{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T13:07:47Z","timestamp":1777381667161,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659484800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Soc. Netw. Anal. Min."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13278-022-00929-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T03:23:35Z","timestamp":1659497015000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["FA-Net: fused attention-based network for Hindi English code-mixed offensive text classification"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Shikha","family":"Mundra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Namita","family":"Mittal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"929_CR3","unstructured":"Abadi M, Agarwal A, Barham P, et al. (2016) TensorFlow: large-scale machine learning on heterogeneous systems. Software available from tensorflow.org. https:\/\/www.tensorflow.org\/"},{"key":"929_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2021.107391","volume":"230","author":"I Abuqaddom","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abuqaddom I, Mahafzah BA, Faris H (2021) Oriented stochastic loss descent algorithm to train very deep multi-layer neural networks without vanishing gradients. Knowl Based Syst 230:107391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.knosys.2021.107391","journal-title":"Knowl Based Syst"},{"key":"929_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Badjatiya P, Gupta S, Gupta M, Varma V (2017) Deep learning for hate speech detection in tweets. 26th International World Wide Web Conference 2017, WWW 2017 Companion, 759\u2013760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3041021.3054223","DOI":"10.1145\/3041021.3054223"},{"key":"929_CR6","unstructured":"Bahdanau D, Cho KH, Bengio Y (2015) Neural machine translation by jointly learning to align and translate. In: 3rd International Conference on learning representations, ICLR 2015"},{"key":"929_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bali K, Sharma J, Choudhury M, Vyas Y (2015) \u201ci am borrowing ya mixing ?\u201dan analysis of english-hindi code mixing in facebook, 116\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3115\/v1\/w14-3914","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/w14-3914"},{"key":"929_CR8","unstructured":"Bhattacharya S, Singh S, Kumar R, et al. (2020) Developing a multilingual annotated corpus of misogyny and aggression. In: Proceedings of the second workshop on trolling, aggression and cyberbullying, pp. 158\u2013168. European Language Resources Association (ELRA), Marseille, France. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2020.trac-1.25"},{"key":"929_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bhat IA, Mujadia V, Tammewar A, Bhat RA, Shrivastava M (2015) Iiit-h system submission for fire2014 shared task on transliterated search. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2824864.2824872","DOI":"10.1145\/2824864.2824872"},{"key":"929_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bohra A, Vijay D, Singh V, Akhtar SS, Shrivastava M (2018) A dataset of Hindi-English code-mixed social media text for hate speech detection, 36\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/W18-1105","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-1105"},{"key":"929_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00051","volume":"5","author":"P Bojanowski","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bojanowski P, Grave E, Joulin A, Mikolov T (2017) Enriching word vectors with subword information. Trans Assoc Comput Linguis 5:135\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/tacl_a_00051","journal-title":"Trans Assoc Comput Linguis"},{"key":"929_CR12","unstructured":"Bulao J (2022) How much data is created every day in 2022? https:\/\/techjury.net\/blog\/how-much-data-is-created-every-day"},{"key":"929_CR13","unstructured":"Chollet F et al (2015) Keras. https:\/\/github.com\/fchollet\/keras"},{"key":"929_CR14","unstructured":"Datta A, Si S, Chakraborty U, Naskar SK (2020) Spyder: Aggression detection on multilingual tweets. In: Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying, language resources and evaluation Conference (LREC 2020, pp. 87\u201392. https:\/\/www.smartinsights.com\/social-media-"},{"key":"929_CR15","unstructured":"Devlin J, Chang M-W, Lee K, Toutanova K (2018) Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. NAACL HLT 2019 - 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies - Proceedings of the Conference 1, 4171\u20134186"},{"issue":"2","key":"929_CR16","first-page":"31","volume":"100","author":"EM Dharma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dharma EM, Gaol FL, Leslie H, Warnars HS, Soewito B (2022) The accuracy comparison among word2vec, glove, and fasttext towards convolution neural network (cnn) text classification. J Theor Appl Inf Technol 100(2):31","journal-title":"J Theor Appl Inf Technol"},{"key":"929_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2019.11.015","volume":"129","author":"C Du","year":"2020","unstructured":"Du C, Wang Y, Wang C, Shi C, Xiao B (2020) Selective feature connection mechanism: concatenating multi-layer cnn features with a feature selector. Pattern Recogn Lett 129:108\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.patrec.2019.11.015","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn Lett"},{"key":"929_CR2","unstructured":"Jefferson-Henrique (2019) CodeGetOldTweets3 0.0.11. https:\/\/pypi.org\/project\/GetOldTweets3\/"},{"key":"929_CR1","unstructured":"James Ker-Lindsay (2022) Hinglish. