{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T16:16:59Z","timestamp":1764260219887,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636934400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005801","name":"facebook","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FY20PP013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FY20PP013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Soc. Netw. Anal. Min."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13278-021-00833-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T03:02:36Z","timestamp":1636945356000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["A deep dive into COVID-19-related messages on WhatsApp in Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7271-4374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. Tallal","family":"Javed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Usama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Waleed","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Junaid","family":"Qadir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gareth","family":"Tyson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kiran","family":"Garimella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"833_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13278-019-0578-6","volume":"9","author":"A Badawy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Badawy A, Addawood A, Lerman K, Ferrara E (2019) Characterizing the 2016 Russian IRA influence campaign. Soc Netw Anal Min 9(1):1\u201311","journal-title":"Soc Netw Anal Min"},{"key":"833_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhatnagar S, Choubey N (2021) Making sense of tweets using sentiment analysis on closely related topics","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-385908\/v1"},{"key":"833_CR3","unstructured":"Boadle A (2018) Facebook\u2019s Whatsapp flooded with fake news in brazil election"},{"issue":"1","key":"833_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07761-2","volume":"10","author":"A Bovet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bovet A, Makse HA (2019) Influence of fake news in twitter during the 2016 us presidential election. Nat Commun 10(1):1\u201314","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"833_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19273","DOI":"10.2196\/19273","volume":"6","author":"E Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen E, Lerman K, Ferrara E (2020) Tracking social media discourse about the Covid-19 pandemic: development of a public coronavirus twitter data set. JMIR Public Health Surveill 6(2):e19273","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"key":"833_CR6","unstructured":"Cinelli M, Conti M, Finos L, Grisolia F, Novak PK, Peruzzi A, Tesconi M, Zollo F, Quattrociocchi W (2019) (Mis) information operations: an integrated perspective. arXiv preprint arXiv:1912.10795"},{"key":"833_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cinelli M, Quattrociocchi W, Galeazzi A, Valensise CM, Brugnoli E, Schmidt AL, Zola P, Zollo F, Scala A (2020) The COVID-19 social media infodemic. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.05004","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73510-5"},{"issue":"6380","key":"833_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao2998","volume":"359","author":"MJL David","year":"2018","unstructured":"David MJL, Matthew AB, Yochai B, Adam JB, Kelly MG, Filippo M, Miriam JM, Brendan N, Gordon P, David R et al (2018) The science of fake news. Science 359(6380):1094\u20131096","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"833_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de\u00a0Freitas Melo P, Vieira CC, Garimella K, de Melo POSV, Benevenuto F (2019) Can WhatsApp counter misinformation by limiting message forwarding?","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-36687-2_31"},{"issue":"4","key":"833_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14763\/2019.4.1434","volume":"8","author":"R Evangelista","year":"2019","unstructured":"Evangelista R, Bruno F (2019) Whatsapp and political instability in brazil: targeted messages and political radicalisation. Internet Policy Rev 8(4):1\u201323","journal-title":"Internet Policy Rev"},{"key":"833_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garimella K, Eckles D (2020) Images and misinformation in political groups: evidence from WhatsApp in India. arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.09784","DOI":"10.37016\/mr-2020-030"},{"key":"833_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garimella K, Tyson G (2018) Whatsapp, doc? A first look at Whatsapp public group data. In: Twelfth international AAAI conference on Web and Social Media","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v12i1.14989"},{"key":"833_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilani Z, Farahbakhsh R, Tyson G, Wang L, Crowcroft J (2017) Of bots and humans (on Twitter). In: Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE\/ACM international conference on advances in social networks analysis and mining 2017, pp 349\u2013354","DOI":"10.1145\/3110025.3110090"},{"issue":"1","key":"833_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3298789","volume":"13","author":"Z Gilani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gilani Z, Farahbakhsh R, Tyson G, Crowcroft J (2019) A large-scale behavioural analysis of bots and humans on twitter. ACM Trans Web 13(1):1\u201323","journal-title":"ACM Trans Web"},{"key":"833_CR15","unstructured":"Goel V (2018) In India, Facebook\u2019s WhatsApp plays central role in elections"},{"issue":"6425","key":"833_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau2706","volume":"363","author":"N Grinberg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grinberg N, Joseph K, Friedland L, Swire-Thompson B, Lazer D (2019) Fake news on twitter during the 2016 US presidential election. Science 363(6425):374\u2013378","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"833_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13278-019-0595-5","volume":"9","author":"A Habib","year":"2019","unstructured":"Habib A, Asghar MZ, Khan A, Habib A, Khan A (2019) False information detection in online content and its role in decision making: a systematic literature review. Soc Netw Anal Min 9(1):1\u201320","journal-title":"Soc Netw Anal Min"},{"issue":"1","key":"833_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1177\/1748048519880729","volume":"82","author":"P Iosifidis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Iosifidis P, Nicoli N (2020) The battle to end fake news: a qualitative content analysis of Facebook announcements on how it combats disinformation. Int Commun Gazette 82(1):60\u201381","journal-title":"Int Commun Gazette"},{"key":"833_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Javed RT, Shuja ME, Usama M, Qadir J, Iqbal W, Tyson G, Castro I, Garimella K (2020) A first look at Covid-19 messages on Whatsapp in Pakistan. arXiv e-prints, pages arXiv-2011","DOI":"10.1109\/ASONAM49781.2020.9381360"},{"issue":"3","key":"833_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1002\/hbe2.202","volume":"2","author":"J Jiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiang J, Chen E, Yan S, Lerman K, Ferrara E (2020) Political polarization drives online conversations about Covid-19 in the united states. Hum Behav Emerg Technol 2(3):200\u2013211","journal-title":"Hum Behav Emerg Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"833_CR21","first-page":"66","volume":"12","author":"R Kouzy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kouzy R, Jaoude JA, Kraitem A, El Alam MB, Karam B, Adib E, Zarka J, Traboulsi C, Akl EW, Baddour K (2020) Coronavirus goes viral: quantifying the Covid-19 misinformation epidemic on Twitter. Cureus 12(3):66","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"833_CR22","unstructured":"Lokniti CSDS (2018) How widespread is WhatsApp\u2019s usage in India?"},{"key":"833_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maros A, Almeida J, Benevenuto F, Vasconcelos M (2020) Analyzing the use of audio messages in Whatsapp groups","DOI":"10.1145\/3366423.3380070"},{"key":"833_CR24","unstructured":"Newman N, Fletcher R, Kalogeropoulos A, Nielsen RK (2019) Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2019 . Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism"},{"key":"833_CR25","first-page":"2825","volume":"12","author":"F Pedregosa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pedregosa F, Varoquaux G, Gramfort A, Michel V, Thirion B, Grisel O, Blondel M, Prettenhofer P, Weiss R, Dubourg V et al (2011) Scikit-learn: machine learning in python. J Mach Learn Res 12:2825\u20132830","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"833_CR26","unstructured":"Perrigo B (2019) How volunteers for India\u2019s ruling party are using WhatsApp to fuel fake news ahead of elections"},{"key":"833_CR27","unstructured":"Purnell N (2020) Facebook\u2019s whatsapp battles coronavirus misinformation"},{"key":"833_CR28","unstructured":"Rashed SK, Frid J, Aits S (2020) English dictionaries, gold and silver standard corpora for biomedical natural language processing related to sars-Cov-2 and Covid-19"},{"key":"833_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Resende G, Messias J, Silva M, Almeida J, Vasconcelos M, Benevenuto F (2018) A system for monitoring public political groups in Whatsapp. In: Proceedings of the 24th Brazilian symposium on multimedia and the Web, pp 387\u2013390","DOI":"10.1145\/3243082.3264662"},{"key":"833_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Resende G, Melo P, Reis JCS, Vasconcelos M, Almeida JM, Benevenuto F (2019a) Analyzing textual (mis)information shared in WhatsApp groups. In: Proceedings of the 10th ACM conference on web science","DOI":"10.1145\/3292522.3326029"},{"key":"833_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Resende G, Melo P, Sousa H, Messias J, Vasconcelos M, Almeida J, Benevenuto F (2019b) (Mis) information dissemination in Whatsapp: gathering, analyzing and countermeasures. In: The World Wide Web conference, pp 818\u2013828","DOI":"10.1145\/3308558.3313688"},{"key":"833_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saha P, Mathew B, Garimella K, Mukherjee A (2021) \u201cShort is the road that leads from fear to hate\u201d: fear speech in Indian Whatsapp groups. arXiv preprint arXiv:2102.03870","DOI":"10.1145\/3442381.3450137"},{"issue":"1","key":"833_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06930-7","volume":"9","author":"C Shao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shao C, Ciampaglia GL, Varol O, Yang K-C, Flammini A, Menczer F (2018) The spread of low-credibility content by social bots. Nat Commun 9(1):1\u20139","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"833_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3305260","volume":"10","author":"K Sharma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sharma K, Qian F, Jiang H, Ruchansky N, Zhang M, Liu Y (2019) Combating fake news: a survey on identification and mitigation techniques. ACM Trans Intell Syst Technol 10(3):1\u201342","journal-title":"ACM Trans Intell Syst Technol"},{"key":"833_CR35","unstructured":"Sharma K, Seo S, Meng C, Rambhatla S, Dua A, Liu Y (2020) Coronavirus on social media: Analyzing misinformation in Twitter conversations. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.12309"},{"issue":"1","key":"833_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1145\/3137597.3137600","volume":"19","author":"K Shu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shu K, Sliva A, Wang S, Tang J, Liu H (2017) Fake news detection on social media: a data mining perspective. ACM SIGKDD Explor Newsl 19(1):22\u201336","journal-title":"ACM SIGKDD Explor Newsl"},{"key":"833_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shu K, Wang S, Lee D, Liu H (2020) Mining disinformation and fake news: concepts, methods, and recent advancements. arXiv preprint arXiv:2001.00623","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-42699-6_1"},{"key":"833_CR38","unstructured":"Singh L, Bansal S, Bode L, Budak C, Chi G, Kawintiranon K, Padden C, Vanarsdall R, Vraga E, Wang Y (2020) A first look at Covid-19 information and misinformation sharing on twitter. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.13907"},{"key":"833_CR39","unstructured":"Starbird K, Maddock J, Orand M, Achterman P, Mason RM (2014) Rumors, false flags, and digital vigilantes: misinformation on twitter after the 2013 Boston marathon bombing. In: IConference 2014 proceedings"},{"key":"833_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trevisan M, Vassio L, Drago I, Mellia M, Murai F, Figueiredo F, da Silva APCo, Almeida JM (2019) Towards understanding political interactions on Instagram. In: Proceedings of the 30th ACM conference on hypertext and social media, pp 247\u2013251","DOI":"10.1145\/3342220.3343657"},{"key":"833_CR41","unstructured":"Two Billion Users (2020) Two billion users\u2014connecting the world privately. https:\/\/blog.whatsapp.com\/two-billion-users-connecting-the-world-privately"},{"key":"833_CR42","unstructured":"UK says WhatsApp (2017) UK says WhatsApp lets paedophiles and gangsters operate beyond the law. Reported: 3 (2017). https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-britain-security-whatsapp-idUSKCN1C8165"},{"issue":"6380","key":"833_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap9559","volume":"359","author":"S Vosoughi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vosoughi S, Roy D, Aral S (2018) The spread of true and false news online. Science 359(6380):1146\u20131151","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"833_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav A, Garg A, Aglawe A, Agarwal A, Srivastava V (2020) Understanding the political inclination of Whatsapp chats. In: Proceedings of the 7th ACM IKDD CoDS and 25th COMAD, pp 361\u2013362","DOI":"10.1145\/3371158.3371227"},{"key":"833_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang K-C, Varol O, Hui P-M, Menczer F (2020) Scalable and generalizable social bot detection through data selection. In: Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence, vol 34, pp 1096\u20131103","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i01.5460"},{"key":"833_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaeem RN, Li C, Barber KS (2020) On sentiment of online fake news. In: 2020 IEEE\/ACM international conference on advances in social networks analysis and mining (ASONAM). IEEE, pp 760\u2013767","DOI":"10.1109\/ASONAM49781.2020.9381323"},{"key":"833_CR47","unstructured":"Zarei K, Farahbakhsh R, Crespi N, Tyson G (2020) A first Instagram dataset on Covid-19. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.12226"},{"issue":"2","key":"833_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2019.03.004","volume":"57","author":"X Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang X, Ghorbani AA (2020) An overview of online fake news: characterization, detection, and discussion. Inf Process Manag 57(2):102025","journal-title":"Inf Process Manag"},{"key":"833_CR49","unstructured":"Zhou X, Zafarani R (2018) Fake news: a survey of research, detection methods, and opportunities. arXiv preprint arXiv:1812.00315"},{"key":"833_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zollo F, Quattrociocchi W (2018) Misinformation spreading on Facebook. In: Complex spreading phenomena in social systems. Springer, pp 177\u2013196","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-77332-2_10"}],"container-title":["Social Network Analysis and Mining"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13278-021-00833-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13278-021-00833-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13278-021-00833-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T13:29:58Z","timestamp":1672666198000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13278-021-00833-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["833"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13278-021-00833-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1869-5450","1869-5469"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1869-5450"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1869-5469"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 June 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 October 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 October 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 November 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"5"}}