally-representative study. Soc Sci Med 182:150\u2013157","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"436_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1089\/big.2020.0062","volume":"8","author":"K Shu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shu K, Mahudeswaran D, Wang S et al (2020) Fakenewsnet: A\u00a0data repository with news content, social context, and spatiotemporal information for studying fake news on social media. Big Data 8(3):171\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/big.2020.0062","journal-title":"Big Data"},{"key":"436_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2012.09.002","volume":"9","author":"EM Sosu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sosu EM (2013) The development and psychometric validation of a\u00a0critical thinking disposition scale. Think Ski Creat 9:107\u2013119","journal-title":"Think Ski Creat"},{"issue":"7772","key":"436_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1507-6","volume":"573","author":"AJ Stewart","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stewart AJ, Mosleh M, Diakonova M et al (2019) Information gerrymandering and undemocratic decisions. Nature 573(7772):117\u2013121","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"436_CR115","first-page":"3609","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"Z Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun Z, Han Y, Hua Z et al (2021) Improving the efficiency and robustness of deepfakes detection through precise geometric features. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp 3609\u20133618"},{"key":"436_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.03.046","volume":"36","author":"V Talwar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Talwar V et al (2014) Adolescents\u2019 moral evaluations and ratings of cyberbullying: The effect of veracity and intentionality behind the event. Comput Human Behav 36:122\u2013128","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"436_CR117","first-page":"407","volume":"9","author":"W Tariq","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tariq W, Mehboob M, Khan MA et al (2012) The impact of social media and social networks on education and students of pakistan. IJCSI 9(4):407","journal-title":"IJCSI"},{"key":"436_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.03.043","volume":"61","author":"I Taymur","year":"2016","unstructured":"Taymur I, Budak E, Demirci H et al (2016) A\u00a0study of the relationship between internet addiction, psychopathology and dysfunctional beliefs. Comput Human Behav 61:532\u2013536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2016.03.043","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"key":"436_CR119","volume-title":"Nudge: improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness","author":"RH Thaler","year":"2009","unstructured":"Thaler RH, Sunstein CR (2009) Nudge: improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness. Penguin, London"},{"key":"436_CR120","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Proceedings of the GermEval 2021 Shared Task on the Identification of Toxic, Engaging, and Fact-Claiming Comments","author":"HN Tran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tran HN, Kruschwitz U (2021) ur-iw-hnt at GermEval 2021: An ensembling strategy with multiple bert models. In: Proceedings of the GermEval 2021 Shared Task on the Identification of Toxic, Engaging, and Fact-Claiming Comments. Association for Computational Linguistics, Duesseldorf, pp\u00a083\u201387"},{"key":"436_CR121","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum (CLEF2022). CEUR Workshop Proceedings (CEUR-WS.org)","author":"HN Tran","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tran HN, Kruschwitz U (2022) ur-iw-hnt at CheckThat! 2022: Cross-lingual text summarization for fake news detection. In: Proceedings of the 13th Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum (CLEF2022). CEUR Workshop Proceedings (CEUR-WS.org)"},{"key":"436_CR122","first-page":"6976","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Language Resources and Evaluation Conference. European Language Resources Association, Marseille, France","author":"C Turban","year":"2022","unstructured":"Turban C, Kruschwitz U (2022) Tackling irony detection using ensemble classifiers and data augmentation. In: Proceedings of the Language Resources and Evaluation Conference. European Language Resources Association, Marseille, France, pp 6976\u20136984"},{"issue":"2","key":"436_CR123","first-page":"20","volume":"11","author":"T Valtonen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Valtonen T, Tedre M, M\u00e4kitalo K et al (2019) Media literacy education in the age of machine learning. J\u00a0Media Lit Educ 11(2):20\u201336","journal-title":"J Media Lit Educ"},{"issue":"CSCW2","key":"436_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3476068","volume":"5","author":"O Vereschak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vereschak O, Bailly G, Caramiaux B (2021) How to evaluate trust in ai-assisted decision making? a\u00a0survey of empirical methodologies. Proc ACM Hum Comput Interact 5(CSCW2):1\u201339","journal-title":"Proc ACM Hum Comput Interact"},{"issue":"1","key":"436_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.30557\/QW000021","volume":"15","author":"V Verrastro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Verrastro V, Liga F, Cuzzocrea F et al (2020) Fear the instagram: beauty stereotypes, body image and instagram use in a\u00a0sample of male and female adolescents. Qwerty 15(1):31\u201349","journal-title":"Qwerty"},{"issue":"12","key":"436_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243300","volume":"15","author":"B