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hinglish"},{"key":"929_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1162\/NECO.1997.9.8.1735","volume":"9","author":"S Hochreiter","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hochreiter S, Schmidhuber J (1997) Long short-term memory. Neural Comput 9:1735\u20131780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/NECO.1997.9.8.1735","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"key":"929_CR20","unstructured":"Joshi A, Prabhu A, Shrivastava M, Varma V (2016) Towards sub-word level compositions for sentiment analysis of Hindi-English code mixed text. In: Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers, pp. 2482\u20132491. The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee, Osaka, Japan. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/C16-1234"},{"key":"929_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2020.106458","volume":"210","author":"P Kapil","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kapil P, Ekbal A (2020) A deep neural network based multi-task learning approach to hate speech detection. Knowl Based Syst 210:106458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.knosys.2020.106458","journal-title":"Knowl Based Syst"},{"key":"929_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim Y (2014) Convolutional neural networks for sentence classification. EMNLP 2014 - 2014 Conference on empirical methods in natural language processing, Proceedings of the Conference, 1746\u20131751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3115\/v1\/d14-1181","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/d14-1181"},{"key":"929_CR23","unstructured":"Koufakou A, Basile V, Patti V (2020) FlorUniTo@TRAC-2: Retrofitting word embeddings on an abusive lexicon for aggressive language detection. In: Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying, pp. 106\u2013112. European Language Resources Association (ELRA), Marseille, France. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2020.trac-1.17"},{"issue":"14","key":"929_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8999","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-021-05817-y","volume":"25","author":"K Kumari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kumari K, Singh JP, Dwivedi YK, Rana NP (2021) Bilingual cyber-aggression detection on social media using LSTM autoencoder. Soft Comput 25(14):8999\u20139012","journal-title":"Soft Comput"},{"key":"929_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Majumder A, Paul A, Banerjee A (2022) Deep learning-based approach using word and character embedding for named entity recognition from hindi-english tweets, 237\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-16-7305-4_23","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-7305-4_23"},{"key":"929_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Malte A, Ratadiya P (2019) Multilingual cyber abuse detection using advanced transformer architecture. IEEE Region 10 Annual International Conference, Proceedings\/TENCON 2019-Octob, 784\u2013789. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TENCON.2019.8929493","DOI":"10.1109\/TENCON.2019.8929493"},{"key":"929_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mathur P, Shah R, Sawhney R, Mahata D (2019) Detecting offensive tweets in hindi-english code-switched language, 18\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/w18-3504","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/w18-3504"},{"key":"929_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2019.2942160","volume":"27","author":"Q Ma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ma Q, Yu L, Tian S, Chen E, Ng WWY (2019) Global-local mutual attention model for text classification. IEEE\/ACM Trans Audio Speech Lang Process 27:2127\u20132139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TASLP.2019.2942160","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans Audio Speech Lang Process"},{"key":"929_CR29","first-page":"3111","volume":"26","author":"T Mikolov","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mikolov T, Sutskever I, Chen K, Corrado GS, Dean J (2013) Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst 26:3111\u20133119","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"929_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304470","volume":"108","author":"MA Monto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Monto MA, McRee N, Deryck FS (2018) Nonsuicidal self-injury among a representative sample of us adolescents, 2015. Am Journal Public Health 108:1042\u20131048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304470","journal-title":"Am Journal Public Health"},{"key":"929_CR31","first-page":"39","volume":"7","author":"JD Novakovi\u0107","year":"2017","unstructured":"Novakovi\u0107 JD, Veljovi\u0107 A, Ili\u0107 SS, \u017deljko Papi\u0107, Milica T (2017) Evaluation of classification models in machine learning. Theor Appl Math Comput Sci 7:39\u201346","journal-title":"Theor Appl Math Comput Sci"},{"key":"929_CR32","volume-title":"Cross-disciplinary perspectives on code-switching","author":"Speaker One","year":"1995","unstructured":"One Speaker, Two Languages (1995) Cross-disciplinary perspectives on code-switching. Cambridge University Press"},{"key":"929_CR33","unstructured":"Pasricha J (2016) Cyber violence against women in India - a research report. https:\/\/feminisminindia.com\/2016\/11\/15\/cyber-violence-against-women-india-report\/"},{"key":"929_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1177\/1541204016681057","volume":"16","author":"JW Patchin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Patchin JW, Hinduja S (2018) Deterring teen bullying: assessing the impact of perceived punishment from police, schools, and parents. Youth Violence Juvenile Justice 16:190\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1541204016681057","journal-title":"Youth Violence Juvenile Justice"},{"key":"929_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paul S, Saha S, Singh JP (2022) Covid-19 and cyberbullying: deep ensemble model to identify cyberbullying from code-switched languages during the pandemic. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11042-021-11601-9\/TABLES\/8","DOI":"10.1007\/S11042-021-11601-9\/TABLES\/8"},{"key":"929_CR36","first-page":"2825","volume":"12","author":"F Pedregosa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pedregosa F, Varoquaux G, Gramfort A, Michel V, Thirion B, Grisel O, Blondel M, Prettenhofer P, Weiss R, Dubourg V, Vanderplas J, Passos A, Cournapeau D, Brucher M, Perrot M, Duchesnay E (2011) Scikit-learn: machine learning in python. J Mach Learn Res 12:2825\u20132830","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"929_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pires T, Schlinger E, Garrette D (2019) How multilingual is multilingual BERT? In: Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 4996\u20135001. Association for Computational Linguistics, Florence, Italy. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/P19-1493","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1493"},{"key":"929_CR18","unstructured":"Rehurek R, Sojka P (2011) GENSIM. https:\/\/radimrehurek.com\/gensim\/models\/word2vec.html"},{"key":"929_CR38","unstructured":"Samghabadi NS, Mave D, Kar S, Solorio T (2018) Ritual-uh at TRAC 2018 shared task: Aggression identification. CoRR abs\/1807.11712 1807.11712"},{"key":"929_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Santosh TYSS, Aravind KVS (2019) Hate speech detection in hindi-english code-mixed social media text. ACM Int Conf Proc Ser. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3297001.3297048","DOI":"10.1145\/3297001.3297048"},{"key":"929_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sasidhar TT, B P, P SK (2020) Emotion detection in hinglish(hindi+english) code-mixed social media text. Procedia Computer Science 171, 1346\u20131352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2020.04.144. Third International Conference on Computing and Network Communications (CoCoNet\u201919)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2020.04.144"},{"key":"929_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sharma S, Srinivas PYKL, Balabantaray RC (2015) Text normalization of code mix and sentiment analysis. 2015 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics, ICACCI 2015, 1468\u20131473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICACCI.2015.7275819","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACCI.2015.7275819"},{"key":"929_CR42","unstructured":"Shetty A (2008) India ranks third on global cyber bullying list. https:\/\/www.firstpost.com\/tech\/news-analysis\/india-ranks-third-on-global-cyber-bullying-list-3602419.html"},{"key":"929_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Singh V, Varshney A, Akhtar SS, Vijay D, Shrivastava M (2018) Aggression detection on social media text using deep neural networks. EMNLP 2018, 43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/w18-5106","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/w18-5106"},{"key":"929_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100061","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JJIMEI.2022.100061","volume":"2","author":"KN Singh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Singh KN, Devi SD, Devi HM, Mahanta AK (2022) A novel approach for dimension reduction using word embedding: an enhanced text classification approach. Int J Inf Manag Data Insights 2:100061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JJIMEI.2022.100061","journal-title":"Int J Inf Manag Data Insights"},{"key":"929_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Si S, Datta A, Banerjee S, Naskar SK (2019) Aggression detection on multilingual social media text. 10th International Conference on computing, communication and networking technologies, ICCCNT 2019, 1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCCNT45670.2019.8944868","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCNT45670.2019.8944868"},{"key":"929_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Too EC, Yujian L, Njuki S, Yingchun L (2019) A comparative study of fine-tuning deep learning models for plant disease identification. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 161, 272\u2013279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compag.2018.03.032. BigData and DSS in Agriculture","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2018.03.032"},{"key":"929_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang X, LeCun Y (2015) Text Understanding from Scratch. arXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.1502.01710","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.1502.01710"},{"key":"929_CR48","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Wallace BC (2017) A sensitivity analysis of (and practitioners\u2019 guide to) convolutional neural networks for sentence classification. In: Proceedings of the Eighth International joint conference on natural language processing (Volume 1: Long Papers), pp. 253\u2013263"}],"container-title":["Social Network Analysis and Mining"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13278-022-00929-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13278-022-00929-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13278-022-00929-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T14:21:58Z","timestamp":1672669318000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13278-022-00929-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["929"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13278-022-00929-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1869-5450","1869-5469"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1869-5450","type":"print"},{"value":"1869-5469","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 February 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 June 2022","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 July 2022","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 August 2022","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"100"}}