Vidgen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vidgen B, Derczynski L (2021) Directions in abusive language training data, a\u00a0systematic review: Garbage in, garbage out. PLoS ONE 15(12):1\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0243300","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"436_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1509\/jppm.15.020","volume":"35","author":"KL Walker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Walker KL (2016) Surrendering information through the looking glass: Transparency, trust, and protection. J\u00a0Public Policy Mark 35(1):144\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1509\/jppm.15.020","journal-title":"J Public Policy Mark"},{"key":"436_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.04.051","volume":"37","author":"JL Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang JL, Jackson LA, Gaskin J et al (2014) The effects of social networking site (sns) use on college students\u2019 friendship and well-being. Comput Human Behav 37:229\u2013236","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"key":"436_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41101","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2906754","volume":"7","author":"R Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang R, Zhou D, Jiang M et al (2019) A\u00a0survey on opinion mining: From stance to product aspect. IEEE Access 7:41101\u201341124","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"3","key":"436_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1145\/2893478","volume":"34","author":"H Webb","year":"2016","unstructured":"Webb H, Burnap P, Procter R et al (2016) Digital wildfires: propagation, verification, regulation, and responsible innovation. ACM Trans Inf Syst 34(3):15","journal-title":"ACM Trans Inf Syst"},{"key":"436_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00335","volume":"2","author":"L Weng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Weng L, Flammini A, Vespignani A et al (2012) Competition among memes in a\u00a0world with limited attention. Sci Rep 2:335","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"436_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.22215\/timreview\/1282","volume":"9","author":"M Westerlund","year":"2019","unstructured":"Westerlund M (2019) The emergence of deepfake technology: A\u00a0review. TIm Review 9(11):39\u201352","journal-title":"TIm Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"436_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/15388220.2014.949377","volume":"14","author":"E Whittaker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Whittaker E, Kowalski RM (2015) Cyberbullying via social media. J\u00a0Sch Violence 14(1):11\u201329","journal-title":"J Sch Violence"},{"key":"436_CR134","volume-title":"Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation (Working Notes)(FIRE), CEUR-WS. org","author":"R Wilkens","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wilkens R, Ognibene D (2021) bicourage: ngram and syntax gcns for hate speech detection. In: Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation (Working Notes)(FIRE), CEUR-WS. org"},{"key":"436_CR135","first-page":"420","volume-title":"IberLEF@ SEPLN","author":"RS Wilkens","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wilkens RS, Ognibene D (2021) MB-Courage@ EXIST: GCN classification for sexism identification in social networks. In: IberLEF@ SEPLN, pp\u00a0420\u2013430"},{"key":"436_CR136","first-page":"2018","volume":"8","author":"S Wineburg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wineburg S, McGrew S, Breakstone J et al (2016) Evaluating information: The cornerstone of civic online reasoning. SDR 8:2018","journal-title":"SDR"},{"key":"436_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCI51800.2020.00104","volume-title":"2020 International Conference on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence (CSCI)","author":"CS Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu CS, Bhandary U (2020) Detection of hate speech in videos using machine learning. In: 2020 International Conference on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence (CSCI). IEEE, pp 585\u2013590"},{"key":"436_CR138","first-page":"124","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval. Association for Computing Machinery, CHIIR \u201920","author":"S Zimmerman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zimmerman S, Thorpe A, Chamberlain J et al (2020) Towards search strategies for better privacy and information. In: Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval. Association for Computing Machinery, CHIIR \u201920, pp 124\u2013134"}],"container-title":["Datenbank-Spektrum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13222-023-00436-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13222-023-00436-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13222-023-00436-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T15:26:16Z","timestamp":1684164376000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13222-023-00436-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]]},"references-count":138,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["436"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13222-023-00436-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1618-2162","1610-1995"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1618-2162","type":"print"},{"value":"1610-1995","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 October 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 January 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 February 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}